psy final

Which of the following correlations represents two variables with the strongest relationship?

-0.95

Which of the following is the best definition of drive?

A state of bodily tension that arises from an unmet need

Which of the following best describes a synapse?

A tiny gap separating one neuron from another through which messages are carried

How are bonding and attachment different?

Bonding is the parent's tie to the infant, whereas attachment is the infant's tie to the caregiver

You read an article on the Internet which suggests that when people experience emotions, they simultaneously feel the emotion and have corresponding bodily reactions. You know that this article was written by someone who supports the ______ theory of emotion.

Cannon-Bard

Rico is shown the following stimulus: X. When asked what he sees, Rico reports that he sees two intersecting lines rather than saying he sees four separate lines. Rico's response demonstrates which Gestalt principle?

Continuity

The most widely used intelligence tests in America today were developed by

David Wechsler

All but which of the following would be part of one's esteem needs?

Fulfillment of individual potential

Dr. Fabiano wishes to assess the reliability of an intelligence test he recently developed. Fabiano chooses the test-retest method of assessing reliability. What will Dr. Fabiano have to do?

Give the test to a group of subjects and then re-administer it to the same subjects after a short time interval.

The Binet-Simon test of intelligence was brought to the U.S. and translated into English by

Goddard

When John and Mary go on their first date, John reveals extensive personal information to Mary. What is the likely result of John's self-disclosure?

It will lead Mary to form a negative first impression of John

Who is generally recognized as the founder of American psychology?

James

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's latency stage of development?

Linda is 12 years old and, unlike some of her friends, seems to have no interest in boys.

Which of the following is not one of the criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a behavior is abnormal?

Morality

Even though two lines are of equal length, the one with outward pointing wings looks longer than the one with inward pointing wings. This is an example of the

Müller-Lyer illusion

Dr. Wilmington is a social psychologist who studies the topic of love. He goes to a variety of places where couples are found and watches how they interact with each other. Which research method is Dr. Wilmington using for his study?

Naturalistic observation

______ is the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself following trauma or surgical alteration.

Plasticity

An emphasis on the unconscious and early childhood experience characterizes which school of psychology?

Psychodynamic

Diana has borderline personality disorder. Which of the following best describes the major symptoms of her disorder?

Tendency toward mood swings and stormy relationships with others

Which brain structure is best described as a "relay station"?

Thalamus

Xan's offspring is in the embryonic stage of development. All but which of the following are occurring for Xan's offspring?

The offspring has grown from one ounce to two pounds

Which of the following is the most complete definition of psychology?

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Psychology made the transition from philosophy to science with which event?

Wundt opened his laboratory in Leipzig

Dr. Schultze conducts research on the effects of a new drug on obsessive-compulsive disorder. In his study, neither Schultze nor the participants knows who is receiving the active drug and who is receiving the placebo. This example describes

a double-blind study

What is an instinct?

a fixed inborn pattern of responding that is species-specific

Anorexia nervosa is

a form of food restriction that results in extremely low body weigh

Which of the following is the best definition of concept?

a mental category used to group objects according to shared features

When people make dispositional attributions for their successes and make situational attributions for their failures, they are demonstrating

a self-serving bias

Donald has a higher need for arousal than the average person. In psychological terms, Donald would be described as

a sensation-seeker.

The smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect is called

absolute threshold

In Piaget's terminology, changing existing schemas to incorporate new information is called

accommodation

______ is the visual process by which the lens changes its shape to focus images more clearly on the retina.

accommodation

Motivation includes factors that _______ goal-directed behavior.

activate, direct, and sustain

Angelique has not left her house for two years. She is completely terrified of going out. Based on this description, she is probably suffering from

agoraphobia

When her students are first learning algebra, math teacher Ruth Dibble teaches the students a series of step-by-step rules for working with algebraic equations. What is Ms. Dibble teaching her students?

algorithms

Which brain structure might best be described as an "emotional computer"?

amygdala

Jurgen has been diagnosed as having a phobia. This means that Jurgen experiences

an irrational or excessive fear of something

Regarding the phallic stage of personality development, which of the following does NOT belong?

anal-expulsive personality

Federico is a perfectionist with a strong need for self-control, order, and cleanliness. Freud would describe Federico as having a(n)

anal-retentive personality

Explanations formed about causes of behavior or events are called

attributions

Aimee was late coming home from school. Even though she had a reasonable excuse, her parents grounded her for a month and suspended her allowance. This sounds like which style of parenting?

authoritarian

In a neuron, _____ is to sending as ______ is to receiving.

axon; dendrite

The rate at which one's body burns calories at rest is called

basal metabolism or basal metabolic rate

Discrimination represents which attitudinal component of prejudice?

behavior

Nikita experiences periods of extreme sadness that alternate with periods of euphoric or elevated mood. Based on this description, Nikita is most likely to be suffering from

bipolar disorder

The three components of emotions are

bodily arousal, cognitions, and expressed behavior.

