Psy Final

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points.

Which of the following illustrates Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled.

Which of the following couples is most likely to get a divorce?

Ben and Marlene, who have parents who are divorced

(post quiz) Sage was admitted to the hospital last week after she fell. When Sage's father visited, he found Sage was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Sage's difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage?

Broca's area

Madeline comes home from school each day and eats half a gallon of ice cream and a dozen donuts and then purges the food through vomiting. Then she does not eat at all until the next afternoon, when she repeats this ritual. Despite her normal weight, Madeline is likely suffering from what disorder?

Bulimia Nervosa

What are Gardner's 9 types of intelligence?

Naturalist, Musical, Logical-mathematical, existential, interpersonal, body-kinesthetic, linguistic, interpersonal, spatial

Christa and Sal are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them?

Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones.

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime, Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully? Why or why not?

No because it could be a false positive identification

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming?

No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.

Five-year-old Mark states that he wants to marry his mom, and whenever his mom and dad get close to each other he tries to get in between them. Freud would describe this behavior as an expression of the

Oedipal complex.

(post quiz) Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.

(post quiz) Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.

What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?

The discontinuous segments of myelin that cover the outside of some axons in the nervous system. It protects your nerves and speeds up the communication signal on nerve cells.

"Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes." The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." How would a social psychologist describe this situation?

The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution

Jane is 27 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group?

WAIS-III

Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate?

Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes?

Who developed the first psychological laboratory? Where and When?

Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzip, Germany 1879

For many years Jamie had bragged to his pals about the hole in one he made using his Nike golf ball. One day when he was digging in his closet Jamie found the golf ball he made his hole in one with and was surprised to see that the ball was really a Titleist golf ball. Which aspect of memory does this example illustrate?

as memories get older they are more likely to become changed or altered

What is a mental set?

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular was especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem

What is functional fixedness?

a term used in problem solving where there Is a tendency to cling to set patterns and overlook possible new approaches

(pre quiz) Although there are different views on intelligence, the textbook states that many psychologists would agree that intelligence is the ____.

ability to adapt to the environment and behave in a goal-directed manner​

(post quiz) Crystalized intelligence is most likely to involve

accumulation of knowledge.

(post quiz) Crytallized intelligence is most likely to involve

accumulation of knowledge.

What is meant by crystallized intelligence?

acquired skills and knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems

(post quiz) Positive reinforcement is to __________________, as negative reinforcement is to ____________________.

addition of something pleasant; removal of something unpleasant

Dualistic thinking is to _________________, as relativistic thinking is to _________________.

adolescents; adults

Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing?

alcohol

What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

algorithm

(post quiz) What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?

algorithmic method

A criticism of William Jame's theory of instincts was that ________________ seemed to be eligible for inclusion in the list of possible instincts.

almost every behavior

(post quiz) When seeing an ad for the "No Fear" clothing line, Dr. Farrah-Fowler wonders if she could create rats who literally experienced no fear. In order to do this Dr. Farrah-Fowler would have to target which part of the rats' brains.

amygdala

What are the functions of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Corpus Callosum.

amygdala and hippocampus- govern emotional processes related to hearing and memory thalamus- attention paid to things that stimulate our senses hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis in the body corpus callous- connects the brain hemispheres so each knows what they are doing

(post quiz) Small metal disks pasted onto Miranda's scalp are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Miranda's brain is being studied through the use of________________.

an electroencephalagram (EEG)

When Dr. Abbruzzio conducted her research study, she randomly selected participants from the target population, manipulated the variable as she was interested in studying, and carefully controlled as many of the extraneous variables as she could. Based on this information Dr. Abbruzzio was conducting what type of research project?

an experiment

To psychologists, motivation refers to?

an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation

The continuum of sexual orientation seen in human is most likely due to what?

an interaction between biological, psychological, and environmental forces.

How is punishment defined?

an unpleasant consequence that leads to a decrease in behavior

Johanna is a very neat person whose apartment is very ordered. Johanna also is very frugal with her money, never wasting it on frivolous purchases. According to Freud, Johanna is most likely fixated at which psychosexual stage?

anal

Alisha blames her terminal illness on inept doctors and medical personnel. It is MOST likely that Alisha is in which Kübler-Ross stage of dying?

anger

Jeb is impulsive and disregards the rights of others without showing any remorse or guilt for his actions. It is most likely that Jeb has which one of the following personality disorders?

antisocial personality disorder.

An advantage to group therapy is that groups __________.

are a source of social support

If a child believes that only a woman can be a kindergarten teacher, she may think that the man in her class must be a friend of the teacher, and not the real teacher. This attempt to explain the man's presence in terms of the child's existing schema is called

assimilation

(post quiz) Which of the following represents Bandura's four-step process in his social learning theory?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

The liking or disliking we have for people, places, and things in our world are

attitudes

Trey wants to play basketball in a local league. He and his mom sit down and discuss what grades he will have to maintain in order to play on the basketball team. They also agree on what the consequences will be if Trey does not maintain his grades. Trey's mom is most likely a(n) __________ parent.

authoritative

Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for treating overeating or smoking?

aversion therapy

(post quiz) Which of the following is the best example of a well-structured problem?

balancing your checkbook

Religiousness, prayer, and spirituality have been shown to ____.

be associated with better health

According to current research, if you were to make and hold the facial expression associated with surprise for several seconds, your body would...

begin to produce arousal that would be unique to that emotion

Contrary to prejudice, discrimination necessarily involves

behavior

What is the definition of a reinforcer?

behavior will become more likely in the future

Which of the following would most likely create a state of cognitive dissonance as defined by social psychologists?

believing that "honesty is the best policy," but cheating on a test

Which of the following is not an attitude?

believing that El Salvador is in Central America

Regarding stress and health, optimists tend to have _______ ?

better immune system functioning

(post quiz) In order for one neuron to pass information onto the next neuron in line, what must happen to the neurotransmitters? They need to:

bind with specific receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron

Joanna is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. Her psychiatrist is using the ___________ of abnormality.

biological model

Katrina was adopted as a newborn and has never had any contact with her biological parents. It would be expected that her personality is most similar to the personalities of her

biological parents.

