Psy test 4 study guide

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of:

implicit prejudice.

The humanistic perspective has been criticized for overemphasizing:

individualism

Victoria is a fifth grader at Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in the town. This example best illustrates:

ingroup bias.

While working on wedding preparations, Jamal conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:

normative social influence

Which defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions?

rationalization

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by:

the efforts of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:

a self-serving bias.

_____ is unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Altruism

_____ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any single individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

Diffusion of responsibility

______________ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.

Free association

Harrison just learned that he failed an exam. Because his self-esteem is temporarily lowered, he is more likely to:

Harrison is more likely to do all of these things.

Bernard's friends ask him to participate in some activities with them. He feels pressure to join them, even though the adventures might not be in his best interest. Which of the following reasons might NOT be strengthening Bernard's conformity to the group?

He feels competent and secure.

______________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others.

Unconditional positive regard

Juan is watching a presidential debate on television and is keenly paying attention to the candidates' arguments. At the end of the debate, Juan says "I agree with many of the third-party candidate's arguments." Juan is influenced by:

central route persuasion.

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the:

bystander effect.

During a test, Abe succumbed to temptation and copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this, until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

If a culture is described as valuing harmony, interdependence, fitting in, and social responsibility, it is likely:

collectivist

A person who is highly organized, careful, and disciplined would be high on:

conscientiousness

The Big Five personality factors include:

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

During a riot or large sporting event, we can lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as:

deindividuation.

Fernando was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. When Fernando gets home from his job he yells at his oldest son for not having dinner ready. His son then yells at the younger children for leaving their toys all over the house. This ripple effect best illustrates a defense mechanism known as:

displacement.

Solomon Asch reported that individuals who participated in a study of what they believed was visual perception conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:

even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the learner or the demands of the _____.

experimenter

Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to sturdiness.

fragility

Jonathan is very good conversationalist but can only handle loud parties for a very short time. He prefers to meet his friends at a quiet wine bar and socialize there. Which personality trait best describes Jonathan?

introversion

Karen got in some trouble and was sent to a juvenile detention center. She has to take a Rorschach inkblot test. She is worried because she heard somewhere that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree with Karen and suggest that the Rorschach:

is not very reliable or valid.

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them

Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler to stress indicate that each has a distinctive:

personality

The TAT and Rorschach Inkblot Test are both _____ tests.

projective

Dr. Livermore maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livermore's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

psychodynamic

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:

reciprocal determinism.

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates:

reciprocal determinism.

Kelly tends to avoid talking with others because she fears that she will be judged harshly by them. Kelly can best be described as being:

shy

The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. This best illustrates:

social facilitation.

These theories explore the interaction between people's traits and their social context.

social-cognitive theories

When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his:

superego

Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17 percent of the homeowners consented. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small, neatly lettered sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked two weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76 percent of this second group consented. The results of this experiment support:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:

the frustration-aggression principle.

Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behavior is most likely to minimize:

the fundamental attribution error.

You've stopped at a diner for a cup of coffee, and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. Affronted, you are convinced that she should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to:

the fundamental attribution error.

The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called:

the just-world phenomenon.

According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____.

the reality principle

Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait