PSY Final

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?

Social relationships

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as__________.

benzodiazepines

Ecstatic elation and deep depression are both aspects of _____.

bipolar disorder

People with _____ alternate between extremes of adulation in their relationships when their needs are met and loathing when they feel scorned.

borderline personality disorder

In the context of psychodynamic therapies, when the superego floods an individual with excessive guilt, _____.

defenses are established

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _____.

delusions

Which of the following statements is true of the demonological model that explains the origins of psychological disorders?

People assumed that the behaviors associated with psychological disorders were caused by possession by the Devil.

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships.

People are said to__________when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.

conform

When comparing the human mind to an iceberg, Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the _____ part of the mind.

conscious

To help people control alcohol intake, tastes of different alcoholic beverages can be paired with drug-induced nausea and vomiting or with electric shock. This best exemplifies _____.

aversive conditioning

In the context of schizophrenia, people with the condition termed _____ show striking impairment in motor activity.

catatonia

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the__________functions according to the moral principle.

superego

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?

Archetypes

In the context of psychotherapy, which of the following statements is true?

Psychotherapies influence clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

In client-centered therapy,__________refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.

empathy

The feeling of__________encourages helping behavior and discourages aggression.

empathy

Joe is suffering from kidney dysfunctionality. Joe's doctor advises him to start taking injections instead of tablets as that would be more effective and would cure him sooner. However, Joe fears hypodermic needles and refuses to be injected. In this scenario, Joe seems to have _____.

specific phobia

Behavior therapists aid clients in__________.

the acquisition of adaptive behavior patterns

In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Some people stay at home for fear of having an attack in public. They are diagnosed as having__________with agoraphobia.

panic disorder

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be:

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors.

Katie is scared of meeting new people. She eats at her desk at work to avoid interacting with her coworkers and consistently refuses their invitations to go out for parties. Psychologists will most likely diagnose Katie with _____.

social phobia

__________is best described as the systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem behaviors.

Behavior therapy

__________refers to acquiring knowledge by observing others.

Cognitive learning

When Catherine was seated in a crowded bus, one of the passengers inadvertently stepped on her toe. Immediately, Catherine assumed that the passenger has no respect for others. In the context of social perception, Catherine is:

making a dispositional attribution.

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of _____.

the foot-in-the-door technique

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _____ is the ideal form of love, which combines passion, intimacy, and commitment.

consummate love

_____ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Personality

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

An antidepressant

__________is characterized by disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity, and mood, as well as withdrawal and absorption in daydreams or fantasy.

Schizophrenia

Cognitive therapists, like psychoanalytic and humanistic therapists:

aim to foster self-insight, but they mainly aim to help make people more aware of their current cognitions.

When Brenda takes the elevator, she always faces the front. She does this even when there are no written rules or laws that require this behavior. This is an example of _____.

an implicit social norm

In the context of humanistic therapies,__________encourages self-exploration and self-expression, and aims to provide insight into the parts of us that we have disowned so that we can feel whole.

client-centered therapy

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using _____.

client-centered therapy

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal to help him cope with his work more effectively. In this scenario, Susan is using _____.

cognitive therapy

According to__________, we are motivated to make our cognitions or beliefs consistent with each other and with our behavior.

cognitive-dissonance theory

A man witnessed an explosion in which a coworker died, and soon after, he lost his vision. Despite many neurological tests, doctors could not find any organic basis for the man's loss of eyesight. The man is most likely suffering from:

conversion disorder.

A landlord refuses to rent his vacant apartment to college students. He believes that students throw wild parties and disturb others. In the context of behavior, the landlord's refusal is an example of _____.

discrimination

Graham likes to collect car parts. His house is full of car parts and there is hardly any free space. It has become difficult for him to navigate around the house. He justifies his actions by saying, "You never know when you might need these." Graham is suffering from__________.

hoarding disorder

According to Freud, the__________represents biological drives and is entirely unconscious.

id

Kyle is possessed by the thought that he might develop a severe disease due to the germs. He tries to put these disturbing thoughts out of his mind by washing his hands several times a day. Kyle demonstrates:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Disaster victims may experience debilitating anxiety reactions months and years after the actual disaster. These patients are diagnosed with:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________.

self-actualization

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them__________regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.

unconditional positive

Antidepressant medication tends to increase the concentration of__________in the brain.

noradrenaline

Stanley Milgram undertook a series of classic experiments at Yale University in 1963 to study the factors that contribute to__________.

obedience to authority

Jessie, who suffers from episodes of depression, shares her personal experiences with a few people with similar problems. They meet every week under the supervision of a therapist to discuss their problems. In which of the following therapies is Jessie most likely participating?

Group therapy

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

__________tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.

Individualists

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Which of the following is true of collectivists?

They do not identify themselves in terms of their families or gender.

Which of the following is true of rational emotive behavior therapists?

They encourage clients to challenge and correct irrational expectations

__________are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

Traits

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as__________.

attitudes

Mary has schizophrenia and exhibits symptoms of hallucinations, delusions, lack of emotional expression, and social withdrawal. Mary exhibits:

both positive and negative symptoms.

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the__________.

bystander effect

In the early 1950s, a classic experiment on__________was conducted by Solomon Asch.

conformity

Mary and Ted, who are in a relationship, are working with a therapist to strengthen the communication between them and to express their insecurities about the relationship. Mary and Ted are most likely participating in _____.

couple therapy

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the__________in which a person grows up.

culture

Firdous always complains of a tickling sensation in her palms. She has visited several physicians who have assured her that she is physically healthy. Despite the repeated reassurances, she runs from doctor to doctor, seeking the one who will find the cause of the sensation. In this scenario, Firdous is exhibiting:

illness anxiety disorder.

Cognitive therapy is:

likely to focus on changing the beliefs and attitudes that create and compound people's problems

Kim has a poor appetite and has lost a severe amount of weight in the past few months. She is unable to concentrate or make decisions. She no longer wants to live and wishes to die. Psychologists are most likely to diagnose Kim with _____.

major depressive disorder

Behavior therapists rely heavily on__________.

principles of conditioning and observational learning

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.

reality principle

According to psychodynamic therapy, psychological problems:

reflect early childhood experiences and inner conflicts.

Skinner believed that the effects of__________on behavior should be emphasized.

reinforcement

People with__________are "loners." They do not develop warm, tender feelings for others.

schizoid personality disorder

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common__________.

social anxiety disorder

Which of the following statements is true of groupthink?

External threat heightens the cohesiveness of the group and is a source of stress.

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend, James, forgets to get his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.

actor-observer effect

The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:

the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by:

observation of other people acting aggressively.

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism,__________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

conscientiousness