PSY Final

subjective distress

" But..... antisocial personality disorder not necessarily involve much emotional pain" This is an exception to which criteria for mental disorders?

statistical rarity

"But... is being extraordinarily creative pathological? What are the common mild depression" This is an exception to which criteria for mental disorders?

societal disapproval

"But.....But homosexuality was classified as a mental illness till 1973!"This is an exception to which criteria for mental disorders?

biological dysfunction

"But....But specific phobias might be acquired via learning experiences" This is an exception to which criteria for mental disorders?

Impairment

"But...But laziness may produce impairment but it's not mental disorder" This is an exception to which criteria for mental disorders?

Relevant questions (polygraph)

"Did you do it" questions, those bearing on the crime in question (Did you rob the bank on the afternoon of August 16?)

dispositional (internal) attribution-inside the person

"I got a bad grade on my exam because I was tired. Its fine though. I was never smart enough for this class" What type of attribution does this exemplify?

Situational/external attribution- Outside the person

"I got a bad grade on the exam because our professor is awful! He never tests us on the content taught in class" What type of attribution does this exemplify?

Eustress

"good" stress . Term coined by Selye. Opposite from distress

Intimate distance

(0-1.5 feet): typically used for kissing, hugging, whispering "sweet nothings," and affectionate touching

personal space

(1.5-4 feet): typically used for conversations among close friends or romantic partners

public distance

(12 feet or more): typically used for public speaking, such as lecturing

social distance

(4-12 feet): typically used for conversations among strangers and casual acquaintances

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. "mosaics"

The Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth)

A laboratory procedure designed to evaluate attachments style by observing one-year-olds' reactions to being separated from and then reunited with their primary caregivers, usually their mothers

Raven's Progressive Matrices

A measure of intelligence, especially fluid intelligence consist of abstract-reasoning items that don't depend on language. Good measure of g

problem-focused coping

A strategy in which we tackles like challenges head on. Happens when we're optimistic and thing we can achieve our goals. Ex. When we earn a disappointing grade on a test, we may analyze why we fell shorts and devise a workable plan to improve our performance on the next test.

traumatic event

A stressor that's so severe that it can produce long-term psychological or health consequences

Psychoanalytic Theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

No. Personality Traits are highly predictive of behavioral trends but not isolated behavior.

Are personality traits highly predictive of isolated behavior?

37.% and 70%

As of 2014...% of adults were obese while ...% of Americans were overweight

Medical Model(Approach to Mental Illness)

As the Middle Ages faded and the Renaissance took hold, views of those with mental illness became more enlightened. More people came to perceive mental illness primarily as a physical disorder requiring medical treatment—a view sometimes called the _________ ___________. (start of asylums). Yet the medical treatments of this era weren't more scientific than those of the demonic era, often more barbaric

insecure-avoidant attachment

Attachment Type: explore without checking in with mom, indifferent to the entry of strangers, no distress at mom's departure, little reaction at mom's return Internal Working Model: "I'd better hide my distress to not annoy mom so mom would not go further away from me."

insecure-disorganized attachment

Attachment Type: react to toys, strangers, mom's departure, inconsistent confused responses, dazed, contradictory, disoriented, incomprehensive Internal Working Model:" Why is Mom so scary?! I am confused. I don't know what to do."

Exception to test-retest reliability

Before age two or three in children, IQ tests aren't stable over time. IQ measured in the first six months of life correlates just about zero with adult IQ

longitudinal studies, those that track people over time, demonstrate that prior to age 30, personality traits sometimes do change over time, sometimes substantially. Across the general population, openness, extraversion, and neuroticism tend to decline a bit from the late teens to early 30s, whereas conscientiousness and agreeableness tend to increase a bit

Can Personality traits change?

Carl Jung (Neo-Freudian)

Argued that in addition to Freud's version of the unconscious—which Jung termed the personal unconscious—there's also a collective unconscious. The collective unconscious comprises the memories that ancestors have passed down to us across the generations. Further believed that the collective unconscious contains numerous archetypes which explain the similarities among people in their emotional reactions to many features of the world

Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)/ Scholastic Aptitude Test

Consists of three sections—Mathematics, Critical Reading, and Writing. Correlates highly (between about 0.7 and 0.8) with two standard measures of intelligence, including the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Not predictive of scores in college and graduate school.

Yoga

Dates back more than 5,000 thousand years to northern India, with roots in early Hindu and Buddhist sacred religious texts. Different traditions common practices that include a sequence of postures, meditation, breathing techniques, mental concentration, visualization or guided imagery, and relaxation exercises. Yoga may be helpful in reducing anxiety and depression, migraine headaches, pain, and pain associated disability

No. Trait models describe individual differences in personality rather than to explain their causes.Although the Big Five do a decent job of capturing personality differences among people, they don't shed much light on the origins of these differences.

Do trait models explain the causes of the individual differences in personality?

Recent studies indicate that crisis debriefing isn't effective for trauma reactions. Several studies suggest that it may actually increase the risk of PTSD among people exposed to trauma, perhaps because it gets in the way of people's natural coping strategies

Does crisis debriefing help?

Hallucination

Dom constantly hears voices that tells him he should hurt others. What symptoms of schizophrenia is described here?

Decrease resistance to illness Delay healing Impair the immune system

Effects of stress on our health:

Family Studies on Genetic Influence on IQ

Examine the extent to which a trait "runs" or goes together in intact families IQ correlations in 1st degree> 2nd degree> 3rd degree

Uniformity of Agreement (Conformity)

If all confederates gave the wrong answer, the participant was more likely to conform. Nevertheless, if one confederate gave the correct response, the level of conformity plummeted by three-fourths.

What is the biological bases of Intelligence?

-Brain size correlated with intelligence -Brain volume correlates positively with intelligence (more verbal than spacial abilities) -More intelligence=more efficient mental processing, fast reaction time, and better working memory

Wilhelm Stern

Invented the formula for Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Dissociative Disorder

Involve disruptions in the ordinarily seamless integration of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. Most controversial of all diagnosis

IQ cutoff for intellectual disability

<70

IQ cutoff for giftedness

>130

Oral Stage (0-18 months)

Part of Freud's stage of development. This stage focuses on pleasure on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing. Personality type: Oral incorporative (dependent; likes to eat, drink and smoke; good listener but tends towards gullibility) Oral Sadistic (sarcastic, cynical, "biting" with words)

lexical approach to personality

Proposes that the most crucial features of human personality are embedded in our language. The Big Five emerged from factor analyses of trait terms in dictionaries and works of literature The Logic: If a personality trait is important enough in our daily lives, it's likely that we'll talk a lot about it.

Exhaustion

Stage of GAS where resources and coping abilities are limited and stress can damage organs and engender depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Commonly used adult IQ tests

Stanford-Binet IQ Test and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Major Depressive Disorder

State in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties -most likely to strike people in their 30s -women are twice as like to experience -recurrent

Schizophrenia

The "cancer" pf mental illness. Most severe and mysterious of all disorders. Disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

Analytic Intelligence (Sternberg)

The ability to reason logically. In essence, is "book smarts." It's the kind of intelligence we need to do well on traditional IQ tests and college admissions exams

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The ability to understand our emotions and those of others and to apply this information to our everyday life According to some researchers, consists of several subcomponents, such as the capacity to understand and recognize one's emotions, to appreciate others' emotions, to control one's emotions, and to adapt one's emotions to diverse situations

structured personality tests

The best-known personality instruments are_________ _________ ________. They are paper-and-pencil measure consisting of questions that the respondents answer in on of few fixed ways. Have several advantages: They're typically easy to administer and score, and they allow researchers to collect data from many participants simultaneously.

Eugenics Movement

The effort to improve a population's "genetic stock" by encouraging people with "good genes" to reproduce, by discouraging people with "bad genes" from reproducing, or both. Misused and abused IQ testing.

That cures are identical in their emotional expression

The finding that certain emotions exists across most or all cultures doesn't mean.....

Germinal Period

The first two weeks after conception

Cortisol

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland orchestrate the adrenal glands release of what hormone that supplies the body with energy.

Ultimate Attribution Error

The mistake of attributing the negative behavior of entire groups—like women, gay males, Christians, or African Americans—to their dispositions. When we commit this error, we also tend to attribute any positive behaviors of disliked groups to luck or to rare exceptions that prove the rule -"All people of race X are unsuccessful because they're lazy" -"Unlike other members of race Y, she was successful because she was fortunate to be raised by extremely supportive parents" -"He's not greedy like all of the other members of race Z"

Developmental Psychology

The study of how behavior changes over the life span. Change can occur due to physical maturation, be shaped by experience, or a combination of both

Social Psychology

The study of how people influence others behavior, beliefs, and attitudes

Learned Helplessness

The tendency to feel helpless in the face of events one cant control Using an apparatus like this, Martin Seligman found that dogs that were first prevented from escaping the shock gave up trying to escape electric shocks even when they were free to do so. He called this phenomenon "_________ _________________."

glucostatic theory

This theory states that when our blood glucose levels drop, typically after we haven't eaten for some time, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose. In this way, we achieve homeostasis, the balance of energy we take in and expend People gain weight when there's an imbalance, such that more energy is taken into the body than expended by way of exercise or the body's ability to "burn" excess calories through metabolic processes.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

To address concerns about the overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, DSM-5 developed a new category of____________ ______ _________ _____________ to diagnose children with persistent irritability and frequent behavior outbursts

True

True or False: Many mental disorders , especially those that are severe, appear to exits in most and perhaps all cultures Ex. In Inuit, kunlangeta describes a person who lies, cheats, steals, is unfaithful to women, and doesn't obey elders—a description that fits almost perfectly the Western concept of psychopathic personality.

