PSY REAL 2

Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A German term zeitgebers B French term temps-donner C Italian term lezionadare D Dutch term maalgeven

A German term zeitgebers

What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Grouping B Rhythm C Fragmentation D Tone

A Grouping

After suffering an eye injury during a lacrosse match, Gregg is forced to wear an eye patch. In addition to problems with depth perception, Gregg's ophthalmologist tells him that his blind spot will be more evident. Which structure of the eye has been affected with regard to his blind spot? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Optic disk B fovea C Cornea D Lens

A Optic disk

Heather considers herself a "chocoholic." When she is having a bad day, she knows that a few bites of chocolate will always make her feel better. Which area of her brain is responsible for this effect? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Orbitofrontal cortex B Medulla C Somatosensory cortex D Thalamus

A Orbitofrontal cortex

College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kate are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle says they are jade, Renee is leaning toward teal, and Kate insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Perception B Transduction C Sensory adaptation D Sensation

A Perception

Which feature of the eye is analogous to the hole in the center of a doughnut? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Pupil B Cornea C Retina D Iris

A Pupil

What is one of the differences between sensation and perception? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful. B Sensation is secondary; perception is primary. C Sensation is intentional; perception is instinctive. D Sensation is preprogrammed; perception is automatic

A Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful.

Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. He would measure increased release of which hormones in response to MDMA treatment? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Serotonin and oxytocin B Progesterone and adrenaline C Testosterone and noradrenaline D Prolactin and glutamate

A Serotonin and oxytocin

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience—that is, without learning having taken place? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Unconditioned B Conditioned C Habitual D Classical

A Unconditioned

An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned is referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A a conditioned stimulus B an unconditioned stimulus C an uncharacteristic stimulus D a characteristic stimulus

A a conditioned stimulus

Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain B block dopamine uptake in the brain C stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain D upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain

A interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain

Lucia, who experiences extreme anxiety when taking an exam, practices meditation breathing to reduce her anxiety before taking a test. Her meditation breathing is an example of ____. A negative reinforcement B positive reinforcement C positive punishment D negative punishment

A negative reinforcement

Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A papillae B gustatory bulbs C keratin protrusions D corpuscles

A papillae

Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A pinna B eustachian tube C cochlea D oval window

A pinna

Thorndike and Skinner were in agreement about the relative weakness of ____ as a means of controlling behavior. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A punishment B rewards C positive reinforcement D negative reinforcement

A punishment

Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd-floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Matt hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Matt to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A sensation B transduction C adaptation D perception

A sensation

Patients who recover after a cardiac arrest or some other life-threatening condition often report _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A similar experiences B feeling heavy C feeling pain D feeling nauseous

A similar experiences

Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A spinal cord B medulla C thalamus D somatosensory cortex

A spinal cord

Proprioception is _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A the knowledge of where one's body is in space B the ability to predict what another person is going to say C the tendency to put our own needs ahead of others' needs D an animal's ability to sense when to mate

A the knowledge of where one's body is in space

In the middle ear, the purpose of three tiny bones located in the middle ear is to ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear B decode the frequency and amplitude of sound waves C directly stimulate the auditory nerve D buffer sound waves before entering the inner ear

A transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear

egetative state often follows a period of coma. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A true B false

A true

stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A true B false

A true

The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes? A Hippocampus B Hypothalamus C Amygdala D Cingulate cortex

B Hypothalamus

n what process do mirror neurons play a key role? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Bonding B Imitation C Imprinting D Habituation

B Imitation

What is true of operant conditioning? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It generally involves involuntary behaviors. B It generally involves voluntary behaviors. C It involves tests based on intelligence. D It involves emotional behaviors.

B It generally involves voluntary behaviors.

What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It perceives the intensity of the stimulus. B It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli. C It interprets the contours of an object. D It decodes the color of the stimulus.

B It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli.

6 In combat veterans, the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder appears to interact with which sense? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Vision B Olfaction C Taste D Audition

B Olfaction

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly increased the children's aggressive behavior. B Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior. C Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior did not affect the children's aggressive behavior. D Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior substantially reduced the children's aggressive behavior.

B Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior.

Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A REM sleep B Stage 2 N-REM C Stage 1 N-REM D Stage 3 or 4 N-REM

B Stage 2 N-REM

One of the most dramatic applications of behavior therapy is the treatment for _____ pioneered by O. Ivar Lovaas. A conditioning B autism spectrum disorder C alcoholism D depression

B autism spectrum disorder

The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that the content of dreams reflects _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A the unconscious mind expressing itself symbolically B ongoing neural activity C self-awareness D a prediction of the future

B ongoing neural activity

What percentage of adults in the United States experience restless legs syndrome? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A 10% B 35% C 15% D 5%

C 15%

Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Serotonin B Dopamine C Acetylcholine D Norepinephrine

C Acetylcholine

Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Muriel was in a deep coma; she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice but cannot open her eyes or speak. B Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident; however, she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment. C Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random. D Brian is in a persistent state of unconsciousness; he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli.

C Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random.

Zolpidem (Ambien) can help both onset and maintenance sleep, but it has significant side effects. Which of the following is a known side effect of Ambien? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Excitability or mania during the day B Significant weight loss C Driving or walking while asleep D Increased coordination and concentration

C Driving or walking while asleep

Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Partial myoclonic B Partial tonic-clonic C Generalized tonic-clonic D Generalized myoclonic

C Generalized tonic-clonic

Which of the following is an example of perception? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A How a sound wave affects the organ of your ear B How a tap on your back draws your attention away from a conversation C How you identify a song when you hear it D How light affects your eyes

C How you identify a song when you hear it

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is called a ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A pigeon chamber B sequential conditioning chamber C Skinner box D puzzle box

C Skinner box

In what orientation are images projected onto the retina? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Mirrored but right side up B Upside down but not reversed C Upside down and reversed D Tilted left in the right eye, and tilted right in the left eye

C Upside down and reversed

Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A a trifle B a token C a meme D an abstract gene

C a meme

Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior on the ____ of their parents. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A instructions B verbiage C actions D punishment styles

C actions

A person showing _____ activity is awake but relaxed. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A delta B beta C alpha D gamma

C alpha

An area of the retina that is specialized for seeing fine details is referred to as the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A lens B cornea C fovea D optic disk

C fovea

he major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A thiazolidinedione B tert-butylhydroquinone C tetrahydrocannabinol D tocotrienol

C tetrahydrocannabinol

Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A via sound waves funneling through the pinna B by echolocation at the tympanic membrane C to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear D via undulation differentiation in the basilar membrane

C to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear

_____ waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Beta B Delta C Alpha D Gamma

D Gamma

The development of a conditioned response is called ____. A higher-order conditioning B generalization C habituation D acquisition

D acquisition

All of us respond positively to token economies, but they are especially useful in ____ settings. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A manufacturing and construction B dining C creative D educational and institutional

D educational and institutional

Patients who self-administer morphine for pain require ____ medication than patients who receive injections from hospital staff. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A the same amount of B more C stronger D less

D less

n contrast to patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state look _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A unrested B shocked C unhealthy D normal

D normal

Of the five different human sensory systems, famed philosopher Immanuel Kant considered ________ to be the most dispensable. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A gustation B vision C audition D olfaction

D olfaction

3 People who _____ are able to tolerate higher levels of pain than those who do not. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A exercise regularly B strive for perfection C live in warm climates D participate in contact sports

D participate in contact sports

Both Thorndike and Skinner agreed that ____ is a powerful tool for managing behavior. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A negative reinforcement B positive punishment C negative punishment D positive reinforcement

D positive reinforcement

Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A obsessive compulsive disorder B bipolar disorder C generalized anxiety disorder D psychosis

D psychosis

Based on his experiments with rats in mazes, Edward Tolman believed that ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A rats adhered to the familiar route even when it no longer led to food B rats learned a route through the maze only when rewarded by finding food C rats learned one specific route through the maze that enabled them to reach food D rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food

D rats developed a cognitive map for where they could find food

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior: attention, _____, reproduction, and motivation. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A attraction B repetition C connection D retention

D retention

which is NOT true of a person in a state of coma? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A A person may respond to pain and light. B A person does not have sleep-wake cycles. C A person cannot be awakened. D A person is incapable of voluntary behavior.

