PSY Chapter 6 Homework

In terms of how we engage with information we are trying to remember, the continuum from shallow, to intermediate, to deep, where deeper levels produce better memory, is called levels of:

Processing

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is what memory?

Prospective memory

..... is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned info;...... is a memory task in which the person had to identify learned items

Recall, recognition

Oscar was asked to memorize A list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. He found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the___ effect.

Recency

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an examples of...

Rehearsal

LeAnne is telling her child stories about when she was gone. Although the children keep asking LeAnne for stories about when she was a little girl, LeAnne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. LeAnne's memory are consistent with the idea of the ______ ______.

Reminiscence bump

While in therapy, Laura remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Laura may have uncovered a ______ memory

Repressed

Memory is defined as the blank.

Retention of information or experience overtime

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

Retrieval

The memory process involving encoding, storage, and_____.

Retrieval

What is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

What are some true facts regarding the effect of elaboration on encoding?

Retrieval paths are created; the material is easier to remember.

What amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of an individual's past?

Retrograde

What memory involves remembering information from the past, where as what memory involves remembering to do something in the future

Retrospective, prospective

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her cars oil changed, which is an example of ____ memory. She is also has to remember that she need to get the cars oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of ___ memory.

Retrospective; perspective

What are some tips for organizing for memory process.

Review notes that you are preparing to memorize; organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize; experiment with different organizational techniques.

A____ Is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

Schema

Deborah is studying for an exam. As she studies different concepts, she helps her self to remember Malin making up examples of the concepts that relate to her own life. Deborah is using white to help her remember the course concepts?

Self referencing

The ____ ____ effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than that items in the middle.

Serial position

What are some functions of autobiographical memory?

Sharing personal experience create social bonds; it provides us with identity; it allows us to learn from our experiences.

You've just to met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from ____-term memory to _____-term memory

Short, long

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you forgotten it. This describes the limitations of___-___ memory

Short-term

Where are some statements that explain why the last several items on the list I remembered?

The items recency makes them easier to recall; the items may still be in working memory.

Nero scientist studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see the brain activation while A person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that...

There is no one memory center in the brain

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are ____systems in memory

Three

Taking a batch of muffins out of the oven in 20 minutes is an example of a___- based prospective memory task, where as remembering to buy muffins at the bakery on the way home from work is an example of a___- based prospective memory task

Time, event

A special form of episodic memory, is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in ______ _______ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory

Eyewitness testimony

True or false: there are 5 levels of processing in the encoding process.

False

You have a vivid memory of events on September 11, 2001. The memory may be Trumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of Memory is a ______ memory.

Flashbulb

Explicit memory information, such as perspective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?

Frontal

Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress related hormones. What parts of the brain are involved in the release of stress related hormones?

Hippocampus, Amygdala

The type a very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a July 4 sparkler is_____ memory

Iconic

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map.Kareem used mental _______ do you remember the necessary route

Imagery

When Dan was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming Aero around the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of:

Imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of... memory

Implicit

Craig has returned from the war in Iraq, badly physically injured. When questioned by family and friends, he says he doesn't remember his war experiences because they are too painful. This is an example of:

motivated forgetting

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with:

prospective memory

The Tip of the tongue phenomenon is a failure of...

retrieval

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is _______ memory.

sensory

The process of retaining information for future use is called:

storage

Baddeley proposed the concept of ________ memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

There are ____ levels of autobiographical memory.

3

What are two examples of recognition tasks

A student takes a multiple-choice test; a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material

What is the general term that refers to loss of memory?

Amnesia

H. M. Could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his Hippocampus. This is an example of:

Anterograde amnesia

Why do some researchers believe that recovered memories should instead be called discovered memories?

Because at least some recovered memories could be false memories

People who are allowed to give their full attention to information that they must remember do you blank than people who must divide their attention.

Better

The ___ ___ hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes.