True

True or False: Men place more weight on looks in women across cultures/countries

False: Most behavior probably occurs as a result of a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations

True or False: Most behaviors occurs as a result of either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation, not both

True

True or False: Multiple regions participate in all emotions

False: People in individualistic countries are more prone to social loafing than are people in collectivist countries

True or False: People in collectivist countries are more prone to social loafing than people in individualistic countries?

True

True or False: Positive emotions and social support strengthen our immune systems

True: Temperature is one of the situational influences on aggression. warm temperatures increase irritability, making people more likely to lose their tempers when provoked or frustrated. This relationship is commonly known as the "heat effect"

True or False: Rates of violent crimes are positively correlated to how close countries are to the equator?

False: Women place more emphasis on high level of financial resources in men

True or False: men place more emphasis on high levels of financial resources in women

False: This idea was proposed by both cannon and bard but later research shows numerous regions of limbic system plays a role

True or False: the thalamus, which relays senses, triggers both an emotion and bodily reaction to a stimuli.

True

True or false: Women prefer older partners

True

True or false: your risk of developing schizophrenia predominately depend on how genetically close you are to a another person with schizophrenia

embryonic period

Two to eight weeks after conception; blastocyst becomes an embryo. Limbs, facial features, major organs takes shape. Life-support systems (amnion, umbilical cord, placenta) develop. Spontaneous miscarriages often occur during this period

-Learning model of anxiety, anxious responses arise through acquires habits - catastrophizing, ambiguity, and anxious sensitivity by anxious people -Biological influences-genes influence neuroticism

What are the different explanations for anxiety disorders?

guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous, self-centered

What are the distinct set of personality traits of a person with psychopathic personality?

-Depression and Life Events (Interpersonal model): depression as a social disorder -Behavioral model: depression as a loss of reinforcement -Cognitive model- depression as a disorder of thinking -Learned helplessness -Genetics

What are the explanations for major depressive disorder?

authoritarian personality traits, and extrinsic religiosity(i.e., view religion as a means to an end such as obtaining friends or social support) are related to higher levels of prejudice

What are the individual differences in prejudice?

-Doesn't consider other crucial factors to stress; -Neglects to take into account some of the more chronic , or ongoing stressors that many individuals experience; -Neglects the fact that some stressful life events are the consequences rather than causes of psychological problems

What are the major disadvantages to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

Premature birth, low birth weight, Hazardous environmental influences, Genetic disorders

What are the obstacles to normal fetal development?

High levels of negative emotions (such as irritability and mistrust), impulsivity, and lack of closeness to others

What are the personality traits of those who are prone to aggression?

-more vigorous immune response -lower distress -lower risk of heart failure and depression -better surgical outcomes -fewer physical complaints

What are the physiological characteristics of optimistic people?

Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Contempt

What are the primary emotions identifies by Ekman? (these emotions are also recognized across most cultures)

-View children as different from adults -Learning is active (cognitive constructivist) -Parsimonious general account of cognitive process

What are the pros to Piaget's theory?

-Higher level of aggression among males than females and in younger males (12-28) than older ones -Higher level of relational aggression in girls than in boys

What are the sex differences concerning aggression among humans? (also applies to the entire animal kingdom)

1. Negation of intimacy ("I would never want to get close to these people") 2. Passion ("I absolutely and positively despise these people.") 3. Commitment ("I'm determined to stop or harm these people.")

What are the three components of hatred, developed by Robert Sternberg in his "Theory of Hate"?

Stage-like or continuous; Domain- general or domain specific; physical experience, social interaction and/or biological maturation;

What are the three core ways that cognitive development theories differ?

Proximity (Physical nearness), Similarity (extent to which we have things in common with others), Reciprocity (rule of give and take)

What are the three major principles or predictors of attraction and relationship?

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale and the The Hassles Scale

What are the two scales used to measure stress?

Asian

What ethnic group tends to be less physically aggressive than Americans and Europeans?

Fertilized egg divides to form blastocyst

What happens during the first week of the germinal period?

Embedding of blastocyst in the uterine wall (implantation); differentiation of cells/task specialization begins

What happens during the second week of the germinal period?

-Marriage -Friendships -College -Religion -Political Affiliation -Exercise -Gratitude -Giving -Flow

What increases happiness

emotional comfort, financial assistance, information to make decisions, solve problems, contend with stressful situations.

What is provided by social support?

Smoking and Exposure to Second Hand Smoking

What is ranked the leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide?

Most research suggests little if any overall average sex difference in IQ between men and women. Studies also indicate that men are more variable in their IQ scored than women

What is suggested in most research on the focus of sex differences in IQ?

The size of the majority made a difference, but only up to about five or six confederates. People were no more likely to conform in a group of 10 than in a group of 5

What is the relationship between size and conformity in the Asch study?

Inconsistent parenting

What is/are the parental predictors of insecure anxious attachment?

Rejecting parenting

What is/are the parental predictors of insecure avoidant attachment?

Atypical parenting

What is/are the parental predictors of insecure disorganized attachment?

Sensitive and responsive parenting

What is/are the parental predictors of secure infant attachment?

self-censorship

What symptoms of groupthink does this cartoon illustrate?

-People who cant easily escape the situation -People in a good mood, have time or skills, extroverted, role models, and less concerned about social morals -A person who see a certain characteristic of the victim -Men to women (risk involved are physical and social). Especially true when woman is attractive

What type of people are more likely to help others?

They've not yet been shown to be safe and effective using scientific standards

What united the two forms of medicine know as CAM (complementary and alternative medicine)?

It is neither inevitable nor universal - a symptom rather than a cause of psychological problems, arising only when the opposite-sex parent is overprotective and the same-sex parent is overly critical

What was Karen Horney's perspective on the Oedipus Complex?

1944

What year did the term stress find its way into the psychological literature?

Autoimmune diseases

When the immune system is overactive, it can launch an attack on various organs of the body, causing....

Circular reasoning fallacy. We must avoid this fallacy when invoking personality traits as a cause of behavior.

When we conclude that a child's aggressive behavior is merely because he or she engages in aggressive behavior, we are committing which fallacy?

!!!CLARIFICATION!!! (not a term)

Whereas prejudice refers to negative attitudes toward others, discrimination refers to negative behaviors toward others.We can be prejudiced against people without discriminating against them.

Psychological age

a person's mental attitudes and agility and the capacity to deal with the stresses of an ever-changing environment e.g memory, ability to learn, personality

Social Loafing

a phenomena in which people slack off when working in groups -Variant of bystander nonintervention Ex. individuals when pulling on a rope often, work (or in this case pull) less hard than when they do alone

Culture of Honor

a social norm of defending one's reputation in the face of perceived insults

Collective Unconscious (Jung)

a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past

Dissociative Fatigue

a subtype of dissociative amnesia, people not only forget significant events in their lives, but also flee their stressful circumstances (fugue, which has the same root as fugitive, is Latin for "flight"). In some cases, they move to another city or another country, assuming a new identity.

Stress

a type of response, consists of the tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation, called a stressor (a type of stimulus) strains our ability to cope effectively

Set-Point

a value—much like that on our car's fuel gauge—that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain. When we eat too little and drop below this, regulatory mechanisms kick in to increase our appetite or decrease our metabolism

Meditation

a variety of practices that train attention and awareness and assist in the control of emotions. These practices are embedded in many world religions and integrated into the lives of people of all races and creeds

Social Disruption

a worsening of performance in the presence of others—occurs on tasks we find difficult Ex. My typing skills are not the best. I constantly look at the keyboard and make typos. When a professor was helping me with an essay, his presence made me nervous. I made more typos than I normally do.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that markedly disrupt the person's usual sense of identity and may be observed by others or reported by the individual. These personality states or "alters," as they're sometimes called, are often different from the primary or "host" personality and may be of different names, ages, genders, races, and even species.

Truth Serum

chemical version of the polygraph test

Anal Stage (18-36 months)

child obtains pleasure from first expelling feces and then, during toilet training, from retaining feces. Many conflicts arise around the child's ability to achieve self-control Personality Traits: Anal expulsive (generous, disregard for rules or order, may be sloppy and slovenly) Anal retentive (orderly, stingy, stubborn, preoccupied with rules)

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity, and activity -5% of school ages diagnosed -2-4 times more likely in boys than girls -30-80% of those diagnosed continue to display symptoms into adolescence and adulthood. -signs occur in infancy but children not diagnosed until elementary school

Somatic Disorder

condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin

Bordeline Personality Disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, sense of self, and impulse control -extremely impulsive and unpredictable -interests in life and goals shift dramatically -feeling towards relationships and friendships alternate (from extreme worshipping one day to hatred next) -impulsive and self-destructive

coronary heart disease (CHD)

damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart. Associated with PTSD. Stress has direct effect and also associated with behavioral risk factors for this condition such as poor diet and inadequate exercise.