A A person may respond to pain and light.

Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Americans tend to find body odor offensive. B Americans are not as skilled at sorting odors into fruit or flower categories. C Americans tend to separate odor into broader categories. D Americans tend to clump all natural odors into one category.

A Americans tend to find body odor offensive.

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists? A Behavior follows the same general rules across species. B Human subjects are preferable to animals because they replicate the complexity of real life. A belief of the early behaviorists was that behavior follows the same general rules across species. C Not all stimuli can be equally paired to form conditioned associations. Incorrect. A belief of the early behaviorists was that behavior follows the same general rules across species. D Psychological research should focus on introspection.

A Behavior follows the same general rules across species.

Why is observational learning advantageous? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It allows you to learn without experiencing negative consequences. B It is the best way to acquire learning. C It decreases inhibition. D It sharpens your eyesight.

A It allows you to learn without experiencing negative consequences.

Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug. B It can lead to major depressive episodes. C It is strongly addictive. D It can cause symptoms of schizophrenia.

A It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug.

What does the vestibular system do? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It provides us with information about body position and movement. B It limits the body's reflex responses. C It controls the body's response to pain. D It allows us to perceive unusual tastes.

A It provides us with information about body position and movement.

Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora using Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Lucid dreaming B Autonomous dreaming C Cogent dreaming D Directive dreaming

A Lucid dreaming

Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Maintenance insomnia B Duration insomnia C Continuance insomnia D Interval insomnia

A Maintenance insomnia

Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Stage 1 N-REM sleep B Stage 2 N-REM sleep C REM sleep D Stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep

A Stage 1 N-REM sleep

Seven-year-old Sam is not allowed to touch the television remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sam becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sam's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A The change on the first day failed to exceed his father's difference threshold. B The change on the second day failed to exceed his father's fixed threshold. C The change on the first day exceeded his father's absolute threshold. D The change on the second day was higher than his father's distinct threshold.

A The change on the first day failed to exceed his father's difference threshold.

When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state B a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a numb emotional state C an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a numb emotional state D an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a blissful emotional state

A a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state

The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as the ________ threshold. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A absolute B fixed C difference D distinct

A absolute

Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, found that ____. A animals tended to revert to instinctive behaviors even after they had acquired new (non-instinctive) behaviors B animals really enjoyed being trained to do non-instinctive behaviors C the more they worked with the animals, the better the animals performed on the tasks, regardless of instinctive behaviors D animals could completely overwhelm their instincts with the new conditioned behaviors

A animals tended to revert to instinctive behaviors even after they had acquired new (non-instinctive) behaviors

Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A apnea B ataxia C dyspepsia D dystonia

A apnea

Noelle has perfect pitch. Compared with other people, Noelle is likely to have ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A areas of her left hemisphere that are larger B more white matter C less white matter D areas of her right hemisphere that are larger

A areas of her left hemisphere that are larger

Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States were cut in half between 1992 and 2003, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began telling parents to put infants to sleep on their ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A backs B sides C blankets D stomachs

A backs

estless legs syndrome (RLS) results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A basal ganglia B hypothalamus C nervous system D amygdala

A basal ganglia

During ___ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A beta B gamma C delta D alpha

A beta

An animal's light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A circadian rhythm B cerebrodynamic cycle C chronometric temperance D contrast arousal

A circadian rhythm

The ability to detect the difference between two different weights is an example of _____. A difference threshold B absolute threshold C correct rejection D signal detection

A difference threshold

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____ schedule. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A fixed ratio B concrete interval C fixed interval D concrete ratio

A fixed ratio

In terms of object recognition, the simplest patterns of lines are gratings, which can vary in two dimensions: ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A frequency and contrast B frequency and depth C hue and contrast D hue and depth

A frequency and contrast

After cardiac arrest, Teresa's father, Ike, is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern B only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep C alpha and theta waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern D alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep

A only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern

No other sensory modality is as dramatically affected by culture, context, and experience as our sense of _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A pain B smell C taste D hearing

A pain

Three-year-old Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face, and shouts, "Yuck!" His mother can't understand why he has such a distaste for broccoli because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua and his mother have such different reactions to the taste of broccoli? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Myelinated axons connecting to the medulla become unmyelinated as we age. B Hyperstimulation of taste buds in young children may produce the sensation of burning. C As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases. D The orbitofrontal cortex loses a significant number of neurons as we age.