The set point theory of obesity suggests that

body weight is regulated around a genetically predetermined level

In terms of where visual processing begins, ______ processing is to parts as _____ processing is to whole.

bottom-up; top-down

The contact hypothesis suggests that prejudice

can be reduced by bringing groups into contact with each other

In persuasive messages, the careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing?

central

The brain and the spinal cord make up the

central nervous system

Which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

cerebellum

Salvador is a stage magician. As part of his act, Salvador identifies the written contents of a sealed envelope. This aspect of Salvador's performance is called

clairvoyance

Which subspecialty represents the largest group of psychologists?

clinical

Grouping disconnected pieces of information into a meaningful whole describes the Gestalt principle of

closure.

Which of the following is the best definition of obedience?

compliance with the commands of authority figures

The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called

conformity

Using an iceberg analogy, the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory?

conscious

In groupthink, group members emphasize ______ over thoughtful consideration of the issues.

consensus-building

Nine-year-old Dakoda realizes that the quantity of water in a glass remains the same, even when the water is poured into a different shaped glass and appears to look like more or less. In Piaget's terms, Dakoda has developed

conservation

In their research with baby rhesus monkeys, the Harlows demonstrated that ______ was a strong determinant of attachment

contact comfort

Arnold tries to find the single correct solution to his problem. Which mental process is Arnold using

convergent thinking

Split-brain patients are the result of an operation that severs the

corpus callosum.

Letty has a very complex problem to solve. She decides to break the problem down into smaller, more manageable problems. Which strategy best describes what Letty is doing?

creating subgoals

A strategy that prevents awareness of unacceptable desires is a ______, and the ______ makes use of such strategies.

defense mechanism; ego

Maternal smoking is associated with increased risk in the offspring with all of the following EXCEPT

deformed extremities

Which of the following is the correct order of steps in the scientific method?

developing a research question, forming a hypothesis, gathering evidence, drawing conclusions

Cognitive psychologists are likely to study all but which of the following topics?

development across the life span

Children who react negatively to change and are generally irritable are classified as having what kind of temperament?

difficult

Ingmar's boss ridiculed him in front of the whole office. When Ingmar returns home, he yells at his wife and children and kicks his dog. This is an example of

displacement

Sven believes that his co-worker was promoted to manager because of her hard effort and winning personality. What type of attribution has Sven made?

dispositional

A class of psychological disorders involving changes in consciousness, memory, or self-identity is known as

dissociative disorders

Eleanor is a quiet 41-year-old housewife. Occasionally, she seems to "become" a 14-year-old male juvenile delinquent. Other times she "becomes" a 52-year-old, foul-mouthed alcoholic. This sounds like a textbook case of

dissociative identity disorder

Psychologists believe that irregularities in ______ transmission may help explain symptoms of schizophrenia.

dopamine

Homeostasis is the basis for which theory of motivation?

drive theory

Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally

easier to persuade

Which part of the personality might be described as "the great compromiser"?

ego

In psychoanalytic theory, ______ is to reality principle as ______ is to pleasure principle.

ego; id

Sharon is in the fourth week of her pregnancy. At which stage of prenatal development is her offspring?

embryonic

Sharon is a long-distance runner. After a certain point in her workout, she begins to feel a natural "high" instead of pain. This feeling is likely the result of chemicals in her brain called

endorphins.

In Freudian theory, different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as

erogenous zones

In an experiment, the ______ group receives the manipulation of the independent variable.

experimental

In the Moro reflex, a newborn infant

extends its arms and arches its back when its head falls backward or in response to loud noise

For the sharpest vision, the image of an object should be focused on the

fovea

Which parts of the forebrain are sometimes described as the "executive center" and can be likened to the central processing unit of a computer?

frontal lobes

Persistent anxiety that is not tied to any particular object or situation is called

generalized anxiety disorder.

Of the following factors, which is most likely to be linked to personal happiness?

having friends

Chrissy relies on a "rule of thumb" to solve her problem. In scientific terms, Chrissy's strategy is called a(n)

heuristic

The "third force" in psychology is more formally known as

humanistic psychology

Which brain structure regulates such bodily functions as thirst and hunger, fluid concentrations, and body temperature?

hypothalamus

The formation of a strong bond of a newborn animal to the first moving object seen after birth is called

imprinting

In a study of the effects of various brands of ice cream on weight gain, the type of ice cream consumed represents the

independant variable

Personal identity is to ______ as social identity is to ______

individual identity; group identity

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the preconscious consists of _____.

information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time

Karen had been trying to solve a problem for several days when she experienced a sudden awareness of the correct solution to her problem. Karen's experience describes the concept of

insight

Regarding sources of motivation, self-gratification is to ______ as money is to ______.

intrinsic; extrinsic

Your psychology professor asks a student volunteer to concentrate on eating an apple and then describe the individual elements of that experience. Your professor is demonstrating the technique of _______, which is a technique used by investigators of ________.

introspection; structuralism

The matching hypothesis predicts that Sandra will look for a partner who

is similar to her in physical attractiveness

Wernicke's area is associated with _____, whereas Broca's area is associated with _____.

language comprehension; language production

Schizophrenia follows a _______ and typically develops _______.

