PSY101 Module 4 Week 2 - Thinking and Intelligence
Identify the different methods of problem solving.
For example, a well-known strategy is trial and error. The old adage, "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again" describes trial and error. In terms of your broken printer, you could try checking the ink levels, and if that doesn't work, you could check to make sure the paper tray isn't jammed. Or maybe the printer isn't actually connected to your laptop. When using trial and error, you would continue to try different solutions until you solved your problem. Although trial and error is not typically one of the most time-efficient strategies, it is a commonly used one.Another type of strategy is an algorithm. An algorithm is a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome (Kahneman, 2011). You can think of an algorithm as a recipe with highly detailed instructions that produce the same result every time they are performed. Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives, especially in computer science. When you run a search on the Internet, search engines like Google use algorithms to decide which entries will appear first in your list of results. Facebook also uses algorithms to decide which posts to display on your newsfeed. Can you identify other situations in which algorithms are used? A heuristic is another type of problem solving strategy. While an algorithm must be followed exactly to produce a correct result, a heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. A "rule of thumb" is an example of a heuristic. Such a rule saves the person time and energy when making a decision, but despite its time-saving characteristics, it is not always the best method for making a rational decision. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, but the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989): When one is faced with too much information When the time to make a decision is limited When the decision to be made is unimportant When there is access to very little information to use in making the decision When an appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment Working backwards is a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result. Consider this example: You live in Washington, D.C. and have been invited to a wedding at 4 PM on Saturday in Philadelphia. Knowing that Interstate 95 tends to back up any day of the week, you need to plan your route and time your departure accordingly. If you want to be at the wedding service by 3:30 PM, and it takes 2.5 hours to get to Philadelphia without traffic, what time should you leave your house? You use the working backwards heuristic to plan the events of your day on a regular basis, probably without even thinking about it. WATCH IT
artificial concept: concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics cognition: thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory cognitive psychology: field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think concept: category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences cognitive script: set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema event schema: set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script natural concept: mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences prototype: best representation of a conceptrole schema: set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role schema: (plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
GLOSSARY
audience design: constructing utterances to suit the audience's knowledgecommon ground: information that is shared by people who engage in a conversationingroup: group to which a person belongslexicon: words and expressionslinguistic intergroup bias: a tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions.outgroup: group to which a person does not belongpriming: a stimulus presented to a person reminds him or her about other ideas associated with the stimulussituation model: a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic descriptionsocial brain hypothesis: the hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroupssocial networks: networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travelsyntax: rules by which words are strung together to form sentences
GLOSSARY
convergent thinking: the opposite of divergent thinking, the capacity to narrow in on the single "correct" answer or solution to a given question or problem (e.g., giving the right response on an intelligence tests)creativity: ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilitiesdivergent thinking: the opposite of convergent thinking, the capacity for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem (e.g., coming up with many different uses for a common object) Contribute!
GLOSSARY
Describe cognition and problem-solving strategies.
Imagine all of your thoughts as if they were physical entities, swirling rapidly inside your mind. How is it possible that the brain is able to move from one thought to the next in an organized, orderly fashion? The brain is endlessly perceiving, processing, planning, organizing, and remembering—it is always active. Yet, you don't notice most of your brain's activity as you move throughout your daily routine. This is only one facet of the complex processes involved in cognition. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we integrate, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing (for example, Kahneman, 2011).Upon waking each morning, you begin thinking—contemplating the tasks that you must complete that day. In what order should you run your errands? Should you go to the bank, the cleaners, or the grocery store first? Can you get these things done before you head to class or will they need to wait until school is done? These thoughts are one example of cognition at work. Exceptionally complex, cognition is an essential feature of human consciousness, yet not all aspects of cognition are consciously experienced. Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychologists strive to determine and measure different types of intelligence, why some people are better at problem solving than others, and how emotional intelligence affects success in the workplace, among countless other topics. They also sometimes focus on how we organize thoughts and information gathered from our environments into meaningful categories of thought, which will be discussed later.When you are presented with a problem—whether it is a complex mathematical problem or a broken printer, how do you solve it? Before finding a solution to the problem, the problem must first be clearly identified. After that, one of many problem solving strategies can be applied, hopefully resulting in a solution. A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have different action plans associated with them.
Describe intelligence theories and intelligence testing.