As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases.

At what age do humans show evidence of responding preferentially to their native language? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A 1 week B 2 days C 8.5 months D 6 months

B 2 days

Juliet is only 2 days old. She is shown several different pictures. Which would she be most likely to stare at for the longest? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A A picture of a spiral B A picture of her mother's face C A picture of herself D A picture of random shapes

B A picture of her mother's face

What is a token economy? A An economy that is a model or template for other economies B An economy in which tokens take on value because they can be exchanged for valued goods C An economy that is a replacement for another economy D An economy that has been proven to be effective.

B An economy in which tokens take on value because they can be exchanged for valued goods

Sam suffers from restless legs syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Obsessive compulsive disorder B Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder C Generalized anxiety disorder D Bipolar disorder

B Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Which condition is characterized by a lack of back-and-forth imitation of gestures and facial expressions during infancy and deficits in empathy and social skills later in life? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Down syndrome B Autism C Schizophrenia D Bipolar disorder

B Autism

Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer than usual circadian rhythm? A Lisa, who has to get up every morning at 6:30 a.m., just before sunrise, to teach classes that begin at 8:00 a.m. B Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months. C Ira, who spends most of his days working inside the bird house at his city's local zoo. D Jennifer, who works a usual 9 to 5 shift most days but is occasionally asked to an overnight shift.

B Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months.

What does the temporal theory state? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. B Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound. C Human perception of sound correlates with the part of the basilar membrane showing a peak response. D Humans perceive sounds differently at different times of day.

B Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound.

How does the brain process visual information? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Information travels from the cornea to the amygdala and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the parietal lobe and the thalamus. B Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala. C Information travels from the lens to the hippocampus and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the temporal lobe and the hypothalamus. D Information travels from the pupil to the reticular formation and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the frontal lobe and the pons.

B Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala.

What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Hours after birth, newborns begin to curl their tongue in preparation for generating specialized sounds. B Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother's voice. C Ultrasound waves stimulate the auditory nerve in fetuses as young as 7 months. D Fetuses as young as 6 months move more often when their mother speaks than in response to a stranger's voice.

B Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother's voice.

What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways B Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain C Activation of the nigrostriatal pathway D Increased inhibition of action potentials in brainstem neurons

B Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain

Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug's phantom limb sensation? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Misappropriated top-down processing B Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex C Spinal cord axons attempting to reinnervate the site of the injury D Motor cortex redirecting its outputs

B Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex

What is one of the differences between sensation and perception? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Sensation is the positive feelings you have toward a situation, whereas perception is the negative feelings you have. B Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals. C Sensation is the emotional response you make of a situation, whereas perception is the logical response you make. D Sensation is the sense that you make of a situation, whereas perception is the reception of signals to the brain.

B Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals.

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Stage 1 N-REM B Stage 3 or 4 N-REM C REM sleep D Stage 2 N-REM

B Stage 3 or 4 N-REM

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A The unconditioned stimulus evokes a negative response in the participant. B The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus. C The conditioned stimulus evokes an emotional response in the participant. D The unconditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the conditioned stimulus.

B The unconditioned stimulus is presented long after the conditioned stimulus.

Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A We perceive our environment through separate but equal senses. B The whole is something else than the sum of its parts. C Where one sense is lost, another is gained. D The world is best understood by breaking it down into individual elements.

B The whole is something else than the sum of its parts.

Why are Westerners more likely than people from New Guinea or India to see the Müller-Lyer illusion? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Westerners tend to rely more on their visual senses than their auditory or olfactory senses. B Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines. C Those of Western descent tend to have more cones than rods, decreasing their ability to see faint contrast. D Western philosophy maintains that spatial or mathematical problems have only one correct answer.

B Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines.

_____consists of a set of behaviors that are the opposite of those produced by a drug. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Euphoria B Withdrawal C Addiction D Tolerance

B Withdrawal

What does it mean if you have perfect pitch? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A You can recognize the tempo of any song. B You can name a note after hearing it. C You can sing with perfect tone. D You can tune a guitar or other instrument perfectly.

B You can name a note after hearing it.

A reaction to a given stimulus that is learned or acquired over time is referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A an uncharacteristic response B a conditioned response C a characteristic response D an unconditioned response

B a conditioned response

In a person with sleep apnea, breathing can stop for _____ during sleep, leaving the sleeper gasping for air. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A 10 seconds B a minute or two C 30 seconds D 45 seconds

B a minute or two

More than 8 million Americans have reported ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A a vegetative state experience B a near-death experience C a coma experience D an insomnia experience

B a near-death experience

The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A subtract background images B analyze patterns of lines C consolidate hues and saturation D integrate gradients of light

B analyze patterns of lines

Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A somatic B autonomic C central nervous system D sensory

B autonomic

Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition called ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A ataxia B cataplexy C narcolepsy D dyspnea

B cataplexy

The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just wakes up during sleep. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A ventromedial superior colliculus B dorsolateral prefrontal cortex C the substantia nigra D bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

B dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying bug demonstrates _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A acquisition B generalization C inhibition D discrimination

B generalization

The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some occasions, but not others, is called ____ reinforcement. A fractional B partial C incomplete D fragmented

B partial

In the most general terms, the study of sensation and perception is called ________, a term that was coined by Gustav Fechner. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A psychobiology B psychophysics C S-P psychology D sensory psychology

B psychophysics

The primary colors of light are ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A red, yellow, and green B red, green, and blue C yellow, green, and blue D red, yellow, and blue

B red, green, and blue

The "grouping" principle developed by Gestalt psychologists applies to hearing; humans perceive sounds that _____ as being from the same source. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A are at similar hertz B stop and start at the same time C are from different locations D start one after the other

B stop and start at the same time

The methods of psychophysics allow us to establish the limits of awareness or _____. A criteria B thresholds C conduction velocity D intelligence

B thresholds

Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in REM sleep? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Deep sleep with disorientation before waking B An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person C Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep D Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli

Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep

Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Top-down processing B Inward-out processing C Bottom-up processing D Outward-in processing

C Bottom-up processing

What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Mechanical B Waveform C Chemical D Electrical

C Chemical

Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Tympanic membrane B Pinna C Cochlea D Auditory nerve

C Cochlea

What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A The immune cells phagocytes and lymphocytes mature during Stage 1 N-REM sleep. B Melatonin is manufactured during REM sleep. C Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep. D Levels of the wound-healing chemical prothrombin are depleted during consciousness.

C Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep.

What indicates that imitation provides adaptive advantages? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Imitation is most effective for teaching aggression. B Imitation is unique to humans. C Imitation is frequently used in the animal world. D Imitation is unique to the young, regardless of species.

C Imitation is frequently used in the animal world.

What does the parietal lobe do in the processing of visual information? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It helps you to see low-contrast objects. B It helps in processing colors. C It helps process movement. D It helps in recognizing faces.

C It helps process movement.

What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A It causes Parkinson's disease. B It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease. C It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease. D It prevents one from acquiring Parkinson's disease.

C It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease.

Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish among the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar, category of taste, known by the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A French term gourmand B German term geschmack C Japanese term umami D Indian term raita

C Japanese term umami

The movement of hair cells in the vestibular system results in the production of signals in the auditory nerve. Where do the axons of the auditory nerve then form connections? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Medulla and thalamus B Somatosensory cortex and cerebellum C Medulla and cerebellum D Somatosensory cortex and thalamus

C Medulla and cerebellum

_____ insomnia is when a person lies in bed for a long period and is unable to go to sleep. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Unhealthy B Early evening C Onset D Maintenance