Lulu sees a professional once a month to manage the medication she is taking to help alleviate the symptoms of her anxiety disorder. The type of therapy Lulu is undergoing is called ___________.

biomedical therapy

Jack sometimes experiences periods of boundless but unfocused energy, and then at other times he loses interest in life and experiences profound sadness. Jack is exhibiting the symptoms of

bipolar disorder

Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships, but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from __________ personality disorder.

borderline

Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made __________.

both a primary and a secondary appraisal

What are the two areas in the left hemisphere that are involved in language comprehension and production? Which one does what?

brocas area- speech production wernickes area-language comprehension

Whereas psychotherapists generally_____, psychiatrists _____.

cannot prescribe medications; can prescribe medications

Which of the following is considered to be a health-defeating behavior?

carrying a gun for protection

What are the parts of a neuron?

cell body (contains nucleus), dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, axon bulbs, axon branches, synapse, tail

According to Gordon Allport, if a person is very assertive in most situations, assertiveness would be considered a ___________________ of that person.

central trait

(post quiz) A young woman recovering from a blow to her head finds she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to which part of her brain is likely to be causing her difficulties?

cerebellum

(pre quiz) Of the following, alcohol primarily impairs the functioning of the ____.

cerebellum

(pre quiz) Albert Bandura found through his research that ____

children will readily imitate the behavior of aggressive adults as long as the adults were not punished

Makena is in therapy for depression. Makena and her therapist work together in therapy to identify her negative automatic thoughts. They then test the accuracy of these thoughts. Makena is most likely undergoing

cognitive therapy.

Therapies that focus on the present and assume that people observe the world and the people around them, make assumptions and inferences based on these observations, and then decide how to respond is called ___________.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following are the three terms used to describe the way in which hardy people differ from many other Type A people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress?

commitment, control, challenge

(post quiz) Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?

dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob

Starting with the dendrites, describe the sequence of the parts of the neuron that an impulse travels during neural conduction.

dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob

Which of the following represents the sequence of reactions to death developed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Chester is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He doesn't like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. What temperament does he exhibit?

difficult

Which processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

extinction, spontaneous recovery, and generalization

If your psychology teacher subscribes more to trait theory than to other personality theories, she is likely to believe that personality

has a strong biological basis.

Tomas has never felt very good about his accomplishments and typically will focus on any mistake he has made as a way of proving that he is not worthy. According to Adler, Tomas

has developed an inferiority complex

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment may be considered ___________.

hassles

What is the Mathew Sheppard act?

hate crimes based on sexual orientation are illegal

(post quiz) Neural messages travel faster on axons which

have a myelin sheath

Prolonged stress has been shown to __________ cancer.

increase vulnerability to

The "empty" nest tends to be associated with

increased marital satisfaction

(post quiz) Based on your experience with your own college professors, you determine that college professors tend to be liberal thinkers. This is an example of

inductive reasoning

Seira is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Seira __________

is a Type C personality

Research on the effectiveness of client-centered therapy suggests that it

is at least as effective as other types of therapy.

According to Walter Cannon, if you experienced a very traumatic event, your emotional reaction of fear would originate in your?

it originates in your brain

Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. What is happening to Fred's avoidance of spiders?

its negatively reinforced because he feels better when his anxiety goes down

(pre quiz) What is a well-developed, syntactical verbal system for representing the world?​

language

If you feel that you have no control over the things that happen to you, you may be described as having ____.

learned helplessness

Julia grew up in an environment in which no matter what she did, she could not control the important events in her life. According to social learning theorists, she is likely to develop

learned helplessness

(post quiz) Which hemisphere of the brain is dominant in language tasks?

left

What are the specialized abilities of the two hemispheres of the brain?

left- governs the right side of the body, language centers right- governs left side of the body

Evan takes a personality test and it reveals that he is extraverted. Evan takes the same personality test six months later and it reveals that he is introverted. This personality test has

low reliability.

Research Maslows hierarchy of needs has shown what?

lower level needs must be fulfilled in order to move on to higher level needs.

(post quiz) Tatum is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create a 3-D image of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo?

magnetic resonance imagining (MRI)

Karl is batting in a championship baseball game with the bases loaded, two outs in the bottom of the ninth, and the winning run on the third base, with the crowd screaming. Karl is anxious and sweating, According to arousal theory, he is likely to show

overarousal

Your friend has applied to several medical schools. After receiving one rejection letter, she concludes that she will not be admitted to any school and feels depressed. Your friend is engaging in___________.

overgeneralization

Which hormone is most closely associated with bonding?

oxytocin

Cassandra has recently had several short but highly intense experiences in which physical anxiety suddenly overwhelms her, making her feel as if she is having a heart attack. Her symptoms are most consistent with

panic disorder

Rey always has panic attacks when he is in crowds. Lately, they occur so frequently and unexpectedly that he avoids any place or situation where he expects to be among large groups of people. Rey is most likely to be diagnosed with __________.

panic disorder and agoraphobia

(post quiz) Jeff is undergoing brain surgery to remove a tumor. The surgeon applies electrical simulation to various areas around the tumor, causing Jeff to report tingling sensations in various areas of his skin. The tumor is most likely in which lobe of Jeff's brain?

parietal

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated what kind of learning?

insight learning

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of?

integrity versus despair

(post quiz) The ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of ___________.

intelligence

The ability to understand the world, think rationally or logically, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist's working definition of what?

intelligence

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate internal reactions to different pieces of abstract art. What is this method knows as?

introspection

Hans Eysenck's originally proposed two personality factors called

introversion/extraversion and emotional stability/neuroticism

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

performance on a task is affected by the amount of physiological arousal in the body

(post quiz) The division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth, and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body is called the __________.

peripheral nervous system

According to the research of Latane and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?

person falling down with only one other person in it.