lifelong course; in late adolescence or early adulthood

Jorge is a biology student and learns that botanists have clear rules for determining what a bean is. The concept of "bean" he is learning in class is referred to as a

logical concept

Bonnie has been feeling extremely sad for the last two months. She has difficulty getting out of bed to face the day and has lost interest in formerly pleasurable activities. Occasionally, she thinks about committing suicide. She sounds like she may be suffering from ________ disorder.

major depressive

In contrast to the lateral hypothalamus, stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus

makes an animal stop eating

The biological unfolding of an organism according to its underlying genetic code is called

maturation

All of the following are components of a neuron EXCEPT the

medulla

In Binet's method of intelligence testing, the age at which a child's performance peaked was considered his or her

mental age

The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that

mimicking the facial expression associated with an emotion will result in the experience of that emotion

When the full moon appears near the horizon, 6-year-old Mallory says, "The moon is bigger tonight than last night." Last night, Mallory saw the moon later in the night, when it was high in the sky. Mallory's experience is an example of the

moon illusion.

The fundamental building block of the nervous system is the ________.

neuron

Chemical messengers that transport nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another are called

neurotransmitters

Twenty-month-old Hannah realizes that her mother still exists even when Hannah cannot see her. What cognitive achievement has Hannah mastered?

object permanence

Cognitive dissonance results when

one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

Approximately how thick is your cerebral cortex?

one-eighth inch

The fundamental attribution error, which helps explain how cognitive biases affect attributions, involves

overemphasizing internal factors when explaining the behavior of others

When Fernando babysits his niece, the infant grabs his long hair and won't let go until Fernando uncurls her fingers. Instead of getting mad at his niece for pulling his hair, Fernando understands that her actions are being driven by which reflex?

palmar grasp

Hallucinations are

perceptions that occur without appropriate external stimuli

The tendency to perceive properties of an object as remaining the same despite changes in its retinal image is called

perceptual constancy

The combination of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that characterize the uniqueness of an individual and the ways in which the individual relates to the world and adapts to environmental demands is called

personality

______ is a growing movement in psychology directed toward studies of human experience such as hope, happiness, and altruism.

positive psychology

A diathesis is a

predisposition or vulnerability to a disorder

You meet a psychologist who explains behavior in terms of ego, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. This psychologist represents which view of personality?

psychoanalytic

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder demonstrate all of the following except

psychotic behavior

Every participant in an experiment has an equal chance of receiving one of the treatments. This is called

random assignment

Angela unconsciously despises old people. Yet, she volunteers two days each week at a retirement home. This is a classic case of

reaction formation.

After six-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born, she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two. This may be a case of

regression

From the psychoanalytic perspective, it is possible for a person to unconsciously banish unacceptable wishes, urges, and impulses. This type of motivated forgetting, thought by Freud to be a primary defense mechanism, is called

repression

The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions

result from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

In survey research, _______ are segments of the total group who are the subject of interest to the researcher.

samples

The disorder that most resembles common notions of insanity, madness, or lunacy is

schizophrenia

Which type of psychologist might administer an intelligence test to your 12-year-old child to determine if he or she should be in special education classes?

school

When 11-month-old Ethan is in a new environment, he feels free to explore. However, he periodically "checks in" with his caregiver during exploration. If his caregiver leaves the room, Ethan sometimes cries and limits his exploration. Upon his caregiver's return, Ethan gives a warm greeting; then he begins his exploration again. Generalizing from research on attachment, Ethan's attachment would be described as

secure

Limiting attention to certain stimuli and filtering out other stimuli is called

selective attention

The process by which we receive, transform, and process stimuli is

sensation

When sensory systems become less sensitive to unchanging stimuli, it is called

sensory adaptation

The specialized cells in sense organs that detect external stimuli are called

sensory receptors

Research on attraction suggests that you will be most attracted to someone who is

simular to you

Physical complaints that cannot be explained medically are characteristic of

somatic symptoms and related disorders

The process of establishing norms for a test by giving it to large numbers of people is called

standardization

Perhaps the earliest idea regarding abnormal behavior was that

supernatural forces or demonic spirits were at work

According to the text, which of the following definitions best describes intelligence?

the capacity to think and reason clearly and to act purposefully and effectively in adapting to the environment

In IQ testing, what is predictive validity?

the degree to which test scores accurately forecast future behavior or performance

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the pleasure principle is _____.

the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs

A deviation IQ is an IQ score based on

the difference of a person's test score from the norms for that person's age group

According to the text, thinking is defined as

the mental representation and manipulation of information.

The two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are

the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

According to signal detection theory, the threshold for detecting a signal depends on

the properties of the stimulus, background noise, and biological and psychological characteristics of the perceiver

Trichromatic theory suggests that

the retina has three types of color receptors—red, green, and blue-violet.

Incentive value is

the strength of a reward's "pull" on one's behavior.

Which of the following is the best definition of social facilitation?

the tendency for people to perform better when others are present

Bertram suffers from schizophrenia with symptoms of catatonia. Sometimes he seems to "freeze up" in an unusual body position for hours at a time. This particular symptom is called

wavy flexibility