Intelligence is a complex characteristic of cognition. Many theories have been developed to explain what intelligence is and how it works. There's Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence that focuses on analytical, creative, and practical intelligence, but there is also Gardner's theory which holds that intelligence is comprised of many factors. Still other theories focus on the importance of emotional intelligence. Which of the theories is most correct? And how can intelligence even be measured?Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson. Gardner's theory, which has been refined for more than 30 years, is a more recent development among theories of intelligence. In Gardner's theory, each person possesses at least eight intelligences. Among these eight intelligences, a person typically excels in some and falters in others (Gardner, 1983). The following table describes each type of intelligence.While you're likely familiar with the term "IQ" and associate it with the idea of intelligence, what does IQ really mean? IQ stands for intelligence quotient and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence. You've already learned that there are many ways psychologists describe intelligence (or more aptly, intelligences). Similarly, IQ tests—the tools designed to measure intelligence—have been the subject of debate throughout their development and use. When might an IQ test be used? What do we learn from the results, and how might people use this information? IQ tests are expensive to administer and must be given by a licensed psychologist. Intelligence testing has been considered both a bane and a boon for education and social policy. In this section, we will explore what intelligence tests measure, how they are scored, and how they were developed.
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
Morphemes
Take up to 5 minutes to think of 25 uses for a paper clip. Write them down as you go along.
My answer beginning: Unclog a drain, lock pick, clean out a hairbrush, use as a bookmark, use to paint detail, car detailer, open a package, etc. Content answer: People that are broadly considered to have a genius mind can come up with 200 uses when they are not time limited. Here are 25, and there are many more: 1. Clip papers with it 2. Clip your nose and make your students smile 3. Fix a break in a chain-link fence 4. Unfold and use it to pick a lock 5. Unfold and make intricate drawings when making clay pottery 6. Unfold and use as toothpick 7. Clip several together to make a necklace 8. Unfold and use as twisty-tie 9. Unfold a big paper clip and use as a shish kabob skewer 10. Unfold and refold into sculpture 11. Melt and reconstitute as ring 12. Unfold and use in building a model ship 13. Unfold and clean under fingernails 14. Use as key-ring 15. Unfold and poke holes in aluminum foil (when needed for cooking) 16. Unfold and refold into U-shape to test people for tactile acuity 17. Unfold and use to fix a broken wire birdcage 18. Use several linked together as a cheap belt 19. Unfold and refold into earing 20. Place it into a saltwater solution to grow salt crystals 21. Unfold and use to clean the inside of a small tube 22. Unfold then bend the tip to make a small eyelet, and use as needle 23. Unfold and use as stick for homemade popsicle 24. Unfold and use to clean your keyboard 25. Unfold and use instead of stick to write in the sand at the beach
You want to mix a cake and your mixer is broken. You don't want to do it by hand and are trying to think of a creative solution to the problem. You have a selection of power tools in your garage and office supplies and equipment in your office. Can you think of a solution using one item from each place?
My answer: A cordless drill might work with the beater head if you use a shim to hold it in place. Content answer: One possible solution: Take your power drill from garage and your scissors from your office. Insert the scissors into your drill as you would a drill bit with the finger holds out. Now you have a makeshift mixer.
How does an algorithm save you time and energy when solving a problem?
My answer: Gives you a set of step-by-step instructions to solve the problem to save wasted steps. Content answer: An algorithm is a proven formula for achieving a desired outcome. It saves time because if you follow it exactly, you will solve the problem without having to figure out how to solve the problem. It is a bit like not reinventing the wheel.
Why do you think different theorists have defined intelligence in different ways?
My answer: I don't think there is any one way that we can measure intelligence, from either an population-based or individual-based standpoint. Some are extremely intelligent in math or sciences, while others are highly capable in linguistics. As years pass, our culture and work environments also dictate what we find intelligent in a person. Content answer: Since cognitive processes are complex, ascertaining them in a measurable way is challenging. Researchers have taken different approaches to define intelligence in an attempt to comprehensively describe and measure it.
Describe an event schema that you would notice at a sporting event.
My answer: I keep my tickets handy in my pocket, approach the gate. Put my purse and metal in the basket for security and go through the metal detector. Begin to locate seats but make sure I hit the bathroom first! Content answer: Answers may vary. When attending a basketball game, it is typical to support your team by wearing the team colors and sitting behind their bench.
Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence.
My answer: If I was considering taking a walk at night, I would consider the area and then make sure to stick to well lit streets in a busy area. Content area: You are out with friends and it is getting late. You need to make it home before your curfew, but you don't have a ride home. You need to get in touch with your parents, but your cell phone is dead. So, you enter a nearby convenience store and explain your situation to the clerk. He allows you to use the store's phone to call your parents, and they come and pick you and your friends up, and take all of you home.
How could grammatical errors actually be indicative of language acquisition in children?
My answer: If a child is deprived of learning a language during their ideal timeline, then they are more like adults that have a harder time learning a language. They may not catch up to peers. Content answer: Children may identify a grammatical rule and try applying that rule in all instances, known as overgeneralization. An example is adding an "s" to any word to make it plural, which demonstrates that a rule has been identified even if mistakenly applied.
Describe the relationship between learning disabilities and intellectual disabilities to intelligence.
My answer: Learning disability is where there is a neurological component that is not working properly, causing the person to have problems with reading or writing despite their IQ. Intellectual disabilities refer to those with low IQ that have varying degrees of challenge in daily life because of it. Content answer: Learning disabilities are specific neurological problems within the brain and are separate from intelligence. Intellectual disabilities are pervasive and related to intelligence.
Explain why event schemata have so much power over human behavior.
My answer: Once something is wired into our brain, it is automatic and hard to break the way we get used to doing things. Content answer: Event schemata are rooted in the social fabric of our communities. We expect people to behave in certain ways in certain types of situations, and we hold ourselves to the same social standards. It is uncomfortable to go against an event schema—it feels almost like we are breaking the rules.
How do words not only represent our thoughts but also represent our values?
My answer: Our language can influence how we interact with those close to us and our cultural values - English speakers more aware of individual for example as cultures that are more collectively conscious. Content answer: People tend to talk about the things that are important to them or the things they think about the most. What we talk about, therefore, is a reflection of our values.
Compare and contrast the benefits of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and Wechsler's IQ tests.
My answer: Standford-Binet IQ test helped bring standardization and norms to this type of testing, but Wechsler's test helped assess more of a person's broader skills both on paper and their ability to navigate within their environment. Content answer: The Wechsler-Bellevue IQ test combined a series of subtests that tested verbal and nonverbal skills into a single IQ test in order to get a reliable, descriptive score of intelligence. While the Stanford-Binet test was normed and standardized, it focused more on verbal skills than variations in other cognitive processes.
What is functional fixedness and how can overcoming it help you solve problems?
My answer: When you can only see one solution to a problem, or only one use for an object. Overcoming it can help you think outside the box and either use something for another use that solves a problem, or finally solve an issue that has not had resolution. Content answer: Functional fixedness occurs when you cannot see a use for an object other than the use for which it was intended. For example, if you need something to hold up a tarp in the rain, but only have a pitchfork, you must overcome your expectation that a pitchfork can only be used for garden chores before you realize that you could stick it in the ground and drape the tarp on top of it to hold it up.
Describe a situation in which cultural intelligence would help you communicate better.
My answer; If I were able to be respectful of what another considers important based on their culture vs what I consider important Content answer: You are visiting Madrid, Spain, on a language immersion trip. Your Spanish is okay, but you still not sure about some of the facial expressions and body language of the native speakers. When faced with a sticky social situation, you do not engage immediately as you might back home. Instead, you hold back and observe what others are doing before reacting.
It something is original, it is
Unique
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
a representative sample
Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results.
algorithms
________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.
algorithms
Margot doesn't feel like explaining all of the events from her day to her mom because she would need to explain too many of the details in order to set the stage for her stories. In this instance, Margot
and her mother do not share common ground.