C Onset

As Katie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Katie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the unconditioned stimulus. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Song B Anxiety toward parents fighting C Parents fighting D Anxiety toward song

C Parents fighting

_____ allows us to organize, recognize, and use the information provided by the senses. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Sensation B Detection C Perception D Transduction

C Perception

_____ are uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that are often correlated with changes in consciousness. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Comas B Sleep terrors C Seizures D Dreams

C Seizures

Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch television. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the television above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Perception B Transduction C Sensory adaptation D Sensation

C Sensory adaptation

Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Dopamine B Norepinephrine C Serotonin D Glutamate

C Serotonin

____ occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Dyspnea B RLS C Sudden Infant Death Syndrome D Apnea

C Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

What was a key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste-aversion studies? A The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli. B The studies confirmed the applicability of classical conditioning in species other than canines. C The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things. D The studies demonstrated the common traits of several species.

C The studies challenged Pavlov's views on the interchangeability of stimuli and brought up new information about different organisms' predispositions to learn things.

In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Alpha waves B Beta waves C Theta waves D Delta waves

C Theta waves

Which of the following may be an effective treatment for recurring, upsetting nightmares? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Sleeping longer than 9 hours per night B Medication such as Ambien C Training in lucid dreaming D Lowering bedroom temperature

C Training in lucid dreaming

What is another name for the eardrum? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Pinna B Organ of Corti C Tympanic membrane D Eustachian tube

C Tympanic membrane

An important gateway to perception is the process of ____, which is defined as a narrow focus of consciousness. A adaptation B interpretation C attention D cognition

C attention

Top-down processing involves the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A brain tuning into select information B brain's ability to integrate several stimuli simultaneously C brain imposing structure on incoming information based on previous experience D brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions

C brain imposing structure on incoming information based on previous experience

Although tolerance and withdrawal are two hallmark symptoms of physical dependence on a drug, not all addictive drugs display these features. For example, _____ is quite addictive despite its lack of withdrawal symptoms. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A alcohol B caffeine C cocaine D marijuana

C cocaine

The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A retina B pupil C cornea D iris

C cornea

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A imprinting B mirroring C imitation D duplication

C imitation

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ____. A endogenous cognition B higher-order conditioning C latent learning D self enhancement

C latent learning

Richard Dawkins referred to the basic unit of cultural transmission as a _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A moral B custom C meme D law

C meme

Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A sore throat and itchy eyes B headache and nausea C muscle and joint pain D blurred vision

C muscle and joint pain

Consuela stands in front of her U.S. history class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a sleep attack referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A ataxia B cataplexy C narcolepsy D dyspnea

C narcolepsy

Richard, who is 16 years old, misses his curfew and is grounded by his parents. He is not allowed to leave the house, see his friends, or use his cell phone for one week. His parent's actions illustrate ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A negative reinforcement B positive punishment C negative punishment D positive reinforcement

C negative punishment

Decreased sensitivity in _____ and taste might affect overall appetite as we age. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A audition B vision C olfaction D the brain

C olfaction

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus is referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C positive punishment D negative punishment

C positive punishment

3 The reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest between sessions of extinction training is called ____. A dominant presentation B reacquisition C spontaneous recovery D higher-order conditioning

C spontaneous recovery

The place theory of perception uses the analogy of ____ to explain how we hear different pitches. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A sonar technology B a jet producing a sonic boom C stringed instruments D a raindrop hitting a puddle

C stringed instruments

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____. A consistent B variable C surprising D familiar

C surprising

Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and asks, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency department, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A frontal B occipital C temporal D parietal

C temporal

Marla suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Marla's disorder, which process is directly disrupted? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A sensory adaptation B sensation C transduction D perception

C transduction

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit cold turkey but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A sensitization syndrome B the desensitization effect C withdrawal symptoms D recoil narcosis

C withdrawal symptoms

Sam has recently been given a prescription for a mild opiate medication by her physician. This drug is most likely being used to help control which of the following ailments? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Acne of the face and body B Urinary incontinence C A fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot) D A persistent, nagging cough

D A persistent, nagging cough

Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in Stage 1 N-REM sleep? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Deep sleep with disorientation before waking B Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C Brain activity similar to an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep D An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person