Urban Legends

false stories repeated so many times that people believe them to be true

stereotype threat

fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype

Alternative Medicine

healthcare practices and products used in place of conventional medicine, that is, medicine for which there's solid evidence of safety and effectiveness. e.g. Consuming supplements of gracinia cambogia, a substance derived from the tamarind rind, to lose weight

Bipolar Disorder

formally called manic-depressive disorder, is diagnosed when there's a history of at least one manic episode -equally common among men and women in comparison to major depression -more than half the time precedes or follows a manic episode -most genetically influences of all mental disorders (heritability between 0.60-0.85)

Sexual Response Cycle

four phases of sexual arousal determined by Masters and Johnson: (1) excitement, (2) plateau, (3) orgasm, and (4) resolution (see

Altruism

helping others for unselfish reasons -done egotistically

0.80

genetic influence with heritability for ADHD is as high as...

Manipulators (gestures)

gestures in which one body part strokes, presses, bites, or otherwise touches another body part. For example, while cramming for an exam, we may twirl our hair or bite our fingernails.

Emblems (gestures)

gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture, such as the hand wave and nodding of the head

Illustrators (gestures)

gestures that highlight or accentuate speech, such as when we forcefully move our hands forward to make an important point

cognitive model of depression

holds that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations -focuses on the negative triad (Becks Cognitive Triad)

internal-external theory

holds that relative to other people, people with obesity are motivated to eat more by external cues like portion size, as well as the taste, smell, and appearance of food, than by internal cues like a growling stomach or feelings of fullness

predictive validity

how likely it is for test scored to predict future job performance

cognitive development

how we acquire the ability to learn, think, communicate, and remember over time

Concurrent Validity

how well a new test compares to a well established test ex. Modern IQ tests correlate moderately to highly with other IQ tests given during the same session

Discrete Emotions Theory

humans experience only a small number of distinct emotions that combine in complex ways Advocates of this theory propose that each basic emotion: (1) has its own biological roots (2) served one or more distinctive evolutionary functions that are essentially the same in all of us

We tend to commit the fundamental attribution error only when explaining others' behavior; when explaining the causes of our own behavior, we're often a bit more likely to invoke situational influences

if we ask you why your best friend in college chose to attend this school, you'll most likely mention dispositional factors: "She's a really motivated person and likes to work hard." In contrast, if we ask you why you chose to attend this school, you'll most likely mention situational factors: "When I visited the college, I really liked the campus and was impressed by what I heard about the professors." What does this show about our patterns of attribution

Psychosomatic illness

illness or disorders due to deep-seated conflicts and emotional reactions Ex.Franz Alexander (1950) argued that stomach ulcers—an inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite—are linked to infantile cravings to be fed and feelings of dependency.

Psychophysiological

illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition Ex. Changes in stress levels appear to be an influential predictor of headaches in children aged 8-17 years

Primary Appraisal

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful. Occurs when we encounter a potentially threatening event.

Incongruence (Rogers)

inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositions We're no longer our genuine selves, because we're acting in ways that are inconsistent with our genuine potentialities.

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

stress-response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. He argued that we're equipped with a sensitive physiology that responds to stressful circumstances by kicking us into high gear. Our level of resistance to stress drops during the alarm phase, increases during the resistance phase, and drops again during the exhaustion phase.

unconscious motivation (psychoanalytic theory)

the mind as an iceberg, the unconscious is of immensely greater importance in the causes of our personality than the conscious

Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test for adults today. Consists of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities.

two-factor theory of emotion

theory proposing that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal along with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal E.g. We first experience an emotion provoking event like a car accident. We then seek to interpret the cause of the arousal (being in an accident). The resulting label attached to our arousal is the emotion (anxiety)

Irrelevant questions (polygraph)

those not bearing on the crime in question or on suspects' lies (Is your name Sam Jones?)

Control questions

those reflecting probable lies. They typically inquire about trivial misdeeds about which most people will lie, especially under intense pressure (Have you ever been tempted to steal anything from a store?)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

official system classifying individuals with mental disorders with 18 different classes of disorders -Uses categorical rather than dimensional model -Contain prevalence of disorders -Takes biopsychosocial approach -May medicalize 'normality" -High level of comorbidity among many diagnosis

Bandwagon Fallacy

one must accept or reject an argument because everyone else accepts or rejects it

Immune system

our body's defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances

Superego (Freud)

our sense of morality. The term literally means "above ego," and Freud conceptualized this agency much like a judgmental parent looking down upon the ego. Contains the sense of right and wrong we've internalized from our interactions with society, particularly our parents. According to Freudians, people who have overly developed this agency are guilt-prone; guilt-free people in particular are underdeveloped in this agency and are at risk for developing psychopathic personality.

Mass Hysteria

outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion Ex. The Tanzania laughter epidemic (1962)- After 3 students began to laugh uncontrollably despite the interventions of their teachers, 90 more cases of uncontrollable laughter were reported. The epidemic laughter led to the closure of schools as the laughing spread to other villages nearby

Integrity test

paper-and-pencil questionnaire on history of stealing, attitudes toward stealing, perceptions of others' honesty

grandiose narcissism

people of this kind tend to be flamboyant, charming, domineering, brag about own achievements

vulnerable narcissism

people of this kind tend to be introverted, preoccupied with self, over-sensitive to perceived minor slight

Secondary Appraisal

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

Narcissism

personality trait marked by extreme self-centeredness -responded to negative evaluations by bombarding their opponents with louder noises

Type A personality

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious Behavior pattern observed among patients with CHD. Increase risk

IQ testing for very young children focuses on...

Sensory abilities

Average IQ of general population

100

Contain the prevalence of the disorder

A clinical psychologist would probably perceive cutting oneself as pathological, but DSM-5 reminds clinicians that in some cultures, such practices are used to produce tribal scars and should be regarded as normal. This relates to what advantage of the DSM-5?

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

A condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible or illegal actions

Cross-sectional design

A design in which researchers examine people who are of different ages at a single point in time

IQ testing for older children and beyond focuses on...

Abstract Reasoning

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

According to Abraham Maslow (1954, 1971), we must satisfy our primary needs, such as physiological needs and needs for safety and security, before we can progress to more complex secondary needs

broaden and build theory

According to Barbara Fredrickson's (2001, 2003), happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allowing us to see the big picture we might have otherwise overlooked

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

According to Gardner, there are numerous "frames of mind," or different ways of thinking about the world. For him, each frame of mind is a different and fully independent intelligence in its own right. Gardner proposed eight different intelligences ranging from linguistic and spatial to musical and interpersonal

social comparison theory

According to Leon Festinger's (1954) , we evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others. Doing so helps us understand ourselves and social worlds better Ex. If you want to find out if you're a good psychology student, it's only natural to compare your exam performance with that of your classmates. Doing so gives you a better sense of how you stack up relative to them and can spur you on to make needed improvements in your study habits.

Rationalization

According to psychoanalysts, ___________often involves a psychological minimization of previously desired outcomes. This etching from Aesop's fables illustrates one example of rationalization, namely, the famous "sour grapes" phenomenon: The fox, who can't reach the previously desired grapes, tells himself, "These grapes are much too green and sour. Even if I could reach them, I would not eat them."

need to belong theory

According to psychologist Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary, Humans have a biological base need for interpersonal connections

Drive-reduction theory

According to this theory, certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to minimize negative feelings and seek pleasure E.g. The unpleasant feeling of hunger motivates food seeking and eating, which, in turn, produce satisfaction and pleasure.

Moral Treatment (Approach to Mental Illness)

Advocates of _________ ____________ insisted that those with mental illness be treated with dignity, kindness, and respect. Before moral treatment, patients in asylums were often bound in chains; following ________ ___________, they were free to roam the halls of hospitals, get fresh air, and interact freely with staff and other patients

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

Alternative to DSM-5 studies and classifies mental disorders based on multiple dimensions (unlike DSM-5)

Creative Intelligence (Sternberg)

Also called creativity, our ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions. It's the kind of intelligence we need to find new and effective solutions to problems, like composing an emotionally moving poem or exquisite piece of music.

Practical Intelligence (Sternberg)

Also called tacit intelligence, the ability to solve real-world problems, especially those involving other people. This form of intelligence is akin to "street smarts."

The Limbic System

Also known as the emotional brain, scientist have dubbed this system the seat of anxiety. Includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

Yes! Although we may persuade ourselves that our political attitudes derive from completely objective analyses of social issues, these attitudes are often affected by our personalities.

Are attitudes and personality related?

stress as a response approach

Assess people's psychological and physical reactions to stressful circumstances. Scientist usually expose participants to stressful stimuli and measure a host of outcome including physiological response (hormone level)

Attribution

Assigning causes to behavior

secure attachment

Attachment Type: Infant will explore a room while mom is present, becomes upset when mom leaves, but then greets her with joy when mom returns Internal Working Model: "I am lovable and worthy, and my caregiver is dependable."

insecure anxious attachment

Attachment Type: Will not explore toys without mom's assistance, distressed at strangers, panic at mom's departure, mixed emotion reaction at mom's return Internal Working Model: "I'd better amplify my stress to draw attention from mom so mom could attend my needs."