Manny has such an intense fear of flying insects that he hardly ever goes outside his house during the summer months. He is probably suffering from a __________.

phobic disorder

Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands?

pituitary gland

Alyssa was participation in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Alyssa reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Alyssa's drowsy feeling?

placebo effect

Zimbardo's prison study showed that

playing a role can cause a person to lose sight of internal values.

(post quiz) Jaymie is having difficulty staying awake during the day and sleeping through the night. Her difficulties are MOST likely due to problems in the ________________.

pons

In order to learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Paradise Valley schools, Professor Schmidt randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the schools students. In this case, all children attending the schools are considered to be a(n)________________________.

population

(post quiz) Joseph told his buddies at work a joke that made fun of tall people. To his surprise, his friends scolded him. As a result, Joseph decided never again to tell a joke like that at work. Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence?

positive punishment

What are the key aspects of operant conditioning?

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example? Be as specific as you can be.

positive reinforcer

Identify 4 different types of reinforcers and give an example of each.

positive-a cat getting a treat for doing well negative-taking the cat from something it doesn't want to be in primary secondary

Michelle was involved in a terrible car accident in which her brother was killed and has experienced recurrent flashbacks and nightmares since the accident. She may have

post traumatic stress disorder

Before reading this question you probably were not thinking of the events surrounding your last birthday. If you can now remember your last birthday, Freud would most likely say that its memories existed in your

preconscious.

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent?

preconventional

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of _____ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____.

prejudice; discrimination

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in?

preoperational

Mark can remember only the first two items and last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the ____________.

primary and recency effects

Shalissa has two exams today. One is i French and the other is in History. Last night she studied French before History. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is History! Shalissa's memory is suffering from what type of interference?

proactive interference

Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of ___________.

problem-focused coping

In comparison to adult women regarding stress hormones, adult men ____.

produce higher corticosteroid levels when stressed

Annette often accuses other college students of being immature when in fact Annette acts quite childish herself. Annette is most likely engaging in the defense mechanism of ____.

projection

A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind her. The therapist gets to know the client's problems through free association and positive and negative transference. This is an example of __________ therapy.

psychoanalytic

Dave's wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests that Dave's problem represents the expression of a repressed, unresolved, internal conflict buried in his unconscious mind that has its roots in Dave's childhood. This view is typical of the __________ model of abnormality.

psychoanalytic

(post quiz) If a teacher wants to change a pattern of student studying that typically increases on the days prior to a test and drops to almost no studying at all in the days following a test, she should try a variable interval schedule such as a system that uses

random, unannounced tests.

(pre quiz) Edward Tolman studied rats running through mazes and found that ____.

rats that had been allowed to wander through the maze without rewards learned the maze more quickly than normal once they began to be rewarded for reaching the end

(pre quiz) In a continuous reinforcement schedule, ____.

reinforcement is given every time the behavior is exhibited

Professor Blood was very skeptical about the findings of a recently reported experiment on the effects of antidepressants. Which process would best enable him to asses the reliability of these findings?

replication

___________ babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed reactions upon mother's return.

resistant

(post quiz) Guillermo is typing his term paper in the computer commons. Although people are talking around him, he does not seem to notice. Which part of the brain allows Guillermo to focus on her typing and ignore the distractions that surround him?

reticular formation

(pre quiz) Which part of the brain plays an important role in sleep, attention, and consciousness?

reticular formation

(post quiz) The hemisphere of the brain that is dominant in spatial tasks and concept formation is the?

right

Your knowledge of animals is most likely stored in your long-term memory in the form of a

schema

Shirley has a psychological disorder in which her connection with reality is weak in that her thinking is disorganized and she experiences hallucinations. Shirley would most likely be diagnosed with

schizophrenia

In memory were like the sea, we could say that the __________ is long term memory. The ________ are specific memories, and the ____________ are retrieval cues. (Sea, fish, reef, oil slick, and worms)

sea, fish, worms

Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life "was to be a famous star?" Monica's drive to be famous was what type of drive?

secondary drive

Eraj has been extremely depressed and was prescribed a drug to alleviate his depression. Eraj was most likely given a prescription for

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Ziyi believes that she cannot master Spanish. She avoids doing her Spanish homework and does not study for Spanish tests since she believes she will not do well. According to Bandura, Ziyi is most likely low in

self-efficacy

A college instructor's schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds, "This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it." What concept might a psychologist use to explain the grades this class earned and the teacher's high opinion of the class?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Randa just failed her history exam because she neglected to study. Afterwards, she attributes her failure to the fact that her boyfriend kept her up too late the night before when he refused to turn down the stereo so that she could sleep. The next day she aces her biology test. Randa attributes her success on it to her own intelligence. Randa appears to be engaging in which attributional bias?

self-serving bias

George is suffering from an obsessive-compulsive disorder. If he tries to stop his compulsive behaviors, he is likely to experience __________.

severe anxiety

(post quiz) Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

sex

(post quiz) When animal trainers use operant conditioning techniques to slowly condition a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the new desired behavior, the specific name for this is

shaping

Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principles of learning that were in operation were what?

shaping

(post quiz) Jennifer normally experiences a flood of romantic feelings whenever she smells a particular cologne because it reminds her of her boyfriend. Thankfully, when her younger brother wears the same cologne, she does not experience the same feelings. This is an example of

stimulus discrimination.

(post quiz) Madeline was bitten by a German Shepherd. Now she is afraid of all dogs even though she only was bitten by a German Shepherd. This illustrates

stimulus generalization

The approach to scientific study that emphasizes breaking things down into basic components and studying the parts as a way of understanding the whole is known as __________________.

structuralism?

Effective time management requires that we make a serious commitment to ____.

studying, working, and playing

Which of the following does some research suggest may strengthen health neural networks and make us less vulnerable to stressors later in life?

successfully recovering from significant stress especially early in life

Rosalinda wants a new Bratz doll, but she has no money. The thought of stealing the doll crosses Rosalinda's mind, but she decides not to steal because stealing is wrong. According to Freud, Rosalinda's decision not to steal is most influenced by the

superego.

(post quiz) Which of the following professions would be most likely to require a high degree of spatial intelligence?

surveyor

(post quiz) Your heart races. You begin to breathe faster. Your pupils enlarge and your appetite is gone. Your __________ division has just been activated.

sympathetic

(post quiz) As Molly is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. This mobilization of energy is due to the action of Molly's ___________.

sympathetic nervous system

When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little.Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the___________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the __________.

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Gary takes antipsychotic drugs to control the symptoms of schizophrenia. After taking the drug for some time, he begins exhibiting repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of his face, lips, and legs. Gary is showing signs of __________.

tardive dyskinesia

(post quiz) Corey was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. She now has difficulty with her hearing and her memory. The part of her brain most likely injured was her __________.

temporal lobe

that outside environmental forces, such as over-the-counter medications, might have on the development of her unborn child. Paz is referring to the potential harm of ________ on development.

teratogens

(post quiz) If you were to develop a rare condition in which signals from your eyes were sent to the area of the brain that processes sound, and signals from the ears were sent to the area of the brain that processes vision, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

thalamus

(post quiz) You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you ring the bell. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ___________.

the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a bell. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you ring the bell. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. Why was your conditioning not effective?

the bell should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit

You consume foods with large amount of high fructose corn syrup which reduces her brain's sensitivity to leptin. What will be the likely effect of eating these foods?

the brain wont know when the fat cells are full and leaves the person hungry and eating more

(pre quiz) Edward Thorndike is best known for his work on ____.

the law of effect

(post quiz) Which of the following processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

(all of these) generalization spontaneous recovery extinction

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________________ and an IQ of __________________.

10; 125

In terms of resistance to extinction, what are some of the differences between continuous and partial schedules of reinforcement?

?

Which gland is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate our metabolism?

?

Which of the endocrine glands is responsible for our bodies' ability to produce insulin?

?

What happens during the extinction trials of classical conditioning

A buzzer sounds but no food is presented, there was a steady decrease in CR. The dog became less likely to salivate when it heard the buzzer.

What is a neurotransmitter? What do they do?

A chemical messenger that carries neural signals across the synapse. They carry chemical signals to the next target cell.

For which of these problems would systematic desensitization most likely be used?

A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.

Which is the correct sequence of stages in Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph. D. in phycology in the 1920's. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. In general, what kind of research project would your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?

An analysis of how specific behaviors are aquired

Jennifer is a young women who suffers from an eating disorder in which she is extremely underweight and yet perceives herself as "fat". Jennifer is most likely suffering from what disorder?

Anorexia Nervosa

List and Explain the four steps in Observational Learning.

Attention- pay attention to the models behavior Retention in memory- observer retain cognitive representation or memory of models behavior Reproduction of the behavior- mental representation retrieved and used to reproduce the behavior Motivation- must be motivated to recreate behavior

Identify the different techniques used to study the brain, what are the key features of each?

CAT or CT scans- diagnose tumors and diseases MRIs-generated picture of brain structure PET-measures areas of brain glucose fMRI-track where neurons are most active EEG- studies patterns of brain activation brain stimulation- implanting pacemakers stimulate areas of the brain that aren't functioning properly

Identify the different divisions of our nervous system and describe what each one does.

Central nervous system- brain, spinal chord Peripheral nervous system- somatic (governs voluntary action and sensory) autonomic (involuntary organ functioning) parasympathetic (organs in calm situations) sympathetic (organs during time of stress)

Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is knows as?

Chunking

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

Why is the rate of depression believed to be twice as high for women compared to men across various cultures?

The different social roles played by women predispose them to depression.

The police find a man who is disheveled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area. When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 700 miles away. The man is most likely suffering from what?

Dissociative Fugue Disorder.

Eve seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice changes and someone claiming her name is "Joan" begins to speak. During therapy, 23 separate entities, each with its own name, personal style, and memories emerge. Eve appears to be suffering from what?

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Marci is cam and happy when she is sitting in her psychology class participating in a discussion on memory and she understands all of the concepts. However, when she has to take an exam in psychology, Marci gets very anxious and cannot remember any of the concepts she learned in class. According to the principles of encoding specificity what should Marci do to improve her test performance?

Elaborative rehearsal, create an environment like that she can practice in

If you have never paid attention to and cannot think of which wrist your professor wears his watch on (even if you remember many other things about him), which function of memory has most likely failed you?

Encoding

The three major functions of memory are:

Encoding, Storing, and retrieving

(post quiz) If Watson and Rayner took Little Albert's fear response to extinction, what would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.

Maintenance rehearsal is the MOST useful for what?

Extending the duration of short term memory

Jamals is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his friend to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he cant remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against what memory phenomena?

George Miller magic number 7, plus or minus two

Which of the following would be good advice for someone desiring a healthy life?

Get at least 8 hours of sleep each night.

Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey's dad might do what?

Give her a piece of candy

(post quiz) Dr. Abaee is developing a new intelligence test. She gives her test to a group of 100 participants and records their scores. Six months later, she retests the same participants on the test and finds that their scores match well with the scores they earned when tested six months earlier. What can we conclude about Dr. Abaee's test based on this study?

Her test is reliable.

Gerard is cramming for a physics exam and he cannot seem to store any new information in his long-term memory. What possible explanation is LEAST likely to be the reason for this?

His long term memory is full

You attend a lecture by psychologist who uses terms such as free will, human nature, and self-actualization. Which psychological perspective is most consistent with the points the psychologist presented?

Humanism

When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced he had bone cancer. Although X-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What psychological disorder might Bob's behavior indicate?

Hypochondriasis

What are the 3 parts of the HPA axis?