D An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person

Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli B Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep C An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person D Deep sleep with disorientation before waking

D Deep sleep with disorientation before waking

Which condition does NOT have to be met for punishment to have observable effects on behavior? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Immediacy B Consistency C Significance D Delayed response

D Delayed response

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing? A Spontaneous dissipation B Systematic desensitization C Avoidance D Extinction

D Extinction

According to the place theory of pitch perception, how do sound waves affect the basilar membrane? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A High-frequency tones stiffen the membrane; low-frequency tones relax the membrane. B High-frequency tones relax the membrane; low-frequency tones stiffen the membrane. C High-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base. D High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex.

D High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex.

The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most; he can only see black, white, or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A His retina is missing at least one type of rod. B His retina is missing at least one type of cone. C His retina is missing at least two types of rods. D His retina is missing at least two types of cones.

D His retina is missing at least two types of cones.

What is a disadvantage of continuous reinforcement? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A The individual cannot adapt the target behavior to new stimuli. B It is not effective compared with the effects of punishment. C The individual will eventually become desensitized to the target behavior. D It is not convenient to do so for an extended time period.

D It is not convenient to do so for an extended time period.

What is observational learning? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Learning by listening to a story B Learning based on reading C Learning by touching or otherwise experiencing something viscerally D Learning by watching someone else

D Learning by watching someone else

Martha gets up early, turns on the light in the bathroom, and watches herself in the mirror as the black centers of her eyes constrict. What is this black center called? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Retina B Iris C Cornea D Pupil

D Pupil

Which of these responses to sound does NOT originate in the midbrain? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Identifying the source of a sound B Localizing a sound C Turning toward the source of a loud noise D Recognizing a Bach quintet

D Recognizing a Bach quintet

Debi lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. How is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to affect Debi? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A She will be less alert and more relaxed. B She will be less alert and less relaxed. C She will be more alert and less relaxed. D She will be more alert and more relaxed.

D She will be more alert and more relaxed.

Carl's wife, Juanita, is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Circadian abnormality disorder B Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder C Dysfunctional cycle condition D Shift maladaption syndrome

D Shift maladaption syndrome

Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. Which diagnosis might Michael have received? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Narcolepsy B Insomnia C Somnambulism D Sleep apnea

D Sleep apnea

One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. What is this theory? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A The tiered wavelength model B The tricolor detection scheme C The primary paradigm D The trichromatic theory

D The trichromatic theory

Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Vanessa will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged crash phase. B Vanessa will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning. C Vanessa will need to rest her eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment. D Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because shedecreased her capacity to remember the material.

D Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because shedecreased her capacity to remember the material.

Brain death is identified as _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A an imbalance of brain activity B only minimal, periodic response from a person C an unresponsive body D a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity

D a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity

Seeing light from a candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night is an example of _____. A signal detection B correct rejection C difference threshold D absolute threshold

D absolute threshold

Callie recently began wearing prescription glasses after her ophthalmologist informed her that she is affected by astigmatism. She learns that this is caused by ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A an irregular eyeball shape B the loss of elasticity of the lens C the degeneration of the retina D an uneven surface of the cornea

D an uneven surface of the cornea

Ira has a problem wherein he tends to speak without thinking, and this has caused him to lose friends and damage relationships at work. To reduce the frequency of this behavior, Ira wears a rubber band that fits loosely around his wrist. Whenever he begins to speak without thinking, he snaps himself with the rubber band just hard enough to sting a little bit. This is an example of ______ therapy. A systematic desensitizing B flooding C insight D aversion

D aversion

The purpose of the hair cells in the organ of Corti are to ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A block sounds from one ear when receiving from the other to avoid overloading the brain B enhance sounds and send them through the eustachian tube C interpret the sounds as received from the cochlea D convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses

D convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses

Since seizures are correlated with changes in consciousness, they provide evidence that _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A focal areas originate in the hypothalamus B seizures and RLS are connected C drugs that inhibit GABA can control seizures D cortical activity is correlated with consciousness

D cortical activity is correlated with consciousness

Combat veterans with PTSD experienced anxiety after being exposed to the smell of _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A flowers B food C cologne D diesel

D diesel

The imitation of ____ might serve as a building block on the road to achieving empathy. A positive punishment B humor C aggression D facial expressions

D facial expressions

When a conditioned stimulus can predict the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus, this is referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A latent inhibition B discrimination C extinction D inhibition

D inhibition

Newborns seem relatively oblivious to ____ tastes. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A sweet B sour C bitter D salty

D salty

A radiologist correctly identifying cancer from a mammogram is an example of _____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A difference threshold B absolute threshold C correct rejection D signal detection

D signal detection

Sensations of body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain are referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A parietal sensation B sympathetic sensation C autonosensation D somatosensation

D somatosensation

Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A based on a strong relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli B predetermined by the type of organism C an adaptation based on imitation D stamped into an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior

D stamped into an animal relative to the consequences of the behavior

6 Counterconditioning, in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear, is referred to as ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A habituation B higher-order conditioning C latent inhibition D systematic desensitization

D systematic desensitization

Although athletes and nonathletes share similar pain ____, these groups are quite different in their _____ of pain. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A experiences, perception B signals, level C remedies, concept D thresholds, tolerance

D thresholds, tolerance

Brain death is characterized by ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours B a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months C a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 weeks D two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart

D two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart

How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Before making connections with the medulla, sensory input travels through the spinal cord. B The first direct connection is to the thalamus and not to the medulla. C It does not require the cortex for higher-order processing. D Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.

Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror? A Pauline has recurring nightmares in which her brother is trapped in a sinking car; because of this she worries obsessively about her brother's safety. B Pierre dreams that a serial killer stands over his bed with a machete in his hand and is certain that he faces imminent death. C Chandra, who suffers from sleep apnea, dreams that she is sinking to the bottom of a lake and wakes up gasping for air. D Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset.

Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset.

While hanging up a picture, Joy hits her thumb with a hammer, causing agonizing pain. Joy immediately puffs out her cheeks and blows air onto her thumb over and over again. Her roommate Bethany laughs and then remarks, "Are you drying nail polish or hoping to blow away the pain?" However, Joy's thumb does in fact feel better. Why? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A She is simply buying time until the pain receptors enter a refractory period; blowing air onto the thumb plays only a psychological role. B She is redirecting her attention toward a random behavior, which will activate areas of the cortex involved in higher-order processing. C She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain. D She is hyperstimulating the pain receptors in her skin, causing the sensation of pain to fade away quicker.

She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain.

What were the results of a study that tracked the eye movements of American and Chinese college students as they scanned photographs? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A The Chinese and American students both scanned from left to right. B The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background. C The American students sporadically surveyed several images with their eyes, regardless of the image; Chinese students used the same pattern of eye movement. D The Chinese students were more likely to focus on the figure; American students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.

The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.

What is the physiological basis for night terrors? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep. B Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state. C Hyperstimulation of beta waves occurs during the REM state. D The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which disrupt the production of ________. A hypothalamus; orexin B hippocampus; neurotransmitters C medulla; oxytocin D amygdala; neuromodulators

a hypothalamus; orexin

Jenni's 72-year-old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he seems to understand her father much better. Why might this be? Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds under 6000 Hz. B People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does. C People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a lower-pitched voice than her father does. D Jenni's grandfather's auditory processing mechanisms have become used to Jenni's father's voice, but Jenni's voice is relatively novel.

b People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does.

Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____. A inhibition B systematic desensitization C flooding D counterconditioning

counterconditioning

Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A the same circadian cycle B a shorter circadian cycle C no circadian cycle D a longer circadian cycle

d a longer circadian cycle

Peter's mother normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his mother is wearing sweatpants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that she has been home from work for a while. Peter's recognition that the sweatpants indicate that there is no reason to feel anxious illustrates ____. A higher-order conditioning B latent inhibition C inhibition D extinction

inhibition

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____. Use letters in alphabetical order to select options A habituation B spontaneous recovery C observational learning D latent inhibition

spontaneous recovery