Abraham Maslow (Humanist)

Believed that self-actualized people tend to be creative, spontaneous, and accepting of themselves and others. They're self-confident but not self-centered. They focus on real-world and intellectual problems and have a few deep friendships rather than many superficial one. Regarded full self-actualization as a rare feat, one accomplished by only about 2 percent of people. Focused on individuals who were self-actualized, especially historical figures

Catatonic Symptoms

Ben may repeat a phrase in a conversation in a parrotlike manner. This is known by psychologist as echolalia. On a bad day, ben symptoms worsen to include bouts of frenzies and and rigid postures. What symptom of schizophrenia is described here?

Lower blood pressure and risk for CHD, improve lung function, relieve the symptoms of arthritis, decrease diabetes risk, cut the risk of breast and colon cancer

Benefits of aerobic exercise..

Delusion

Bill believes that the government is constantly watching and listening in on .him. He believes that all human have a chip implanted in them from birth that the government uses to spy on them. What symptom of schizophrenia is described here?

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain, altering our experience of emotions Unlike James and Lange, Zajonc viewed emotion as purely biochemical and noncognitive, that is, as involving no thinking

Amygdala (anxiety), Parietal and occipital lopes(visual perception)

Brain imaging studies suggest that conforming behaviors are associated with activities in what parts?

divergent thinking

Capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem ex: in the "Uses for Objects" test, participants must generate as many uses for an ordinary object, like a paper clip or a brick, as they can

Convergent creative thinking

Capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem

Extrinsic Motivation

Category of motivation where people are motivated by external goals (rewards like trophy, money)

Intrinsic Motivation

Category of motivation where people are motivated by internal goals (personal rewards)

Approach

Certain drives generate tendencies toward... that is, a predisposition toward certain stimuli, like food or objects of our sexual desire

Avoidance

Certain drives generate tendencies toward..., that is, a disposition away from certain stimuli, like rude people or frightening animals

general intelligence (g factor)

Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a single shared factor across certain aspects (Mechanical, Verbal, Spatial, and Numerical) that explained the overall differences in intellect among people.

specific abilities (s)

Charles Spearman proposed the existence of a factor that's unique to each item. According to Spearman, how well we perform on a given mental task depends not only on our general smarts (g), but also on our particular skills in narrow domains (s).

Serotonin

Chemical Messenger: Activated the brain's pleasure circuits to eat

Leptin

Chemical Messenger: signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

Hyperfocus

Children with ADHD can concentrate when sufficient motivated. This is known as...

Early Onset Bipolar Disorder

Children with rapid mood changes, reckless behavior, irritability, and aggression are more likely to be diagnosed with early-onset bipolar disorder -diagnoses has increased from .42% to 6.67% in 2003 -60-90% of children diagnosed also share ADHD diagnosis

Self Concept & Theory of Mind

Children's ability to reason about what other people believe "other people may not know what I know"

Uniformity of agreement, Difference in the wrong answer, and Size

Conformity is influence by?

Tend and Befriend response

Coined by Shelly Taylor. Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture or seek social support under stress. Common among women. In stressful times women with men, women generally have more to lose—especially when they're pregnant, nursing, or caring for children—if they're injured or killed when fighting or fleeing. Therefore, over the course of evolutionary history, they've developed a this response to threat, which, along with the fight-or-flight response, boosts the odds of their and their offspring's survival.

fundamental attribution error

Coined by social psychologist Lee Ross, is the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior. Ex. Psychologist of the Milgram experiment committed this when they previously believed that participants would disobey the cruel and outrageous orders to shock individuals.

lower mortality rates, improved immune system functioning, lower blood pressure, more adaptive reactions to events

Compared with nonreligious people, individuals who describe themselves as religious (who say they believe in God) have:

psychopathic personality

Condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk taking -mostly in males -overlaps with ASPD informally known as psychopath or sociopath -underactivity of the amygdala in response to fear related stimuli

restriction of range problem

Correlations tend to go down when we limit the range of scores on one or both variables

treatment designed to ward off PTSD among people exposed to trauma

Crisis Debriefing

increased activity of the amygdala and decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex

Describe brain activity of patients with bipolar disorder?

When the hypothalamus (H) receives signals of fear, the sympathetic nervous system activates the adrenal gland (A), which secretes the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin). In a matter of moments, blood pressure rises, pupils dilate, and the heart pumps blood to vital organs, readying the body for the fight-or-flight response

Describe the how the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activates the fight-or-flight response. (Part of alarm rxn in GAS)

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Developed by David Holmes and his colleagues. Is the first of many efforts to measure life events systematically. Based on 43 life events such as "jail term" and "personal injury or illness," ranked in terms of their stressfulness

Imprinting

Developed by Konrad Lorenz, process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. Infant attachment is a "softer version"

Grit

Developed by psychologist Angela Duckworth and her colleagues. Consists of two major elements: perseverance (the willingness to persist in efforts despite frustrations and failures) and a deep-seated passion to achieve one's goals. Predicts academic performance above and beyond IQ.

the Hassles Scale

Developed by researchers to measure how stressful events, ranging from small annoyances to major daily pressures, impact our adjustment

Binet and Simon

Developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age; Argued that intelligence consist of higher mental processes (Reasoning, Understanding, Judgement)

Personality DIsorder

Diagnosis for this disorder only occurs when personality traits fist appear by adolescence; are inflexible, stable, and expressed in a wide variety of situations; and lead to distress or impairment

Demonic Model (Approach to mental illness)

During the Middle Ages, many people in Europe and later in America viewed mental illnesses through the lens of a __________ __________. They attributed hearing voices, talking to oneself, and behaving oddly to the actions of evil spirits infesting the body. The often bizarre "treatments" of the day, including exorcisms

Poor Diet, Low SES, Drinking, Smoking

Environment factors contributing to CHD

Lewis Terman (Standford-Binet IQ test)

Established a set of norms, baseline scores in the general population from which we can compare each individual score. Based on the measure developed by Stanford and Binet

The False-Belief Task

Evaluates Theory of the mind. "Does the child understand that others may not know what they know?" Children typically don't succeed at this task until around age four or five.

Karen Horney (Neo-Freudian)

Feminist psychologist, against gender bias. Maintained that women's sense of inferiority stems not from their anatomy, but from their excessive dependency on men, which society has ingrained in them from an early age. She similarly objected to the Oedipus complex on the grounds that it's neither inevitable nor universal

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

First person to present a comprehensive account of cognitive development. Attempted to identify the stages that children pass through on their way to adult thinking

symbolic meaning (psychoanalytic theory)

For Freudians, no action, no matter how trivial it may seem, is meaningless. All are attributable to preceding mental causes, even if we can't figure out what they are.

genital stage (puberty)

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

Infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction

Freud's perspective on attachment:

Latency (6 to puberty)

Freud's theory of stage development (psychosexual stage) a phase of dormant sexual feelings Reduce sex interest

Phalic "Oedipal" stage (Age 3 to 5 or 6)

Freuds theory of stage development where the infants libido focus on his/her genitals Personality traits: Failure to resolve Oedipus complex results in various neuroses

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg extended Piaget's thinking to identify how morality unfolds across the lifespan. He studied how morality changes with development by exploring how participants wrestle with moral dilemmas. Created three levels to moral development.

Deinstitutionalization (approach to Mental Illness)

Government policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on the releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals

Infants prefer contact comfort over food

Harlow's perspective on attachment:

Twin studies on Genetic influence on IQ

Help disentangle the effect of nature from those of nurture IQ correlation: Identical/monozygotic (r=.7, .8), Fraternal/dizygotic (r=.3,.4) Identical twin IQ correlations always far less than perfect (r=1.0)

Adoption Studies on Genetic Influence on IQ

Help examine the extent to which children adopted into new homes resemble their adoptive vs. biological parents

from around 20% in infancy to around 80% in adulthood

Heritability of IQ increases....

Compared with Freudian theory, Neo-Freudian theories place less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and more emphasis on social drives, such as the need for approval. Compared with Freudian theory, most neo-Freudian theories are more optimistic concerning the prospects for personality growth throughout the life span.

How are Neo-freudians different from freudians?

One of the best antidotes to social loafing is to ensure that each person in the group is identifiable. Helps "diffuse" the diffusion of responsibility that often arises in groups.

How do we get around social loafing?

Heritability is the extent to which individual difference in the trait are inherited "0" means not genetic influence "1" Heredity as the only influence

How should heritability be interpreted?

zone of proximal development

Identified by Vygotsky. A phase in when children are receptive to learning a new skill but aren't yet successful at it.

The organism, The self, and our Condition of Worth

In Rogers Model of Personality, our personality consist of what three major component?

structure; Individual differences in personality

In contrast to most personality theorists we've reviewed, proponents of trait models are interested primarily in describing and understanding the _______ of personality. That is, they examine the question of what makes up our personality, rather than the question of what causes it. They are also focus on ________ ________ in personality.

Displacement

In this photograph from a 2008 game, frustrated player Prince Fielder throws his bat to the ground after popping out. Freudians would say that Fielder is engaging in which defense mechanism?

Jungian sandplay therapy

In this therapy practitioners try to uncover children's deep-seated conflicts. Practitioners try to infer children's archetypes on the basis of shapes that they draw in sand, and use them as a springboard for therapy. No evidence of its effectiveness

Potential causes of the Flynn Effect

Increased test sophistication, Increases complexity of modern world, Better nutrition, Changes at home and school

Genes

Influence our set point and weight

Yes. The results of several large American, European, and Japanese studies show that even as the rate of MMR vaccinations remained constant or declined, the rate of autism diagnoses continued to soar. Given that children receive vaccines and developed autistic symptoms at around the same time, it was only natural to perceive an association between the two events

Is vaccine-autism link an illusory correlation?

social anxiety disorder

Intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations. Goes well beyond the stage fright that most of us feel occasionally

locus of control

Introduced by Julian Rotter, describe the extent to which we believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside our control.

When it involves problem solving and constructive efforts to make troubling situations "right," it can be beneficial. But when catharsis reinforces a sense of helplessness, as when we voice our rage about something we can't or won't change, catharsis can actually be harmful Research shows that catharsis activities rarely reduce our long-term stress, although they may make us feel slightly better for a few moments. In other cases, they actually seem to heighten our anger or anxiety in the long run

Is Catharsis a good thing?

Yes. Chiropractors typically manipulate the spine and muscles to treat a variety of health problems. But there's little evidence that their approaches are more effective than those derived from traditional medicine.

Is chiropractic manipulation a form of complementary and Alternative Medicine?

Disorganized speech

Jamie talks alot but much of what he says makes little sense. His friends describe his speech "word salad" as he skips from topic to topic in a disjointed way. What symptom of schizophrenia is described here?

Difference in the Wrong Answer (Conformity)

Knowing that someone else in the group differed from the majority - even if that person held a different view from that of the participant - made the participant less likely to conform

Ego (the person trying to make the decision), Id (demon), Superego(angel)

Many works of art portray an individual trying to make a difficult moral decision with a devil on one shoulder—urging immoral behavior—and an angel—urging moral behavior—on the other. Which components of this picture represent Freud's elements of personality

Spatial tasks (Spatial rotation, Geography, Geometry)

Men tend to do better than women on some...

Hassels

Minor nuisances that strain our ability to cope. Research shows that they can be quite stressful over the long haul. Frequency and severity of this is a better predictor of physical health, depression, and anxiety that are major life events Ex. Misplacing cells phones and other possessions

The different views of self actualization (Humanist vs. Freudians)

Most Freudians would say that self-actualization would be disastrous for society because our innate drives, housed in the id, are selfish and potentially harmful if not controlled. For Freudians, a society of self-actualized people would result in sheer pandemonium, with citizens expressing their sexual and aggressive urges with reckless abandon. Humanistic theorists, in contrast, view human nature as inherently constructive, so they see self-actualization as a worthy goal.

Uninvolved

Parenting Style:Neglectful parents tend to ignore their children, paying little attention to either their positive or negative behaviors. Ex. Robin's parents don't have many rules at all and those that exist are never enforced.

Explanations that depend on an undetectable force or energy can't be falsified and therefore lie outside the boundaries of science. We cannot be sure that religiosity is the cause to improved physical health.

One explanation for the benefits of spirituality is that religious involvement activate a healing energy, what is wrong with this conclusion?

Authoritative

Parenting Style: parents combine the best features of both permissive and authoritarian worlds. They're supportive of their children but set clear and firm limits. Ex.Charles' parents have a set of rules that are followed in the home. When he breaks a rule, they often talk about why the rule is in place and what the consequences are and how to avoid breaking the rule in the future.

Permissive

Parenting Style: parents tend to be lenient with their children, allowing them considerable freedom inside and outside the household. They use discipline sparingly, if at all, and often shower their children with affection. Ex.Sally's parents allow her to stay up past her bedtime often and when she breaks other rules, she is rarely punished.

Authoritarian

Parenting Style: parents tend to be strict with their children, giving their children little opportunity for free play or exploration and punishing them when they don't respond appropriately to their demands. They show little affection toward their children. Ex. Gene's parents give harsh punishments for any rule that he breaks. He was once grounded for a month for accidentally spilling a jug of milk.

Heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, arthritis, some types of cancers, respiratory problems, diabetes

People who are obese are at heightened risk of...

Optimistic

People who have a rosy outlook and don't dwell on the dark side of life are described as... they expect that good things will happen These people are: -more productive -focused -persistent -better at handling frustration -have lower mortality rates

Body Dismorphic Disorder (BDD)

People with related conditions become preoccupied with imagined or slight defects in their appearance, such as lips that are perceived to be "too thin" or ears that are "too big. 1/3 of patients may also suffer from OCD

Personality

People's typical way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. Consists of traits

Phase 1: Pre-attachment

Phase of attachment 0-2 months, child prefers human figures

Phase 2: Attachment in the making

Phase of attachment 2-7 moths, child focus on the primary caregiver

Phase 4: Formation of a reciprocal relationship

Phase of attachment 24 months and on, child is aware of others' feelings, goals, plans in forming their own actions

Phase 3: Clear-cut attachment

Phase of attachment 7-24 months, child actively seek contact with regular caregiver

Stanford Prison Experiment

Philip Zimbardo's study of the effect of roles on behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to play either prisoners or guards in a mock prison. The study was ended early because of the "guards'" role-induced cruelty.

specific phobias

Phobias of objects, places, or situations—called _________ ___________ —commonly arise in response to animals, insects, thunderstorms, water, elevators, and darkness. Many of these fears, especially of animals, are widespread in childhood but disappear with age

Disgust

Physiology of Emotion: Related to the Insula, a region within the limbic system

Happiness and Sadness

Physiology of Emotion: are similar in brain activation

Fearful

Physiology of Emotion: heart rates increase, digestive system slows down, related to amygdala

Anger

Physiology of Emotion: heart rates increase, digestive system speed up, related to a region of the frontal cortex behind the eyes

Incentive theories

Propose that we're often motivated by positive goals, like the pleasure of creating a great painting or the glory of finishing first in a track meet

Characteristic of children with giftedness

Precocious, march to their own drum, passion to master

Affective Forecasting

Predicting our own happiness and other's happiness Consistently incorrect in one direction. Specifically, we overestimate the long-term impact of events on our moods

secondary emotions

Primary emotions do not tell the whole story of our feelings.There also exist.... which are combinations of small number of primary emotions ex. "alarm" is a mixture of fear and surprise. "Hatred" is a mixture of anger and disgust

Prenatal

Prior to birth

triangular theory of love

Proposed by Robert Sternberg: A theory that propose three different elements of love: passion (erotic attraction), intimacy (sharing feelings and confidences), and commitment (dedication to putting this relationship first in one's life).

Cannon-Bard Theory

Propose that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotion and bodily reactions E.g. when we see a bear while hiking in the forest, the sight of that bear triggers being afraid and running at the same time

James- Lange Theory of Emotions

Propose that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli E.g. Seeing a bear my heart pounds, palms sweat, and i start running. I am afraid because i am running away

Fluid Intelligence

Refers to the ability to learn new ways of solving problems. ex. We depend on this intelligence the first time we try to operate an apparatus, such as a new type of cell phone, we've never used

Crystallized intelligence

Refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire over time "knowledge from newly learned tasks "flows" into our long-term memories, "crystallizing" into lasting knowledge "

Humanistic models are naive about human nature and advance theories are difficult to falsify

What are the critiques regarding humanistic models?

increases in many types of cancer, serious and sometimes fatal liver problems, pregnancy complications, sexual assaults, and brain shrinkage and other neurological problems

Repeated bouts of heavy drinking, especially heavy episodic drinking (formerly called binge drinking), is associated with...

Longitudinal Design

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time.

The Milgram Experiment

Research in which subjects where to to give increasing levels of shock to another subjects every time an error was made. Results showed that 62% of participants obeyed until the end, though they seemed reluctant to do so.

Stress as a Transaction

Researchers study the interaction between potentially stressful life events and how people interpret and cope with them

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions

incongruence

Rogers envisioned a world in which conditions of worth no longer existed, he reluctantly acknowledged that in modern society, even the best adjusted among us inevitably harbor certain conditions of worth. Conditions of worth result in _____________ between self and organism.

Improve cardiovascular recovery from stress and relieve depression

Running, weight lifting, and yoga, for eight weeks or long can...

Sir Francis Galton

Said that intelligence is the by-product of sensory capacity. People with superior sensory capacity should acquire more knowledge than others.

Resistance

Second stage of the GAS: resistance. Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Cause: The instant the hippocampus detects danger, it opens up gateways to portions of the cerebral cortex (AKA the thinking brain). Basal Ganglia linked to the frontal cortex of the thinking brain causes you to think better of a stressful situation

Peak Experiences

Self-actualized people are prone to _______________, transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

The alarm reaction

Selye's first stage of General Adaption Syndrome. Involves the excitation of the autonomic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenaline, and physical symptoms of anxiety

Conformity, obedience, and many other forms of social influence become maladaptive only when they're blind or unquestioning.

Social influences are not alway negative For example, orderly evacuation of a building in an emergency highlights how conformity and obedience can be constructive. Therefore when must we be careful of social influences?