________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes. You were correct. Multiple Choice QuestionArtificialNaturalAbsent
artificial
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
artificial concept
Jaxon sat down next to Harvey on the bus and immediately asked, "did you see Harper's stats last night?" Because they share ________, Jaxon didn't need to explain that he was talking about the baseball game.
common ground
Flynn effect: observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation intelligence quotient: (also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence norming: administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups representative sample: subset of the population that accurately represents the general population standard deviation: measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean standardization: method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent
glossary
analytical intelligence: aligned with academic problem solving and computations creative intelligence: ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem crystallized intelligence: characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it cultural intelligence: ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture emotional intelligence: ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others fluid intelligence: ability to see complex relationships and solve problems Multiple Intelligences Theory: Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence practical intelligence: aka "street smarts" triarchic theory of intelligence: Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical
glossary
dysgraphia: learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly dyslexia: common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain range of reaction: each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up
glossary
grammar: set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon language: communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another lexicon: the words of a given language morpheme: smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning overgeneralization: extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule phoneme: basic sound unit of a given language semantics: process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and wordssyntax: manner by which words are organized into sentences
glossary
Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use
heuristics
Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use?
heuristics
A ________ watermelon reminds me of summer days.
juicy OR ripe
The fact that Chinese speakers may be more likely to think about time on a vertical or a horizontal plane is an example of
language determinism
The fact that Chinese speakers may be more likely to think about time on a vertical or a horizontal plane is an example of
linguistic determinism
Select a morpheme that is also a prefix and that, when combined with the morphemes already provided, produces one word. ________ -cooked
over OR un
To fulfill one of the three requirements of good test design, Dr. Billimek administered his new test, under uniform conditions, to a large number of people at various ages and who were representative of the population of interest. Dr. Billimek has gone through a procedure called ________, and the scores of this representative group will be used to establish the ________ against which an individual score will be compared and interpreted.
standardization; norms
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.
syntax
What are the rules by which we construct sentences?
syntax
Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an
availability heuristic
An IQ score of 70 would be described as
two standard deviations below the mean
The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by
Alfred Binet
________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.
Alfred Binet
When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?
Analytical
________ have poor visual acuity.
Armadillos OR infants are correct
Chinese speakers
May be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane
Determine the component of Sternberg's multiple intelligence theory that is best illustrated by following individuals: Bryant, a graduate student who generates many innovative research ideas: [Select] Practical intelligence Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence (1) Linda, a newspaper reporter who has a knack for making connections with very important people: [Select] Creative intelligence Practical intelligence Analytical intelligence (2) Raul, a college student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple choice questions: [Select] Practical intelligence Creative intelligence Analytical intelligence (3) Patricia, president of a small company, who successfully implements the business plan her partner developed: [Select] Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence Practical intelligence (4) Manuel, a community college teacher who was recognized for writing a book of poetry: [Select] Practical intelligence Creative intelligence Analytical intelligence (5) Anna, a law student who ranks at the top of her class for her critiques of legal cases: [Select] Practical intelligence Creative intelligence Analytical intelligence (6)
Creative, Practical, Analytical, Analytical, Creative, Analytical
Which of the following definitions regarding fluid and crystallized intelligence is accurate?
Crystallized intelligence is the knowledge and skills gained through experience and education.
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by
David Wechsler
Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?
David Wechsler
________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.
David Wechsler
Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
Experience more pervasive daily stress; which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores
Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to
Following the instruction manual
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
Phonemes
Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?
Sapir and Whorf
When talking to a stranger about your sister, Ramona, you probably don't mention her by name and instead say, "my younger sister." This is because of
audience design
If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of
confirmation bias
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?
creative
The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain
Why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.
a heuristic
What is a learning disability?
a neurological disorder
Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
dyslexia
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
dyslexia
Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence. You were correct.
fluid
4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibians is most likely a
frog
Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: the hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts
glossary
A bell curve relies on a ________ sample.
large
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
learning disability
Words and expressions are known as ________, but the rules that explain how they go together are called ________.
lexicon; syntax
Esther has an ear for music and can play songs on the piano she has only heard once before. She has high ________ intelligence.
musical
What is the basic sound unit of a language?
phoneme
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?
practical
The best example of a concept is a
prototype
The child was ________ distracted by the colorful insects.
quickly OR easily
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
representative bias
Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the
representative bias?