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, and Adrenal Gland

A research is investigating the effects of exercise on weight, What is the independent and dependant variable in this experiment?

Independent: exercise Dependant: Weight

Which of the following is TRUE about distracted driving?

It is responsible for killing eight people per day in the United States.

If research were to show that individuals whose bodies are incapable of becoming physiologically aroused are still capable of experiencing emotion, which theory would have that greatest difficulty explaining that result?

James lange theory

Jill and David are arguing about who has the better episodic memory, men or women. Jill says that women have better memories. Davis says men do. Who is correct?

Jill because research shows that women are better at recalling emotional childhood memories because females have a greater tendency to elaborate is particular to emotional event memories.

(pre quiz) How do neurotransmitters "communicate" with postsynaptic neurons?

Like a "key fitting into a lock," they bind with corresponding receptor sites on dendrites of the neuron.

A 567-item true/false self-report test that compares individual responses to samples of others who are either "normal" or known to have a mental health disorder is the

MMPI-2

Joey experienced a great amount of anger throughout his childhood and adolescence that he turned inward rather than expressing to others. As a result of not expressing his anger, which of the following disorders is Joey at risk of developing?

Major depressive disorder

List in order Maslow's Hierarchy of needs AND explain what each level involves.

Physiological needs- hunger thirst Safety needs- feel safe Belongingness and love needs- affiliate with others Esteem needs- gain approval Cognitive needs- to understand Aesthetic needs- order, beauty Self Actualization needs- self fulfillment Transcendence-spiritual fulfillment

What is an ill-defined problem? GIVE AN EXAMPLE

Problems with more than one solution What are you gonna have for breakfast.

What is a well-structured problem? GIVE AN EXAMPLE

Problems with only one solution Balancing a checkbook

Dr. Aguirre has been treating a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. She decided to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Aguirre is what kind of mental health provider?

Psychiatrist

One study found that what aroma evoked the greatest sexual response in males?

Pumpkin Pie

(post quiz) An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?

Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

(post quiz) Which of the following is TRUE regarding punishment compared to reinforcement?

Punishment often only has temporary effects.

As a project for a psychology course, a student correlated weight and intelligence scores for 250 students. The computed correlation coefficient was .00. What did the scatter plot look like?

Random Points

(post quiz) Researchers have found that despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding would be troublesome for the theory of ___________.

Sapir and Whorf

To move information from iconic sensory memory to short-term memory, you must do what?

Send it over right away so its not lost. We have to pay attention to the sensory information then we focus our consciousness on that stimulus.

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

Sensory memory

Anna Nicole weighed about 125 poiunds most of her adult life. However, it seems like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125 it took forever, and even the slightest deviation form her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?

She has a weight set point so no matter what she does she will keep ending up at that weight.

The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and its your turn. "Ill take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method. " Just before the buzzer sounds, who will you say focused on these aspects?

Sigmund Freud

In the last six months Shelly has visited her physician ten times to complain of numerous physical symptoms. The physician has been unable to find a physical cause for her symptoms. What category of psychological disorders is the physician likely to suspect Shelly exhibits?

Somatoform.

What is the major point of agreement between Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg's theories of intelligence?

Standardized tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence.

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following?

Suppression of immune system functioning by stress apparently can continue even after the stress itself is over.

You and your date both witness a fight in a bar, but you each have very different emotional reactions to this event. You find it amusing, but your date becomes very afraid. Which theory of emotion best explains why you each would have different emotional reactions to the fight?

The cognitive mediational theory

(post quiz) Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Gary's idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eye-opening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Gary's idea of psychological disorders?

The course altered Gary's concept of psychological disorders.

Why is Freud's theory of personality difficult to disprove?

The major concepts of Freud's theory are based on the unconscious and are therefore difficult to measure.

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond?

The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.

(post quiz) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?

The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.

What happens during the acquisition trials of classical condition?

The response increases in strength as a function of the number of times the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli have been paired together.

Amelia is taking a personality test in which she is shown a series of images and asked to tell a story about the images. The clinician then codes Amelia's responses for any consistent themes, emotions, or issues. Amelia is most likely taking the

Thematic Apperception test.

What do Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler all have in common?

They all disagreed with Freud's emphasis on instinctual sexual drives.

How long should you study for an exam?

You should continue to study for a period of time after you feel that you know the material well.

You just finished a cup of very string coffee, which causes your body to have a general feeling of arousal. That afternoon you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer what would most likely occur?

You will start feeling sad.

Emilio lives in Miami, Florida. All other things being equal, who is Emilio most likely to be attracted to?

Yvonne, a woman who lives in his apartment building

When Wendy kissed James she said, "I love you Bill." Followers of Freud would say that this was

a Freudian slip.

In which of the following situations would the audience most likely trust the communicator?

a car salesperson telling you about the pros and cons of the newest models

(post quiz) To Alfred Binet, mental age refers to

a child's mental abilities in comparison to the "average" child.

(post quiz) Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?

a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presente

According to the Schachter- Singer two factor theory of emotion, to what kind of place should you take a blind date if you really want him or her to find you exciting and attractive?

a football game

Milgram's obedience studies showed that

a majority of people in many different parts of the Western world will be obedient to an authority figure who requests unethical actions.

Arturo wants to be a licensed counselor. What is the minimum educational training that Arturo will need to practice in this profession?

a master's degree

What is meant by the term mental age?

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

(post quiz) Joanne always attempts to discipline her child through grounding because it has worked in the past. Lately, it has not been working, but she keeps trying because it always worked before. Joanne has encountered which obstacle to problem solving?

a mental set

Describe what happens at the synapse?

a neuron sends a message to another cell

Stereotype threat occurs when

a person's behavior confirms a stereotype when the person is aware of the stereotype.

Which of the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to the person's attitude?

