PSY Fun Test #3

conditioned stimulus no longer foretells the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

Which of the following types of positive reinforcers is least likely to temporarily lose its reinforcing capacity even though one has "gotten it" recently?

Generalized conditioned reinforcers

According to Kelly's covariation model (1967), what pattern of consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus do you expect when an internal attribution is made?

High consistency, low distinctiveness, and low consensus

best demonstrated the powerful effect of obedience to authority?

Milgram

What is true about reflexes?

Reflex responses are controlled by environment that proceeds them and reflexes are not due to learning

fundamental attribution error (FAE)

The fundamental attribution error (FAE) explains how we assign attributes to self and others. Based on the FAE, we attribute the behavior of others to dispositional (internal) causes and our own behavior to environmental (external) causes

postive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior. when she bothers her brother in the car, he gets annoyed and pinches her every time she does. She learns to not bug him in the car.

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

Sensitization

an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

intermittent reinforcement

an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

partial reinforcement extinction effect

behavior exposed to a continuous reinforcement schedule will stop faster without reinforcement than behavior exposed to an intermittent reinforcement schedule

discrimination

behaviors towards a group

Sterotyping

beliefs about the kinds of characteristics a group has

Which of the following researchers best demonstrated the tendency for humans to adhere to ascribed social roles and the strong effects social roles have on behavior?

Zimbardo

stimulus discrimination

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus. She's loves bees but when she sees another insect she kills it.

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

simultaneous conditioning,

the unconditional stimulus occurs with the start of the conditional stimulus. You might hear thunder at the same time you see lightning. In this case, the lightning doesn't tell you anything you didn't already know.

escape learning

A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation. when show goes to commercial its really loud and she has to turn it down. Now when the commercial starts, she immediately grabs her TV remote and lowers the sound

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. cocker spaniel.

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. bite on hand

conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus. anxiety and fear.

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

implicit

(adj.) implied or understood though unexpressed; without doubts or reservations, unquestioning; potentially contained in. hated hearing hella but later said it himself and conformity can occur at an implicit level

Dispositional or internal causesencompass personality traits and characteristics of the person, whereas situational or external causesare a function of the environment.

. For example, if you arrive late to a movie, you have a wealth of information as to why you were late and can oftentimes identify specific external causes: you couldn't find your keys, you got lost, or you ran into traffic. On the other hand, if a date is late, you don't have all the situational and environmental information, so you are more prone to making dispositional attributions: perhaps they don't care, they don't want to go out with you, or other things are more important to them

Brushing teeth

1.run water under dry toothbrush 2.put toothpaste on brush 3.spread toothpaste on teeth with brush 4.rinse toothpaste from mouth

best demonstrated the powerful effect of social conformity using a simple line perception task?

Asch

helps perpetuate first impressions over time?

Confirmation bias

The three factors in need of consideration for Kelly's Covariation Model include

Consensus,Distinctiveness,Consistency

social learning

Learning through observing others.

Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance suggests that we experience psychological discomfort when

Our attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent

component of groupthink as identified by Janus (1972)?

Overestimating the group, Closemindedness, Pressure for uniformity

The importance of first impressions is based upon another psychological construct of memory known as

Primacy effect

A researcher was studying the relationship between the order of presenting the neutral stimulus (a click) and the unconditional stimulus (a small electric shock which elicited a muscle jerk, the unconditional response). In one series of trials, the electrical shock either occurred before the click or at the same time as the click. In a second series of experiments, the click was presented before the electrical shock. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of these studies?

The trials involving the click preceding the shock required fewer pairings to establish the click as a conditional stimulus than did those where the shock occurred first or along with the click.

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Which of the following is true of conformity?

While conformity can lead to negative consequences, it also ensures a degree of societal order.

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)

postive reinforcement

a response that encourages a particular behavior. jerry throws a tantrum in the store and mom gives him a chocolate bar. He is likely to throw another one next time for the bar.

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. large dog

conformation bias

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

antecedent

a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

something within person we observe ie personality=internal attribution-> dispositional attribution

causes outside the person we know ie situation=external attribution -> situational attribution

3 major types or learning

classical, operant, and social

second-order conditioning

conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS

informational conformity

conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes

reinforcement schedule

continuous, intermittent, extinction

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

exposure effect

e more time and experience we have with another person can also increase our liking, a phenomenon known as the mere

here are four main schedules of (intermittent) reinforcement:

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval.

backward conditioning,

he unconditional stimulus occurs a few seconds before the start of the conditional stimulus. You might hear thunder before you see lightning. Then the lightning just tells you that thunder won't occur.

Pluralistic ignorance

is a social psychological concept that occurs when people fail to act because they unwittingly rely on social cues from others to guide their behavior, without realizing that the referent others also face uncertainty. Basically, failure to act can be the result of reliance on faulty social cues, where those who are uncertain about appropriate responses simultaneously look at others who are similarly unsure of what the required action is; thus, no one is acting.

Realistic Conflict Theory

is another explanation for hatred across minorities, based on the idea that there are few desirable jobs available, so the competition for these limited resources creates conflict.

intermittent

not continuous; happening at intervals

Milgram Experiment

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. The experiment found, unexpectedly, that a very high proportion of subjects would fully obey the instructions, albeit reluctantly.

prejudice

positive or negative evaluation of a group

Desensitization

reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus, Myla comes home on time and her parents don't make her do dishes she makes sure to come on time all the time.

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring. When she talks back to her parents, she gets her phone taken away and overtime learns not to talk back

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors. a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response. Albert was being scared with white rat. Later he was scared of things that were furry and white.

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

flavor aversion learning

the unconditional stimulus occurs hours before the conditional stimulus. After tasting something bad you don't want to eat that again.

cognitive dissonance theory

to explain what happens when people's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.