PSY1000 Chapter 6-9

Ron is able to lift his head and chest when lying on his stomach. He has begun to kick his legs and wave his arms. He is also able to grasp his mother's index finger when she tries to lift him. Ron is most likely _____.

3 months old

Who among the following children exhibits underextension of language?

A 15-month-old child uses the word "cat" to refer only to the family pet.

Which of the following best exemplifies the use of telegraphic speech?

A 2-year-old child begins to combine words into two-word sentences such as "Milk hot."

Which of the following is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A child focuses on only one feature or aspect of an object.

Which of the following reflexes develops within weeks of birth and helps infants get their caretakers' attention?

A crying reflex

Which of the following is the most typical member of the category "vehicle"?

A sedan

Which of the following best illustrates Erik Erikson's identity versus role confusion stage?

A teenager enrolls herself into pottery, theater, and piano classes.

In the context of the three levels of categorization of knowledge, which of the following categories do people use most to think about their world?

Basic level category

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a developmental challenge of the "generativity versus stagnation" stage?

Being unable to contribute to society through community services

In the context of the cognitive changes in adolescence, which of the following best describes the concept of "personal fable"?

Being unique and being inadequately understood by others

Which of the following is a developmental milestone of the fetal stage?

By 14 weeks, the fetus can kick, open its mouth, swallow, and turn its head.

Whose unborn child is in the embryonic stage of prenatal development?

Abby, who is in the 7th week of pregnancy

According to Albert Bandura, modeling is a four-step process. What is the first step?

Attention, in which an observer pays attention to a model's behavior before modeling it

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of the "initiative versus guilt" stage?

Children begin to understand that others have expectations for their behavior.

Which of the following compresses information into small, meaningful units and aids in effectively using one's short-term memory resources?

Chunking

Which of the following statements accurately describes the manner in which the different schedules of reinforcement affect learning?

Compared to continuous reinforcement, fixed ratio schedules lead to fairly high response rates.

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following is a major characteristic of the fetal stage?

Continued growth and maturation

E. L. Thorndike's law of effect is based on the principles of operant conditioning and supports that _____.

an organism learns through the consequences of its behavior

When 40-year-old Kevin learns about his terminal illness, he feels that God has been unkind toward him. He also feels that his wife's constant nagging would possibly have been responsible for his medical condition. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Kevin's behavior best illustrates the reaction of _____.

anger

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the process by which an existing schema is used to understand something new in the environment is known as _____.

assimilation

Once encoded, people's episodic memories are quickly integrated to form a more general memory of their unique personal history. This integrated memory is known as _____.

autobiographical memory

Which of the following involves forming associations, or mental connections, between the information in short-term memory that people want to store and information that they already have stored in their permanent long-term memory?

Elaborative rehearsal

Ramona, a 61-year-old, is terminally ill and has less than a month to live. Her daughter is in her fifth month of pregnancy. Ramona prays to the Almighty to let her live long enough to be able to hold her grandchild in her arms. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Ramona's reaction illustrates _____.

bargaining

In the context of the three levels of categorization of knowledge, the superordinate level contains concepts that are _____.

broad and general in their description

Aversion therapy, which is a type of therapy that conditions people to avoid certain stimuli, uses _____.

classical conditioning

Memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces is known as _____.

constructive memory

Imara and Maya are siblings. Imara is 3 years old, and Maya is 5 years old. When compared with Imara, Maya is able to _____.

cut with scissors

People who exercise regularly live a healthy life. Josh's 60-year-old grandmother leads a healthy life. So, she must have been exercising regularly. This example best illustrates _____.

deductive reasoning

In the context of death and dying, when people lose interest in their usual activities or refuse to participate, they most likely characterize Kübler-Ross's emotional state of _____.

depression

According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at the postconventional level of moral reasoning, people _____.

develop internal standards of right and wrong to guide moral behavior

Inaya lost her aunt in a tragic road accident. In which of the following scenarios is Inaya likely to be in the confrontation phase of bereavement and grief?

Inaya experiences feelings of guilt and anger.

Which of the following is a key milestone in the acquisition of a first language?

