PSY Chapter 6: The Stores of Memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

3

________disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Alzheimers

Which of the following scenarios is the best example of multitasking? Fran is eating popcorn while watching a movie. Felicia is crying while her diaper is being changed. Florence is texting on her phone while waiting for her mother to pick her up from school. Freddy strikes different poses so his friends can take silly photos of him during recess.

Fran is eating popcorn while watching a movie.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.) It is a memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. It is memory for how to perform skills and tasks. It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply.) It is a limited-capacity memory system. It can store information longer than sensory memory. It can hold unlimited information. It involves procedural memory, which is memory for skills.

It is a limited-capacity memory system It can store information longer than sensory memory

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory? (Select all that apply.) It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory. It consists of three parts. It is based on principles of Ebbinghaus. It is a mental blackboard.

It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory it consists of three parts it is a mental blackboard

Which of these statements about long-term memory is FALSE? Short-term memories that are particularly important to us move into long-term memory. Long-term memory can last for decades. Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity. Our minds present long-term memories to us as a single entity, but the memory is actually stored in many pieces.

Most long-term memories are stored as a single entity.

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation? This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened. This concept hypothesizes that working memory is a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. The concept hypothesizes that information at the beginning or end of a list will be better remembered than information in the middle of the list. The concept hypothesizes that there are three systems in memory.

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

True or false: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive. True false question. True False

True

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened? The hierarchy system of classification The implicit memory concept The schema concept The concept of long-term potentiation

The concept of long-term potentiation

working memory

a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they preform cognitive tasks; a king of mental understanding, decision making, and problem solving

levels of processing

a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory

anterograde amnesia

a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events

semantic memory

a person's knowledge about the world

schema

a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information. Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way individuals encode, making inferences about, and retrieve information

long-term memory

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

script

a schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences

autobiographical memory

a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences

tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

a type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something (say, a word or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory

In the video, 32-year-old Trish McCosker is affected by a severe short-term memory disorder that developed after a car accident in her teen years. after she was stricken with a virus that left her comatose for three weeks. when she was bitten by a black widow spider. when she underwent neurosurgery for temporal lobe seizures.

after she was stricken with a virus that left her comatose for three weeks.

connectionism

also called parallel processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory

Which of the following brain structures is responsible for remembering highly emotional events? thalamus corpus callosum amygdala hippocampus

amygdala

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory? Study the same information several times. Take advantage of elaborative rehearsal. Chunk the information. Rehearse the information.

chunk the information

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is ______.

chunking

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units? Recalling Packaging Chunking Workspacing

chunking

_____involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units.

chunking

divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events. non-conscious classically conditioned unintentional conscious

conscious

Mitch just completed his psychology homework, where he took an assignment that replicated the Sperling research. When he attempted the whole report, he got four letters correct. His results are above average; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around two or three correct letters when they attempted whole report. below average; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around seven or eight correct letters when they attempted whole report. consistent; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around four or five correct letters when they attempted whole report. unknown; Sperling did not state how subjects did on the whole report, just on the partial and delayed reports.

consistent; Sperling's subjects usually averaged around four or five correct letters when they attempted whole report.

Taking in information through your senses for the purposes of memory is described as storing. encoding. retrieving. sensing.

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is called attention. encoding. processing. storing.

encoding

What is the correct order in which memory processes occur? encoding, storage, retrieval encoding, retrieval, storage storage, retrieval, encoding

encoding, storage, retrieval

What types of memories do the hippocampus and the amygdala record? episodic and semantic semantic and gustatory gustatory and episodic semantic and olfactory

episodic and semantic

Casey says he'll never forget the look on her face the day he told his mother he got accepted into graduate school. This memory is an example of short-term memory. working memory. episodic memory. semantic memory.

episodic memory.

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false

If an experience does not fit an existing schema, it is likely to be included. filtered out. ignored. revised.

filtered out

motivated forgetting

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes? Parietal Frontal Occipital Temporal

frontal

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory. Multiple choice question.

implicit

_______ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Language Physical functioning Reasoning Heart function Blood pressure Memory

language physical functioning reasoning memory

Procedural memory involves remembering policies, procedures, and rules. learning a skill. realizing that you are suddenly very hungry. memorizing how memories are formed.

learning a skill.

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

short-term memory

limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory. sensory short-term visuospatial working long-term

long-term

is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

procedural memory

memory for skills

implicit memory or non-declarative memory

memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience

retrograde amnesia

memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events

sensory memory

memory system that involves holding information from the wold in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses

For which of the following things does Trish NOT need a reminder note? The location of her parked car The time she needs to be at work What she did the night before

none of the answers are correct

The first step in improving the power of your memory when studying is to organize the material you want to study. use imagery. encode iconically. rehearse.

organize the material you want to study.