Conformity to social norms

Some prejudiced attitudes and behaviors probably stem from ....(a need for social approval)

Corticosteroid

Stress hormone that activates the body and prepares is to respond to stressful circumstances

Pleasure principle (Id)

Strives for immediate gratification: The word no isn't in the id's vocabulary.

Spirirtuality

The search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God.

Assimilation

The process of absorbing new experience into our current understanding. Ex. A child understanding the earth to be flat might assimilate this new knowledge by picturing a flat disk, like a coin.

The Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

Behavioral Genetic Approach

These identical twin brothers, Gerald Levey and Mark Newman, were separated at birth. Remarkably, both became firefighters despite being unaware of each other's existence. This finding supports which influence on the origin of personality?

Humanistic Psychologists

These psychologists rejected the strict determinism of psychoanalysts and behaviorists and embraced the notion of free will. We're perfectly free, they maintained, to choose either socially constructive or destructive paths in life. The core in personality is self-actualization

Neo-Freudians

This group of theorist emphasize unconscious influences and the importance of early experience in shaping personality. Unfalsifiability is a serious concern in their hypotheses and theories

Yerkes-Dodson Law

This law describes an inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and performance or affect on the other. We tend to do our best—and are most content—when we experience intermediate levels of arousal.

Factor Analysis

This method analyzes the correlations among responses on personality measures to identify the underlying "factors" that give rise to these correlations

Alfred Alder (neo-freudian)

This person believed that the principal motive in human personality is not sex or aggression, but the striving for superiority. Our overriding goal in life is to be better than others. We aim to accomplish this goal by crafting our distinctive style of life, or long-standing pattern of achieving superiority over our peers. People may try to satisfy their superiority strivings by becoming famous entertainers, great athletes, or outstanding parents.

-Lead to self destructive behaviors and impair mental functioning -pain felt by social rejection similar in some ways to physical pain -negative effects on psychological adjustment

What are some negative effects of social isolation?

Blastocyst

a ball of identical cells that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part

Basic Tendencies

Underlying personality traits vs

statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, biological dysfunction

What are the criteria for mental disorders? (Know the meaning of each criteria)

Carl Rogers (Humanist)

Used his personality theory as a point of departure for an influential form of psychotherapy. Believed that we could all achieve our full potential for emotional fulfillment if only society allowed it. Focused largely on individuals whose tendencies toward self-actualization were thwarted and therefore ended up with psychological problems

Persona Inertia- our reluctance to try new things Misestimating Risk-Underestimate certain risk to our health and overestimate others Feeling Powerless

What are some reasons why patients do not follow their doctor's recommendations?

Scaffolding

Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent Ex. In this picture the father is instructing his child on how to fit the shapes into a peg, but allows the child the insert the shape herself

Behavior Views of Unconscious Processing

We are "unconscious" of many things because we're often unaware of immediate situational influences on our behavior Ex. We may have had the experience of suddenly humming a song to ourselves and wondering why we were doing so, until we realized that this song had been playing softly on a distant radio

Recognition Heuristics

We are more likely to believe something we've heard many time Ex. when asking people who'll win a big tennis match, many of them pick the player they've heard of

The Hedonic Treadmill Hypothesis

We begin life with a genetically influenced happiness "set point" from which we bounce up and down in response to short-term life events

Somatic Maker Theory

We consciously and instantaneously use our "gut reactions" especially our automatic responses (e.g heart rate, sweating) to gauge how we should react E.g.If we feel our hearts pounding during a first date, we use that information as a "marker" or signal to help us decide what to do next, like ask the person out for a second date

Social Contagion

We look to others when a situation is ambiguous and we're not sure what to do. Ex. When we experience severe turbulence on an airplane, we often look to the faces of other passengers as cues for how to react. If they appear calm, we'll generally relax; if they appear nervous or panicked, we'll probably start looking around for the nearest emergency exit

Commonly used childhood IQ tests

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence WPPS. Both measures are versions of the WAIS

_The greater the "psychological distance" between teacher (the actual participant and the experimenter, the less the obedience -The greater the psychological distance between teacher and learner, the more the obedience -Lower moral levels, high authoritarianism, consciousness, and agreeableness =more obedient -no consistent sex differences between Americans and non-Americans

What are some common themes of the Milgram Paradigm?

-Low levels of neurotransmitter norepinephrine -Decreased levels of dopamine related to reward -inflammation -Variations in the serotonin transporter gene; stress-sensitive gene -Diminished neurogenesis reduced hippocampal volume

What are some genetic and biological explanations for depression?

-Much of development is continuous less domain-general -Underestimate child's ability Culturally bias

What are the cons to Piaget's Theory?

Research indicates that the anger component of the Type A personality can be deadly, increasing our risk for coronary heart disease.

Why can chronic anger be bad for our health?

here may be limits to the Big Five's cross-cultural universality, raising the possibility that the manifestation of personality may be shaped in important ways by culture. Openness to experience doesn't emerge clearly in all cultures, and some investigators have found dimensions in addition to the Big Five. Ex.Studies in China have revealed an additional "Chinese tradition" factor that encompasses aspects of personality distinctive to Chinese culture, including an emphasis on group harmony and on saving face to avoid embarrassment

Why might the Big Five not be universal?

Verbal

Women tend to do better than men on what type of tasks?

stereotype

a belief—positive or negative—about a group's characteristics that we apply to most members of that group. Stem from adaptive psychological methods

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a category in DSM-5 that includes autistic disorder (better known as autism) and Asperger's disorder, formerly a separate condition that's now regarded as a less severe form of autism -marked by persistent deficit in communication, social boding, and imagination, sometimes accompanies by intellectual impairment -two types of symptoms: social impairment or repetitive or restrictive behavior -Genetic influence (a prominent role)+ environment factor

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a condition that sometimes follows extremely stressful life events. Symptoms include vivid memories, feelings, and images of traumatic experiences (flashbacks), efforts to avoid reminders of the trauma; feelings of detachment or estrangement from others; and symptoms of increased arousal, such as difficulty sleeping and startling easily

Biofeedback

a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature

Fragile X Syndrome

a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation

reciprocol determinism

a form of causation whereby personality and cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental variables mutually influence one another. Ex. Our high levels of extraversion may motivate us to introduce ourselves to our introductory psychology classmates and thereby make new friends. In turn, our newfound friends may reinforce our extraversion, encouraging us to attend parties we'd otherwise skip. Attending these parties may result in our acquiring additional friends who further reinforce our extraversion, and so on.

Relational agression

a form of indirect aggression marked by spreading rumors, gossiping, social exclusion, and using nonverbal putdowns (i.e. the silent treatment) -Think "Mean Girls"

Oxytocin

a hormone that plays key roles in love, trust, and emotional bonding, further counters stress and promotes the tend-and-befriend response

Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS)

a life-threatening, incurable, and yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system

Functioning Age

a person's ability to function in given roles in society

Culture-fair IQ tests

abstract reasoning measure that doesn't depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests are

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Id (Freud)

according to Freud, is the reservoir of our most primitive impulses, a seething cauldron of desires that provides the driving force for much of our behavior. Is entirely unconscious; it's the part of the iceberg submerged underwater. It contains a variety of drives, particularly the sexual drive, or libido, and aggressive drive. According to Freud, operates by means of the pleasure principle.

Behavioral Views of Determinism

actions are products of preexisting causal influences. For radical behaviorists, free will is an illusion Ex. Although a person may perceive their decision to eat or not eat a piece of candy as under their control, radical behaviorists would regard this perception as an illusion.

Gene Expression

activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development Ex. Children with genes that predispose them to anxiety may never become anxious unless a highly stressful event Crostriggers these genes to become active

character adaptations

adaptations are their behavioral manifestations.

Accomodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Ex. A child who originally believed the earth to be flat is presented with new information that can no longer assimilate her original schema of the earth being flat. She adjusts her beliefs match the new information

Obedience

adherence to instructions from those of higher authority; almost always explicit in contrast to social conformity in which the social influence is typically implicit(unspoken)

guilty knowledge test

assuming criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't. Measures suspects' recognition of concealed knowledge, not lying.

Flexible Coping

adjusting coping strategies as the situation demands

Mental Age

age corresponding to the average individual's performance on an intelligence test

health psychology

also called behavioral medicine, is a rapidly growing field that has contributed to our understanding of the influences of stress and other psychological factors on physical disorders.

Groupthink

an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking -viewpoint diversity present -leads to overconfident decisions -extreme forms can lead to cults

Average Expectable Environment

an environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and appropriate discipline

fallacy of uniform efficacy

assumption that certain ways of coping and regulating emotion are consistently beneficial Ex. There may be times when it's best to conceal, rather than to express our emotions, such as cloaking our fears when we're giving a speech or temporarily suppressing our anger when trying to resolve a problem with our boss.