Dual code

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of:

Elaboration

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologist. What describes a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized

Emotional memories; traumatic character of memories

According to the levels of processing, the process of____ involves three levels.

Encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of.... memory(which is one of explicate memories subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

Episodic

What are some causes of retrieval failure?

Errors in storage; personal reasons for Remembering; affects of time

What theory states that people forget that because memories are lost from storage but because of their information gets in the way of what they want to remember

Interference

The term amnesia refers to the loss of memory. What describes this memory disorder?

It can affect the retention of new memories, It can be anterograde or retrograde, it can affect memories differentially.

What are a few statements of working memory?

It is a mental blackboard, it consists if three parts, it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short term memory

Rehearsal increases the...

Length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

Ellen had a list of items to buy at a hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. Oh well he said I remember the first three, so I may as well get those. This illustrates the...effect.

Primacy

There are two aspects of the serial position effect: battery recall for items at the beginning is referred to the ___ effect, and better recall for items at the end is referred to as ____

Primacy, recency

You have studied French for many years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of:

Proactive interference

Allison lives in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during the tap. When she came back to the United States, she found it FLS to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of... memory

Procedural

Subtype of implicit memory involves _____ _____, which is the I don't Mattick learning of associations between stimuli. For example a person who already gets bad news and work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

Classical conditioning

Uncle Ken will be 88 this year, yet he seems very sharp, is involved in volunteer work, attends a book club weekly, and plays bridge. He has been intellectually Active his entire life, both in his career as a physician and after retirement. This is a illustration of_____ _____.

Cognitive store

Explicit memory is the .... recollection of information such as facts and events.

Conscious

People remember better when they attempt to recall information and the same external circumstances in which they learned it. This describes:

Context dependent memory

What theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting

Decay

What concepts are related to working memory?

Decision making, information comprehension and problem-solving

What is a level of processing will we be able to recall information?

Deepest level

What are some strategies for successful test taking?

Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have been coded; use retrieval cues to trigger your insights; make sure your brain is well rested and well nourished.

What is the term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety laden?

Motivated forgetting

Encoding failure occurs when the information was...

Never entered into long-term memory

What are some of the problems in the retrieval process?

Other information gets in the way, time has elapsed and there are personal reasons

Long-term memory is a ___ type of memory that store is huge amounts of information.

Permanent

The frontal lobe of the brain play an important role in____ memory

Perspective, explicit memory, retrospective

What are some true statements and respect to memory and the aging process?

Staying physically active aids and memory; stain intellectually active may reduce the severity of Alzheimer's;stain mentally active aids in memory.

The process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as blank.

Storage

When using memory retrieval the information that an individual is searching for comes out of____

Storage

When using memory retrieval, the information that an individual is searching for comes out of...

Storage

Information must be encoded and ____ in order to be retrieved

Stored

Samuel has been carefully entering numbers into a spreadsheet for his class project. He is focusing so hard that he hardly notices the sound of the television in a near by room or his younger siblings playing outside. Samuel is involved in ____ attention task.

Sustained

What are considered tips for rehearsing learned material?

Test yourself after looking at your notes; rewrite or type your notes; talk to people about what you have learned.

What suggest that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and that's the memory may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potential

Sharon has three dogs, so she is well acquainted with her veterinarian. However, when she sees him at the grocery store without his scrub suit and out of his office, she can't remember who he is. This is an example of:

The encoding specificity principle

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on braid tissue. He was referring to _____ Events.

Traumatic

True of false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phenological loop, visuospacial memory, and the central executive.

True

True or false: Mimi is enthusiastic about baking and has used her grandmothers apple pie recipe for a number of years. Lately she has been enrolled in pastry classes where she has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, so when she tries to make her grandmothers recipe, she becomes confused about ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference.

True

What are some explanations for why the primacy effect occurs?p

When the first items enter working memory, there is little come competition for rehearsal time; The first few items are rehearsed more; The first few items are more elaborately processed.