Infants beginning to coo by about 2 months of age

In the context of the working memory, what is the function of the central executive component?

It coordinates the actions of the subordinate systems.

Which of the following is a characteristic of menopause?

It ends the process of ovulation.

Which of the following is a characteristic of explicit memory?

It is used when memory is consciously searched for a previously stored bit of information.

Which of the following is a feature of the traditional three-stages model of memory?

It proposes that in forming new memories, information passes sequentially from sensory memory to short-term memory to long-term memory.

Which of the following best illustrates the use of implicit memory?

Jim wakes up in the morning and prepares his regular cup of coffee.

The most precarious stage of prenatal development during which most miscarriages occur and genetic defects surface is the _____.

embryonic stage

Memory for recent events in one's life is known as _____.

episodic memory

A mental representation of an actual instance of a member of a category is known as a(n) _____.

exemplar

In classical conditioning, removal of a conditioned response can be brought about by presenting the conditioned stimulus to the participant without also presenting the unconditioned stimulus; this removal of the conditioned response is known as _____.

extinction

An unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event is called a(n) _____

flashbulb memory

In the context of obstacles to problem solving, being able to see objects only in their familiar roles is referred to as _____.

functional fixedness

Simone is an introvert, and she loves to travel solo. So, all introverts love to travel solo. This example best illustrates _____.

inductive reasoning

People are either satisfied with the direction that their lives have taken that allows them to face their eventual death without fear or regret, or people experience hopelessness stemming from the knowledge that they cannot relive their life. According to Erik Erikson, this best describes the _____.

integrity versus despair stage

In the context of problem solving, a mental set _____.

is a tendency to habitually use the methods of problem solving that have worked in the past

Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory _____.

is memory for conceptual information

Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory _____.

is typically nonverbal in nature

Observational learning is sometimes referred to as social learning or modeling because _____.

it involves following others and imitating their behavior

In positive reinforcement, a behavior _____.

leads to the addition of something pleasant to an organism's environment

Decay theory maintains that _____.

memory traces that are not routinely activated erode and disappear over time

Unlike echoic memory, in the case of iconic memory, _____.

nformation stays in sensory memory for merely a fraction of a second

In the context of the theories of forgetting, proactive interference is defined as a type of forgetting that occurs when _____.

older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces

The Whorfian hypothesis or the linguistic relativity hypothesis states that _____.

one's language actually determines one's thoughts and one's perception of the world

After conducting the Bobo doll experiments, Albert Bandura mainly found that _____.

people do not have to engage in a behavior or experience reinforcement for learning to occur

When evaluating the changes in the mental abilities in adolescence and adulthood, within the category of fluid intelligence, it is found that _____.

perceptual speed tends to decline in one's late 20s and early 30s

In the context of the changes in the mental abilities in adolescence and adulthood, fluid intelligence relies heavily on_____.

processing skills such as reaction time and attention

One's concept of the most typical member of a category is known as a(n) _____.

prototype

In the context of the changes in the human brain during adolescence and adulthood, the prefrontal cortex _____.

regulates attention span and impulse control

A type of forgetting proposed by Sigmund Freud in which memories for events, desires, or impulses that people find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called the unconscious is known as _____.

repression

Tim, an infant, is extremely unhappy when his parents leave for work every morning. When his parents return in the evening, he is very angry. He tries to push them away when they try to console him. Tim's behavior best illustrates _____.

resistant attachment

Albert Bandura's observational learning theory brings an additional element to the study of learning; this element is the _____.

role of cognition

When infants' cheeks are touched, they turn in the direction of the touch and open their mouth. This response best describes a _____.

rooting reflex

According to Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, a process in which adults initially offer guidance and support in helping a child to reason, solve a problem, or master a task and as the child becomes more proficient and capable, the adult helps less and less until the child can master the task on his or her own is known as _____.

scaffolding

Researchers have found that, unlike couples in the first year of marriage, couples who have completed more than a year of marriage _____.

spend more time performing daily chores and tasks together

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following often occurs with only one pairing of the neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus?

taste aversion

In the context of the development of adult reasoning, unlike adults, adolescents _____.