Phobia

an intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat -restrict life of person affected and/or creates considerable stress

Nonverbal Leakage

an unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behavior—is often a powerful cue that we're trying to hide an emotion E.g. rolling your eyes while agreeing to our boss's unreasonable request to house-sit her dogs over the weekend ("Sure, I'd be happy to do it")- your eyes expose or "lea" your true feelings to her request

accupuncture

ancient Chinese practice of inserting thin needles into one or more of 2,000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body

Wisdom

application of intelligence toward a common goal balancing concerns about oneself, others, and broader society

inoculation effect

approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them

John Bowlby

argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment

Dissociative amnesia

inability to recall important personal information—most often related to a stressful experience—that can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

Agression

behavior intended to harm others wither physically or emotionally

Durability bias

belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do

Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

believed children develop through interactions with social and cultural influences (Social constructivist approach to cognitive development)

Internal Locus of Control

believes that life events are due largely to their own efforts and personal characteristics Ex. You get a job promotion. You believe this was due to the long hours of hard work you put into every task

external locus of control

believes that life events are largely a product of chance and fate Ex. You get a job promotion. You believe that it is because your boss is just looking for someone to fill a position that has been empty for months.

Primary Needs

biological necessities like hunger and thirst

illness anxiety disorder

condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness. Similar to what was once known as hypochondriasis. people with this disorder seem continually on the alert for signs of physical illness, constantly checking the Internet, for example, for information about symptoms and signs of diseases. Despite repeated medical reassurance and physical examinations they may insist that their mild aches, pains, and twinges are signs of serious diseases like cancer, AIDS, or heart disease.

depersonalization/derealization disorder

condition marked by multiple episodes of depersonalization, derealization or both

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both patients typically suffer from -obsessions: Persistent ideas, thoughts, or urges that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress. -compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that they undertake to reduce or prevent distress or to relieve the anxiety, shame, or guilt associated with the obsessions

Radical Behavioralism (Skinner)

considers free will an illusion and the primary causes of our behavior-contingencies lying outside rather than inside us

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning -Affects 2-3% of population, often with other anxiety disorders like phobias and panic attacks -anxious thoughts; irritable, on the edge, trouble sleeping, -60% of day worrying -"sweating the small stuff" -Female more prone

emotion-focused coping

coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviors that reduce painful emotions. More likely to adopt when situations arise that we cant avoid or control. Ex. After the breakup of a relationship, we may remind ourselves that we where unhappy for months before it occurred and reenter the dating scene. Ex. encourages those who have been divorce to begin dating again

Display Rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions. Cultures differ in these leading to differentiation in emotional expression across cultures

Archetypes

cross-culturally universal symbols

Tourette's Disorder

disorder is a condition marked by repeated automatic behaviors—motor tics like twitching and facial grimacing and vocal tics like grunting and throat clearing. Nearly 30 percent of individuals with OCD suffer from a tic disorder

positive psychology

discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths

Catharsis

disclosing painful feelings "get it out of your system" "get things off your chest" "let it all hang out" Some of therapist instruct clients to yell, punch pillows, or throw balls against a wall when they become upset

Binge Drinking

drinking five or more drinks on one occasion for men and four or more drinks on one occasion for women

The polygraph test

e.g., the Controlled Question Test measures physiological responses following three major types of yes-no questions (relevant, irrelevant, control questions)

Bulimia Nervosa

eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight -Preoccupied with food -Intense fear of becoming overweight -depressed or anxious -distorted body image

Anorexia Nervosa

eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight -weight less that 85% if what is considered normal for age and height Intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss -Distorted image of body shape -Lack of Menstruation -10x more likely to afflict females than males

cohorts effects

effects observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time Ex. Those older that 60 years may not be as computer savvy as younger folks for the reason that has nothing to do with age, but everything to do with he era in which they grew up.

Modular Accounts (Contemporary Theory of Cognitive Development)

emphasize domain-specific learning (e.g., language learning vs. reasoning about space)

Social Facilitation

enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others Ex. My friend joins me to the gyn for the first time. Due to his presence I was more focused on my exercises and was able to lift, run, and endure more than I normally do alone

adaptive conservatism

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different organisms benefit from forging close alliances with insiders and from mistrusting outsiders; "better safe than sorry"

Asch Study

experimented how people would rather conform than state their own individual answer even though they know the group's answer is wrong. Also showed that many of us can and do resist the power of the group

Deviation IQ

expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers. Almost all modern researchers rely on this statistic for measuring intelligence.

depersonalization

feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body

Inferiority Complex (Adler)

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings.

Big Five Personality Traits

five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

Stressor as Stimuli Approach

focuses on identifying different types of stressful events, ranging from job loss to combat. Pinpoint categories that most of us find unpredictably or dangerous. Identifies people who are most susceptible to stress following different events. Ex. Pregnancy is often a joyous yet stressful event, fraught with uncertainties, including concerns about the child's health. Women who are highly anxious may go into early labor 3-4 weeks before normal gestation.

Rumination

focusing on how bad we feel and endlessly analyzing the causes and consequences of our problems not an adaptive way of coping

Cults

groups that exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single individual or cause ex. Reverend Sun Yung Moon of the Unification Church has united thousands of total strangers in mass wedding ceremonies. The couples are determined by pairing photos of prospective brides and grooms. They meet for the first time during the week leading up to the wedding day, or often on the day of the ceremony itself.

just-world hypothesis

implies that we have a need to see the world as fair, even if not. Can lead us to place blame on groups that are already in a one-down position "blaming the victim" Ex. respectability politics-attempts by marginalized groups to police their own members and show their social values as being continuous and compatible with dominant values rather than challenging the mainstream. "she got raped because of what she was wearing"

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Children egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 or 12 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (conversation task)

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Catatonic Symptoms

involve motor (movement) problems, including holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, curing up in a fetal position, resisting simple suggestions to move or speak, and pacing aimlessly

libido

is a wish or craving for sexual activity and sexual pleasure. AKA sexual desire deeply rooted in our genes and biology, but it's also influenced by social and cultural factors

The Central Route (Dual process models of persuasion)

leads us to evaluate the merits of persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. Operates through an analytical mode of thinking -Focused on the informational content of arguments: Do they hold up under close scrutiny?

The Peripheral Route (Dual process models of persuasion)

leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments. This route operates largely through an intuitive model of thinking -Focused on the surface aspects of arguments:How appealing or interesting are they?

Enlightenment effect

learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better

interpersonal provocation, frustration, media influences, aggressive cues, arousal, alcohol and other drugs, temperature

list all seven situational influences on aggression...

Collective delusion

many people simultaneously become convinced of bizarre things that are false

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event -flashbacks as hallmark of disorder -person affected will actively try to avoid thoughts, feelings, or experiences that may remind them of traumatic event -recurrent dream of trauma -increased arousal, difficulty sleeping, easily startled

Prejudice

means to "prejudge" something negatively—to arrive at an unfavorable conclusion before we've adequately evaluated the evidence

Brain scanning techniques

measuring suspects' EEG following each item, brain fingerprinting, fMRI

IQ equation

mental age/chronological age x 100

Emotions

mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences

Four Categories of Intellectual Disability

mild (educable), moderate (Trainable), severe(due to genetics and birth accidents), profound

Dimensional Model

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

Categorical Model

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree

object permanence

objects continue to exist even when they're out of view

Panic Attack

occur when nervous feelings gather momentum and escalate into intense bouts of fear, even terror. -Can occur rarely or daily -typically peak within 10 minutes (sweating, dizziness, lightheadedness, racing heart, shortness of breath, etc) - some associated with specific conditions -can occur in every anxiety disorder including mood and eating disorders

Group Polarization

occurs when group discussion strengthens the dominant position held by individual group members ex. the process of decision making in a jury involves in depth discussion where jurors analyze the evidence presented and the dominant position determines the defendants fate

low-ball technique

persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product Ex. A confederate asked strangers to look after his dog while he visited a friend in the hospital. In some cases, he first got the stranger to agree to the request and only then told him that he'd be gone for half an hour; in other cases, he told the stranger up front that he'd be gone for half an hour. The first tactic worked better

"but you are free" technique

persuasive technique in which we convince someone to perform a favor for us by telling them that they are free not to do it

Door-in-the-face technique

persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted. Initial large request often induces guilt in recipients Ex. We can start with a large request, like asking for a $100 donation to our charity, before asking for a small one, like a $10 donation

Contact Comfort (Harlow)

positive emotions afforded by touch. Ex. humans primates find simple touch, like holding the hand of a romantic partner, so reassuring

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. Events that are challenging, yet not overwhelming, such as competing in an athletic event or giving a speech, can create "positive stress" and provide opportunities for personal growth. Short term stress can trigger immune responses to help fend off physical ailments

scapegoat hypothesis

prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes. Also stems from competition over scarce resources Ex. Data show that as unemployment rates in European countries increase, hatred toward immigrants also increases. This finding suggests that Europeans may blame immigrants for poor economic conditions

diathesis-stress model

propose that schizophrenia, along with many other mental disorders, is a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

Self-Perception THroey

proposed that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors

Biopsychosocial Perspective

proposes that most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all psychological. Numerous physical illnesses depend on the complex interplay of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, everyday stressors, and self-perceptions

Impression management theory

proposes that we don't really change our attitudes in cognitive dissonance studies; we only tell the experimenters we have. We do so because we don't want to appear inconsistent

Secondary Needs

psychological desires like achievement, intimacy, friends

psychotic symptoms

psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality

Diffusion of responsibility

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others Ex. . If you don't assist someone in a crowded park who's having a heart attack and that person dies, you can always say to yourself, "Well, that's a terrible tragedy, but it wasn't really my fault. After all, plenty of other people could have helped, too."

agoraphobia

refers to a fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack

Reliability

refers to consistency of measurement ex. test-retest reliability, which refers to the extent to which scores on a measure remain stable over time.