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information. working phonological shortened permanent

permanent

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory. procedural episodic explicit semantic

procedural

Katie is very excited because she has just learned how to button her own shirt. This ability to remember how to button her shirt is part of _______ memory.

procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory. procedural implicit retrospective prospective

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory. prospective retrospective retroactive proactive

prospective

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _____ memory. prospective retrospective implicit explicit memory

prospective retrospective explicit memory

Sometimes ________ of material gives you the false sense that you understand something. It is better to test yourself and ask questions about the material to see if you really know it. recognition recall retrieval retrospective memory

recognition

Which of the following is NOT a reason that forgetting occurs? decay interference encoding failure

regression

prospective memory

remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions

retrospective memory

remembering information from the past

Memory is defined as the _____.

retention of information or experience over time

Memory _______ is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something.

retrieval

When you say to your friend, "I remember the time that we went to the mall and bought those shoes." You are using the memory process of retrieval. storage. encoding. sensing.

retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage? Retrieval Rehearsal Encoding Elaboration

retrieval

________ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

retrieval

A _______ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information. Listen to the complete question

schema

A mental framework that develops from our experiences is known as a schema. thought. behavior. cognition.

schema

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information. script node association schema

schema

Your first professor in college was a female history professor. The history professor gave lots of pop quizzes and exams, but she didn't have any homework assignments in her class. Because of your ________ about college professors, you now believe that your female chemistry professor won't be giving any homework assignments. schema bias prejudice memory

schema

________ attention is what you need when you are trying to concentrate and the people near you are being very noisy.

selective

attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.

selective attention

Roger is on a date with Kara in a crowded restaurant. In order to pay attention to what Kara is saying, Roger must "tune out" all of the other noises in the restaurant and just focus on her voice. This is an example of encoding. sustained attention. selective attention. divided attention.

selective attention

You are having fun joking around with the new boy in your school. There are some other students talking not too far away, but you don't even realize they are there until you hear one of them say your name. This is an example of selective attention. sustained attention. multitasking. an interdependent attentional process.

selective attention

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _____memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

When you stand outside on a spring day, you smell flowers, see the sun, and feel the breeze. What type of memory is initially collecting all this information?

sensory

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

sensory

You are at a concert, you hear the orchestra rehearsing, feel the velvet seat you are on, and smell the perfume of the woman in front of you. The best description of this is ______memory.

sensory

memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

sensory

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of - memory.

short term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from -term memory to -term memory.

short, long

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short-term

proactive interference

situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later

retroactive interference

situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier

Saving information for future use is called _____.

storage

When using memory retrieval, the information that an individual is searching for comes out of______ .

storage

Information must be encoded and _____ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

Information must be encoded and ______ in order to be retrieved later.

stored

sustained attention

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

executive attention

the ability to plan action, allocate attention to goals, detect errors and compensate for them, monitor progress on tasks, and deal with novel or difficult circumstances

priming

the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

explicit memory or declarative memory

the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated

ecoding

the first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage

elaboration

the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at a given level of memory encoding

amnesia

the loss of memory

flashbulb memory

the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events

retrieval

the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

episodic memory

the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings - that is how individuals remember life's episodes

memory

the retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

storage

the retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory

serial position effect

the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

interference theory

the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

theory stating that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

decay theory

theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____. there is a memory center in the brain a memory center exists in the brain, but researchers can't agree on its location no conclusions can be made about a memory center in the brain there is no one memory center in the brain

there is no one memory center in the brain

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory? (Select all that apply.) Visuo-spatial sketchpad Central executive Phonological loop Eidetic imagery

visuo-spatial sketchpad central executive phonological loop

the concept _______ of memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

You are in an unfamiliar city. You stop by the front desk at your hotel and ask the clerk for a map with directions to the café where you are meeting a friend for lunch. The clerk tells you that he doesn't have any more free maps, but he does have a map behind his desk where he can show you the route. You watch him trace the route on the map and try to memorize the route and landmarks. Which of the following statements is FALSE? Human beings store information, like the information that you saw on the map, rather accurately in their sensory memories. Individuals do not retain sensory (or iconic) memories for very long. In fact, visual (or iconic) sensory memory only lasts a small fraction of a second. It is unlikely that you will be able to remember the route just using your iconic memory. Sperling showed that even though subjects initially saw all the letters, their icon had faded away by the time they could name four or five letters. So, while is unlikely that you will remember the route, it doesn't mean that you didn't see the entire map. Most of Sperling's subjects resorted to guessing when their iconic memories failed them; however, they were almost always right when they guessed because they had seen the stimulus previously. If you can't remember the map exactly, you should just guess which way to turn on the way to lunch.

Most of Sperling's subjects resorted to guessing when their iconic memories failed them; however, they were almost always right when they guessed because they had seen the stimulus previously. If you can't remember the map exactly, you should just guess which way to turn on the way to lunch.

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _____. rehearsal elaboration priming long-term memory

Rehearsal