tend to believe that there is only one solution

A heuristic in which an individual makes quick judgments about other people and things based on whether or not he or she has an immediate positive or negative emotional reaction to them is called _____.

the affective heuristic

A heuristic in which people use the ease with which they can recall instances of an event to help them estimate the frequency of the event is called _____.

the availability heuristic

Intuition is defined as _____.

the belief that something is true independent of any reasoning process

The tendency of an organism to direct its senses toward unexpected stimuli is known as _____.

the orienting reflex

A heuristic in which people rely on the degree to which something is characteristic of a category to help them judge whether or not it belongs in the category is called _____.

the representativeness heuristic

Reconstructive memory is memory that is based on _____.

the retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of events people have experienced

Negative punishment involves the _____.

weakening of a response by removing something pleasant from an organism's environment

Linda's parents celebrated her 1st birthday recently. Which of the following is Linda likely to be able to do?

Linda uses her index finger to point at objects.

Which of the following is the largest and most permanent memory storage system and seems to have a limitless capacity?

Long-term memory

The duration of short-term memory is limited and information can be kept in the memory for typically 30 seconds. Which of the following is useful for extending the duration of the short-term memory?

Maintenance rehearsal

Which of the following best describes dishabituation?

Organisms respond more intensely to stimuli to which they have been previously accustomed.

Which of the following is a characteristic of Erik Erikson's "intimacy versus isolation" stage?

People refine and modify their identity to accommodate the values and interests of another.

Which of the following is defined as the rules of conversation in a particular culture and is likely to include rules about turn taking, eye contact, and tone of voice?

Pragmatics

In the context of the cognitive changes in adolescence and adulthood, which of the following is defined as the idea that in many situations there is not necessarily one right or wrong answer?

Relativistic thinking

In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following occurs when stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus have the same power to elicit the conditioned response even though they have never been paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

Stimulus generalization

Which of the following best illustrates the sensorimotor stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Suan is 2 years old, and he searches for his favorite ball in the garden.

Which of the following is a part of the limbic system that is involved in emotion and aggression and is highly active in young adolescents?

The amygdala

In the context of habituation, which of the following best explains the orienting reflex?

The need for self-protection

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following physical changes occurs during the germinal stage?

The zygote starts to replicate itself and divide.

Which of the following is a characteristic of authoritative parents?

They tend to exhibit moderate control and are warm toward their children.

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following stages occurs during the first year of life when infants are totally dependent on others in their environment to meet their needs?

Trust versus mistrust

In the context of bereavement and grief, which of the following best illustrates the impact phase?

Ty calls his relatives to inform them of his father's death.

Which of the following best exemplifies observational learning? -Nick helps his father clean their house because he wants his father to buy him his favorite toy car. -Stacy plans to come back home on time to avoid her mother's bad temper. -Abby turns her head in the direction of an unusual sound. -Ty watches an action movie and performs a difficult jump in front of his friends the next day.

Ty watches an action movie and performs a difficult jump in front of his friends the next day.

Which of the following is a difference between procedural and declarative memory?

Unlike declarative memory, procedural memory is often implicit in nature.

What happens during incubation?

Unproductive strategies recede from the memory.

Which of the following best describes the manner in which the different schedules of reinforcement affect learning?

Variable schedules of reinforcement lead to behaviors that are the most resistant to extinction.

In the context of sensory abilities, which of the following changes occurs from early to late adulthood?

Visual acuity peaks in the early 20s and remains fairly high until middle adulthood.

Unlike an algorithm, a heuristic is _____.

a shortcut or rule of thumb

Explicit memory is most likely being used when _____.

a student tries to recollect the name of the longest river in the world

Which of the following served as the unconditioned stimulus in Ivan Pavlov's studies?

Food

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is associated with the feeling that people have made significant and meaningful contributions to their society?

Generativity versus stagnation stage

Prolonged exposure therapy that is used to treat people with post-traumatic stress disorder utilizes the concept of _____.

Habituation

Stacy, a 16-year-old, is working on the final few slides of her school project. Her brother walks into her room and starts singing loudly to distract her. Stacy gets distracted at the beginning but soon gets back to working on her project. Stacy's ability to resume her project work best illustrates _____.

Habituation