Complementary Medicine or Integrative Medicine

refers to products and practices that are used together with conventional medicine

Motivation

refers to the drives—especially wants and needs—that propel us in specific directions

Validity

refers to the extent to which a test measures what it purports to measure

Conformity

refers to the tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure

social suppot

relationships with people and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources. Create more social connections and lower the probability of dying

Traits

relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behaviors across many situations (i.e aggressiveness, introversion, and conscientiousness)

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favorably towards it E.g.Experiments show that repeated exposure to various stimuli, such as nonsense syllables (like "zab" and "gar"), Chinese letters (to non-Chinese participants), and polygons of various shapes, results in greater liking toward these stimuli compared with little or no exposure

General cognitive accounts (Contemporary theory of Cognitive Development)

resemble Piaget's theories on general cognitive processes as acquired and commitment to experience-based learning but regard learning as gradual

Sociocultural accounts (Contemporary theory of Cognitive Development)

resemble Vygotsky's view focusing on the child's interaction with the social world as primary source of development; some emphasized experience-based learning, others , innate knowledge

hypothalamus

scientists concluded that the....plays a key role in initiating eating and letting us know when to stop eating

Hardiness

set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful events -Can boost stress resistance -Associated with low levels of anxiety-proneness -When sick we don't feel

gene-environment interaction

situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed Ex. Studies show that people who possess a gene that result in low production of enzyme monoamine oxidase are somewhat at risk to performing violent crimes

Derealization

situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world

measurement of Intelligence for children

speed of habituation

stomach contractions hypothesis

states that the stomach contracts and causes hunger

reality principle (ego)

strives to delay gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet. Ex. If you find today's introductory psychology lecture to be inordinately frustrating, your id may want to satisfy your aggressive impulses by screaming aloud in class. This is the pleasure principle rearing its ugly head. But the ego's ____________ requires that you delay this gratification until you can find a socially appropriate outlet for your aggression, such as throwing darts at a dartboard—perhaps one featuring your professor's face as the bull's-eye—when you get home from class.

Nomothetic Approach to Personality

strives to understand personality by identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals -Allows for generalization across individuals, but limits insight into the unique attributes of one person

Idiographic Approach to Personality

strives to understand personality by identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

Delusions

strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality

Psychoneuroimmunology

study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

Foot-in-the-door technique

suggests that we start with a small request before making a bigger one Ex.If we want to get our classmate to volunteer five hours a week for the "Helping a Starving Psychologist" charity organization, we can ask her to volunteer one hour a week. Once we've gotten her to agree to that request, she'll feel a need to justify her initial commitment.As a consequence, she'll probably end up with a positive attitude toward the organization, boosting the odds that she'll volunteer even more of her time

intelligence quotient (IQ)

systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence

Positive self-esteem

tendencies to perceive ourselves more favorably than others do

Test Bias

tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another

Nature via Nurture

tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions Ex. As they grow older, highly fearful children tend to seek out environments that protect them from their anxieties. It may appear that growing up in a safe environment create fearfulness, when in fact the environment is a consequence of children's genetic predisposition.

Deindividualization

tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identities. Due to anonymity and lack of personal responsibility. Makes us either more or less aggressive depending on prevailing social norms

Informational Control

the ability to acquire information about a stressful event Ex. Knowing what types of questions are on the SAT or GRE can help us prepare for them, as can knowing something about the person we're "fixed up with" on an upcoming date

Decisional Control

the ability to choose among alternative courses of action Ex. For example, we can gain control over the often stressful college experience by consulting with trusted friends about which classes to take and which professors to avoid, and we can gain control over our health by making decisions about which surgeon to consult to perform a high-stakes operation.

Behavior Control

the ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation or prevent its recurrence Ex. In a study, researchers followed patients with dementia and their caregivers for up to six years. The progression of dementia in patients was slower when their caregivers used problem-focused coping

Emotional Control

the ability to suppress and express emotions Ex. Writing in a diary, for example, can facilitate this control and has a host of long-lasting benefits

cognitive control

the ability to think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events.This type of control includes emotion-focused coping. Ex. people who constantly suffer panic attacks practice relaxation techniques, one method involves thinking of happy thoughts to reduce anxiety

Discrimination

the act of treating members of out-groups differently from members of in-groups

psychic determinism (psychoanalytic theory)

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause. We aren't free to choose our actions, Freudians claim, because we're at the mercy of powerful inner forces that lie outside our awareness. Many key influences stem from childhood experiences, especially parenting

ego (Freud)

the boss of the personality, its principal decision maker. Primary tasks are interacting with the real world and finding ways to resolve the competing demands of the other two psychic agencies. Operates by the reality principle

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

self-actualization

the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Pluralistic Ignorance

the error of assuming that no one in the group perceives things as we do Ex. "silent classroom scenario," which often occurs after a professor has delivered a lecture that has left everyone in the class thoroughly bewildered. Following the lecture, the professor asks "Are there are any questions?" and no one responds. Each student in the class looks nervously at the other students, all of whom are sitting quietly, and each assumes mistakenly that he or she is the only one who didn't understand the lecture

Biological age

the estimate of a person's age in terms of biological functioning e.g heart and knee functioning

between-group heritability

the extent to which the difference in this trait between groups, such as between men and women, is heritable.

within-group heritability

the extent to which the individual differences of a trait like IQ is heritable within groups, such as Women or Asian American -Does not imply between group heritability!!

Defense Mechanism

unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

Post-traumatic growth

the perception of beneficial change or personal transformation in the struggle to overcome adversity. Following adversity people apparently reinterpret their lives as more positively as a self-protecting coping strategy. Ex. Christopher Peterson and Martin Seligman (2003) conducted a survey of character strengths of 4,817 Americans before the 9/11 terrorist attacks and within two months afterward. After the attacks, kindness, teamwork, leadership, gratitude, hope, love, and spirituality increased

Attachment

the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

Proxemics

the study of personal space.

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Hedonic Treadmill

the tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances. When something good happens to us, we feel better in the short term. Yet we soon adapt to our positive life circumstances, bringing us back to emotional square one

in-group bias

the tendency to favor individuals inside our group relative to members outside our group Ex. When watching a sporting event you'll witness thousands of red-faced fans cheering their home team wildly and booing the visiting team with equal gusto, even though most of these fans have no financial stake in the game's outcome—and have never met a single player on either team. The home team is their "tribe," and they'll happily spend several hours out of their day to cheer them on.

out-group homogeneity

the tendency to view all people outside our group as highly similar Ex."All people of Race X act the same way,"

Social Learning Theorist

theorists who emphasize thinking as a central cause of personality. Believed that Skinner had gone too far in his wholesale rejection of the influence of thoughts on behavior. Spurred on by Edward Chase Tolman and others who believed that learning depends on our plans and goals

Proactive Coping

when we anticipate stressful situations and take steps to prevent or minimize difficulties before they arise

fetal period

two month after conception until birth in typical pregnancy -heart begins to beat -embryo becomes fetus -physical maturation, fleshing out -devoted to "bulking up"

self-esteem

typically defined as people's evaluation of their worth "I'm talented!" and "I'm good-looking!"

Manic Episode

typically marked by dramatically elevated mood (feeling "on top of the world"), decreased need for sleep, greatly heightened energy and activity, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior. -patients often display "pressured speech" as though they cant get their words out quickly enough, and are difficult to interrupt

Cognitive Dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

The now outmoded belief that this condition lies on the border between psychotic and "neurotic"—relatively normal, yet mildly disabled—functioning. A better name for condition is dysregulation disorder (Marsha Linehan)

where did the name borderline personality stem from?

Social Age

whether people behave in accord with the social behaviors appropriate for their age e.g "dressing too young for her age!"

Observational Learning and Personality

we acquire both good and bad habits by watching and later emulating them

Downwards Social Comparison

we compare ourselves with others who seem inferior to us in some way Ex. a basketball player compares herself with her clumsy friends who keep bouncing basketballs off of their feet.

Upwards Social Comparison

we compare ourselves with people who seem superior to us in some way Ex. A new member of the basketball team compares herself with the team's top two superstars

Cognitive dissonance theory

we dislike the state of tension due to cognitive dissonance, so we are motivate to reduce or eliminate it

-Hallucinations -Delusions -Disorganized speech -Grossly disorganized behavior or catatonia

what are the symptoms of Schizophrenia?

brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter differences, genetic influences

what biological factors were discovered in patients with schizophrenia?

-abnormalities in serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels -smaller brain volume -decrease activation in frontal area of brain

what genetic abnormalities may be inherited from patients with ADHD

DID is characterized by multiple personalities while schizophrenia is characterized by one personality that is shattered ("split mind")

what is the difference between dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia?

When their relatives display highly expressed emotions like criticism, hostility, and over-involvement

when are individuals with schizophrenia prone to relapse?

sex difference in a genetic in negative emotions, early socialization (gender expectations allow girls to express their feelings but discourage men), girls experience greater challenges during adolescence

why is rumination more common in women than men?

fertilized egg

zygote