PSY Unit 2 Ch. 6

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park