(post quiz) Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) __________.

conditioned stimulus

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become what part of the classical conditioning paradigm? (UCS, UCR, CS, CR)

conditioned stimulus

(post quiz) Extinction occurs when the

conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Tai Pen is reliable, hardworking, and punctual. Tai Pen would score high on which dimension in the five factor trait theory?

conscientiousness

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of __________.

coronary heart disease

Jorge and Liza have been married for eight years. During the early years of their marriage they rarely fought and had little difficulty settling their minor disputes. Lately, however, they cannot agree and constantly bicker and insult one another. Often, they go days without speaking to each other to avoid another confrontation. Jorge and Liza might best be helped with

couple therapy.

Imagining the embarrassment of being caught by your colleagues in the midst of a sexually deviant behavior is an example of the technique of

covert sensitization therapy.

(post quiz) Divergent thinking is most closely associated with which of the following?

creativity

A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher. Surprisingly, the majority of people correctly do this and comment, "Gee whiz, I haven't thought about that teacher in years!" Their ability to do so is a severe problem for which theory of forgetting?

decay theory

(post quiz) Which of the following is an ill-structured problem?

deciding where the best place to eat in town is

Daily use of relaxation procedures has been shown to ____.

decrease physical symptoms of stress regardless of the form of the relaxation

(post quiz) Determining that your psychology teacher is very intelligent because he has a doctoral degree from a prestigious, New England university would be an example of

deductive reasoning

What is deductive reasoning? Inductive reasoning?

deductive- when you base a conjecture or statements that are assumed to be true inductive- drawing conclusions by going from specific to general

What are four reasons discussed in the book for why punishment is riskier and less effective than reinforcement?

doesn't teach correct behavior, harsh especially physical punishment has the capacity to teach aggressive behavior, punishment if often ineffective at producing behavior change, punishment often leads to negative emotional reactions

A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo. She is using the __________ effect.

door-in-the-face

Dr williams is a psychologust who believes that motivation is produced when we feel an uncomfortable internal state that pushes us to find a way to feel better. Dr Williams' belief is most compatible with which theory of motivation?

drive reduction theory

Danika has been sad and downcast for the last three years. She feels worthless and has difficulty making decisions, although she is able to manage her responsibilities for the most part. Danika is most likely to be diagnosed with

dysthymic disorder

(post quiz) The neural impulse traveling down the axon is __________; it gets across the synapse by __________.

electrical; being changed into a chemical message

Cassie is diagnosed with severe depression. Her psychiatrist has prescribed many medications and psychotherapy, all of which have not seemed to alleviate her depression. Her psychiatrist is now recommending ___________.

electroconvulsive therapy

The greatest vulnerability to teratogens occurs in the ______________ stage.

embryonic

Vanna's mother is ill and she is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________.

emotion-focused coping

(post quiz) Which of the following is NOT part of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

emotional intelligence

What three key characteristics of the therapist are crucial in client-centered therapy?

empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

Based on the principle of encoding specificity, the best place to take your psychology exam to ensure good memory of psychological concepts is where?

encoding specificity

What three elements constantly interact with each other in Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism?

environment, behavior, thoughts

When preparing to take a multiple-choice exam in psychology, you should study as if you are going to have to answer what type of question?

essay questions

(pre quiz) The idea of generalized intelligence was most influential in the ____.

expansion of intelligence testing into many different contexts​

Stella believes that the events of her life are determined largely by a supreme being. Rotter would say that Stella has a(n)

external locus of control

Bill is seeking treatment for alcoholism. Each week he, his wife, and his children meet with a therapist to discuss the functioning of the family as a whole. Bill is participating in what kind of therapy?

family therapy

What are the different types of reinforcement schedules? Give examples of each.

fixed variable ratio interval

(post quiz) Thea gets paid at her job every two weeks. Thea is being reinforced for her working on a__________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

(post quiz) Ivanna gets paid a $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that she sells. Ivanna is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed ratio

Iram is afraid of snakes. In an effort to help him overcome his fear, his therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them. Iram is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed. Iram's therapist is using______.

flooding

When a door-to-door salesperson gets you to buy a product after you first agree to use a sample, you have responded to the __________________ strategy.

foot-in-the-door

(post quiz) When you learn the specific criteria or rules that psychologists use to diagnose attention deficit disorder in children, you are learning the _______________________ involved in this type of diagnosis.

formal concepts

What is the difference between a natural concept and a formal concept?

formal- created through rigid and logical rules, or features of concept natural-acquired through every day experience

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as examples of what?

formation of a cognitive map

The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the dependant variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship?

frequency with which students ask questions

(post quiz) Warren is having trouble deciding what he wants to eat for breakfast. Which lobe of his brain is especially active as he makes his selection?

frontal

​(pre quiz) Which structure is a lobe of the cortex?

frontal

What are the functions of the Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital lobes?

frontal- production of speech, play a role in cognitive processes such as attention, problem solving, judgement temporal-processes auditory info or hearing parietal- motor sensory areas play a role in sensation occipital-processes visual information

(post quiz) Viewing a pencil as only a writing instrument is an example of

functional fixedness

(post quiz) Viewing a pencil as only a writing instrument is an example of

functional fixedness.

(post quiz) Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ___________.

general intelligence and specific abilities

What is meant by the terms stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization? Provide an example of each.

generalization-stimuli similar to CS have the same power to elicit CR (afraid of bees, afraid of wasps) discrimination-CR occurs in response to CS, does not occur in response to other (works at reptile house, not afraid of snakes, when face to face with a king cobra you are afraid)

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like __________.

generalized anxiety disorder

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing ___________.

generatively

Kyle takes some beers from a couple of cases his father keeps in the garage refrigerator. Kyle does this every once in a while so he can go drinking in the woods with friends and keep in good standing with them. Kyle is most likely in Kohlberg's ______ stage of moral reasoning.

good boy/good girl

Which of the following types of therapy would provide the greatest opportunity to learn from others who share similar problems?

group therapy

Lana is part of a committee that is working to develop a new product at her company. The product is top-secret and it has to be finished in less than a week to beat the competition to market. The committee is working day and night in total secrecy to avoid leaking the details of their design to the competition. Knowing what you know about groups, which of the following is most likely to be seen in Lana's group?

group think

Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else could see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as __________.

hallucinations

(pre quiz) The temporal lobes are particularly important in the processing of ____ and ____.

hearing; speech comprehension

(pre quiz) The medulla is responsible for ____.

heart beat and respiration

What are the characteristics of variables that are positively correlated? Provide a couple examples.

height and weight studying and test score

(pre quiz) The parasympathetic nervous system ____.

helps return heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration to normal levels

When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although __________ may set limits on a child's potential, it is the __________ that permits that potential to be actualized.

heredity; environment

At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.

high pitches and low pitches

Dr. Franco found a correlation of +.70 between childrens physical height and their popularity among their peers. What can Dr. Franco conclude about height and popularity?

higher popularity= greater height

Jane Elliot's "brown eye/blue eye" demonstration with her 3rd grade class in the 1970s showed

how easy it is to create prejudice in children.

Dr. Lubold views abnormal behavior as stemming from people's inability to accept themselves. Dr. Lubold endorses the _______ perspective.

humanistic

Dr. Rivera focuses less on unconscious forces that influence behavior and instead likes to emphasize how people's conscious interpretations of the world and their degree of self-awareness influence behavior. It is most likely that Dr. Rivera uses what type of therapy?

humanistic therapy

(post quiz) Garfield is having great difficulty controlling his appetite. All he wants to do is eat and no matter how much he eats he is still hungry. His weight is approaching 400 pounds and he still constantly wants to eat. His physician says the problem is due to a disorder in a specific center of the brain. The brain center is most likely the __________.

hypothalamus

"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n) __________________

hypothesis

Daniel hits his sister when he is mad at her. According to Freud, Daniel's aggression is an impulse stemming from his

id

Creative thinking requires ____________________ thinking, which is?

imaginative, the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patters, and to make connections

Antonio, who has recently been widowed, is experiencing a greater number of sicknesses in association with the stress of losing his spouse. This is most likely due to ____.

immunosuppression

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to __________.

major life events

When a patient arrives in the emergency room, he is restless and irritable with unlimited energy and a rapid rate of speech. The attending psychiatrist believes the patient has taken cocaine or amphetamines and admits him for observation. The next day the symptoms are the same. What condition with symptoms that are similar to those associated with amphetamine use might the psychiatrist now consider as a diagnosis?

mania

John has been extremely depressed to the point that his close friends are concerned that he is suicidal. But after spring break, John seems to be in a much better mood. He is thinking more clearly and seems more energetic. Based on the information in your text on suicide, John's risk for suicide

may have increased

(post quiz) An auto accident rendered Clayton's nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident?

medulla

What are the functions of the Medulla, Pons, Reticular formation, and Cerebellum.

medulla- regulates heart beat and respiration, plays a role in sneezing, coughing, vomitting, etc pons- plays a role in respiration, consciousness, sleep, movement, face expression sensory processes and transmission of signals from one part of the brain to another cerebellum-necessary for balance, muscle tone, motor skills, perception, memory, emotion

(pre quiz) Research presented in the textbook suggests that the hippocampus plays a role in which of the following?

memory and stress

(pre quiz) A child taking the Stanford-Binet test who scores at an "average" level of intelligence would show a ____ that is equal to his/her ____.

mental age; chronological age

If you find that you are beginning to like the person more and more that you sit next to in your psychology class, you may be experiencing the

mere exposure effect

Based on Elizabeth Loftus' research, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they had difficulty accurately remembering the color of the car in the slide. This is an example of what?

misinformation effect

(post quiz) Of the following, which is a secondary reinforcer?

money

(pre quiz) Years of research has shown that children who experience physical punishment are ____.

more likely to be aggressive and experience lower levels of mental health

(post quiz) William, a young boy, is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor?

motivation

When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of which research method?

naturalistic observation

A cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client. Which of the following causes is the likely focus of this therapist's intervention?

negative interpretations of life events

What is the difference between punishment and negative reinforcement?

negative reinforcement- a stimulus that was present is terminated by a response, leads to increase In responding negative punishment- a stimulus that was absent is presented following a response which leads to a decrease in responding

(post quiz) When the action potential reaches the end of the axon terminals, it causes the release of _______.

neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit the next cell.

What are the two general types of punishment? Give examples of each.

non exclusionary, exclusionary

According to Darley and Latane, the five steps involved in helping a person in need are:

notice, interpret, determine responsibility, decide how, implement

If your four.-month-old infant appears to quickly lose interest in a pacifier that you have just hidden under a blanket, Piaget would say that the infant lacks an understanding of

object permanence

A brain tumor's growth has caused Dick's vision to suffer. Which lobe of the brain is being affected by the tumor's growth?

occipital

(post quiz) A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ___________.

operant conditioning

Raul dislikes jalapeno peppers because every time he eats them, he has acid reflux. Consequently, he does not eat them anymore. Raul's avoidance of jalapenos is most likely due to

operant conditioning

As an infant, Angela knows that she likes to be snuggled tightly and to see interesting things. According to Rogers, these things that she likes form the basis for her future self-concept through the

organismic valuing process

What is meant by fluid intelligence?

our ability to reason steadily and abstractly, the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations

When Martina swims laps by herself, she swims a 50 meter sprint in 31 seconds. When she swims in a race with other people, Martina can usually swim the same distance in only 30 seconds. Martina's performance illustrates

social facilitation

Shane is playing tug of war with a group. He is not pulling on the rope nearly as hard as he did when he played the same game as an individual against another individual. Shane's effort illustrates

social loafing

(post quiz) The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is made up of all nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system and all nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles is called the ___________.

somatic nervous system

Regarding language, research with Bonobo chimpanzees, dolphins, and birds has shown what?

some animals are capable of learning communication elements that at least have the appearance of language.

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

sound of the electric can opener

Tom and Maria are both outgoing in varying degrees. Tom can easily strike up a conversation with anyone. Maria is more likely to be outgoing with her friends. According to Cattell, if everyone has some degree of outgoingness in them like Tom and Maria, this would be considered a ______ trait.

source

(pre quiz) In inductive reasoning, ____.​

specific instances are used to discover a general rule

(pre quiz) The ACT and SAT are tests that use the same set of procedures, scoring methods, and questions for all tests takers. This makes these kinds of tests ____.

standardized

What is Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence? What is analytical intelligence?

states that intelligence comes In 3 forms: analytical, creative, and practical. Measured by IQ tests, ability to analyze problems and find correct answers.

Robert conducted a naturalist observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, what type of bias might she suggest Robert read more about?

the observer effect

The use of antianxiety medications carries which of the following disadvantages?

the possibility of addiction

What is an accurate definition of the discipline of psychology and what are its goals?

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief. Which theory incorporates both these types of motivational causes?

the self determination theory

__________________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.

the single blind study

The finding that the constant use of male pronouns (he, him, his) when speaking about hypothetical people in general language can influence gender stereotyping provides support for what?

the weaker version of Whorfs linguistic relativity hypothesis

Which model of memory best accounts for the fact that ub reading this question, you must access the meaning of these words even before you store them in short-term memory?

the working memory model

What happened in the study of ethnic Hawaiians who had taken on the traditional American diet, and then were given their native diet?

their health improved significantly in just 21 days.

Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity based on what?

their incentives to please themselves

What are characteristics of a secondary drive?

they arent directly related to biological needs, developed through personal experience and learning, motivates human behavior, differs from person to person

Individuals with personality disorders do not usually seek treatment because

they do not see anything wrong with their behavior.

(pre quiz) Divergent thinking most specifically involves ____.

thinking of many different ideas quickly

In its strongest form, the linguistic relativity hypothesis states what?

thought processes and concepts are controlled by language

When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as what?

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Why do we engage in the stereotyping of people?

to reduce the amount of information we need to process

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.

trust

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of Erik Erikson's childhood stages of psychosocial development?

trust, autonomy, initiative, industry

Your friend is contemplating a divorce but is concerned about the negative effects of the divorce on the children. Your friend should be aware of the research showing that

two parents who fight with each other create as much distress in children as the experience of divorcing parents.

Jamie's parents try to help her feel that she is worthy of their love and acceptance no matter what she would ever do. Her parents could best be described as giving

unconditional positive regard

Khaled's therapist accepts Khaled for who he is and does not seem shocked or surprised by anything that Khaled relates. Khaled's therapist is conveying

unconditional positive regard.

(post quiz) In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) ________________, and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) ________________.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

(pre quiz) In Pavlov's original studies, salivation to meat was a(n) ____, and salivation to a buzzer was a(n) ____.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

Identify the key elements in classical condition and Give an example of classical conditioning naming the key elements.

unconditioned stimulus (presence of food), unconditioned response (salivating dog), conditioned stimulus (light, sounds), conditioned response (caused salivating dog)

Omar is currently undergoing psychoanalysis. His therapist asks him to keep a journal by his bed and write down his dreams immediately upon awakening. Omar brings his journal to therapy and discusses his dreams with his therapist. Omar's therapist is attempting to do which of the following?

uncover repressed material

(pre quiz) Damage to Wernicke's area typically leads to an inability to ____.

understand spoken language

The levels of processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that the best way to remember new information would be to do what?

use elaborate rehearsal

(post quiz) Robert Sternberg's analytic intelligence reflects the ability to

use logic to solve problems.

(post quiz) Thinking is defined in the textbook as the

use of knowledge to accomplish some sort of goal.

How do psychologists define thinking?

use of knowledge to accomplish some sort of goal.

(post quiz) Molly is sometimes loud and disruptive in class, and her teacher thinks she acts this way when she wants attention. The teacher worries that yelling at Molly, because that is a kind of attention, might be a positive reinforcer for her bad behavior. One behavior modification that might help with this child is ___________.

use of time-outs to remove the positive reinforcement that even a scolding gives the child

(post quiz) A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be ___________.

valid

(post quiz) Clayton gets a $100 commission every time he sells a used car, and $1,000 every time he sells a new car, but does not get paid anything for showing a car without selling it. Clayton is being reinforced on a ____________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

In Jung's theory, persona is to ______________ as shadow is to ______________.

visible; hidden

When bob goes to the grocery store he prefers not to use a written list. However, with advancing age, his ability to remember all the items on the list in his head is decreasing. If he still prefers to use his memory rather than a written list, which of the following strategies would be most effective?

visualization

(post quiz) You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to ___________.

walk a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it

You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is what?

walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it

We commit the fundamental attribution error when

we discount situational explanations for behavior and rely more on trait explanations.

(post quiz) The finding that the constant use of male pronouns (he, him, his) when speaking about hypothetical people in general language can influence gender stereotyping provides support for the

weaker version of Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis.

When is it appropriate for a therapist to break the confidentiality of communications with a client?

when the client is suspected of child abuse

(pre quiz) Which statement is TRUE with regard to problem solving?​

​Ill-structured problems do not have clear algorithms

(pre quiz) In deductive reasoning, ____.​

​a general rule is applied to specific cases

(pre quiz) Learning is ____.

​a relatively permanent change in behavior, or the potential for behavior, that results from experience

(pre quiz) ​Negative reinforcement leads to ____.

​an increase in behavior

(pre quiz) Positive punishment ____.

​occurs when something unpleasant is added to an organism's environmen

(pre quiz) Reinforcement of a behavior only some of the time it occurs is called a ____ reinforcement schedule.

​partia

(pre quiz) The branch of the nervous system that includes neurons that run between the brain and the muscles AND between the brain and the internal organs is the ____.

​peripheral nervous system

(pre quiz) According to the research described in the textbook, Bonobos, parrots, and dolphins have been studied to determine if they have the ability to ____.

​use language