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?
sample size
An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.
script
In this exercise, you create grammatical sentences. For each sentence, select the word that best completes the sentence. The new librarian ________ the book incorrectly.
shelved OR ordered are correct
Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence does he exemplify?
bodily kinesthetic
Where does high intelligence come from?
both genetics and the environment
5-year-old Camille is learning about the food groups. Her prototype for a vegetable is most likely a
carrot
Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.
collectivist
Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of
confirmation bias
Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.
creative
Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of You were correct. Multiple Choice Questiondivergent thinking.creative-cognitive processing.convergent thinking.
divergent
Kayla's research group is thinking of every possible use for a pancake for their marketing project. This requires some
divergent thinking
Thinking outside of the box is considered
divergent thinking
Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia
Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia
Select a morpheme that is also a suffix (a morpheme added to the end of a word) and that, when combined with the morphemes already provided above, produces one word. touch- ________
ed OR able
Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of
functional fixedness
Select one morpheme that is also a word. ________
agree, over, touch, able, OR cook
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
algorithm
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.
analytical
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
anchoring bias
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called You were correct. Multiple Choice Questionsocial network.priming.audience design.
audience design
Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he askes Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of
audience design
Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the
availability heuristics
Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.
being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be useful,
original, and surprising
The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are
phoneme, morpheme, syntax
While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of ________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him. You were incorrect. Multiple Choice Questionsyntaxlexiconsemantics
syntax
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
the team captain
Lewis Termin did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.
high
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
higher correlation
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.
human thinking
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.
intellectual disability
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. You were correct. Multiple Choice Questionintrapersonal; naturalistinterpersonal; intrapersonallogical-mathematical; interpersonal
intrapersonal and interpersonal
Two-thirds of typical conversations are about ________.
gossip
The average IQ score is
100
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
100
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
12 months old
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
A triangle's area
Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?
Associate word with three other words
anchoring bias: faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution availability heuristic: faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you confirmation bias: faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs functional fixedness: inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended hindsight bias: belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't mental set: continually using an old solution to a problem without results representative bias: faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment
GLOSSARY
algorithm: problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions heuristic: mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem problem-solving strategy: method for solving problems trial and error: problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found working backwards: heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
Glossary
Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?
Interpersonal
Examine language as a communication tool.
Language is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another. While language is a form of communication, not all communication is language. Many species communicate with one another through their postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations. This communication is crucial for species that need to interact and develop social relationships with their conspecifics. However, many people have asserted that it is language that makes humans unique among all of the animal species (Corballis & Suddendorf, 2007; Tomasello & Rakoczy, 2003). This section will focus on what distinguishes language as a special form of communication, how the use of language develops, and how language affects the way we think.If language is so ubiquitous, how do we actually use it? To be sure, some of us use it to write diaries and poetry, but the primary form of language use is interpersonal. That's how we learn language, and that's how we use it. Just like Adam and Ben, we exchange words and utterances to communicate with each other. Let's consider the simplest case of two people, Adam and Ben, talking with each other. According to Clark (1996), in order for them to carry out a conversation, they must keep track of common ground. Common ground is a set of knowledge that the speaker and listener share and they think, assume, or otherwise take for granted that they share. So, when Adam says, "Gary bought a ring," he takes for granted that Ben knows the meaning of the words he is using, whom Gary is, and what buying a ring means. When Ben says, "For Mary, isn't it?" he takes for granted that Adam knows the meaning of these words, who Mary is, and what buying a ring for someone means. All these are part of their common ground. Common ground helps people coordinate their language use. For instance, when a speaker says something to a listener, he or she takes into account their common ground, that is, what the speaker thinks the listener knows. Adam said what he did because he knew Ben would know who Gary was. He'd have said, "A friend of mine is getting married," to another colleague who wouldn't know Gary. This is called audience design (Fussell & Krauss, 1992); speakers design their utterances for their audiences by taking into account the audiences' knowledge. If their audiences are seen to be knowledgeable about an object (such as Ben about Gary), they tend to use a brief label of the object (i.e., Gary); for a less knowledgeable audience, they use more descriptive words (e.g., "a friend of mine") to help the audience understand their utterances (Box 1). So, language use is a cooperative activity, but how do we coordinate our language use in a conversational setting? To be sure, we have a conversation in small groups. The number of people engaging in a conversation at a time is rarely more than four. By some counts (e.g., Dunbar, Duncan, & Nettle, 1995;James, 1953), more than 90 percent of conversations happen in a group of four individuals or less. Certainly, coordinating conversation among four is not as difficult as coordinating conversation among 10. But, even among only four people, if you think about it, everyday conversation is an almost miraculous achievement. We typically have a conversation by rapidly exchanging words and utterances in real time in a noisy environment. Think about your conversation at home in the morning, at a bus stop, in a shopping mall. How can we keep track of our common ground under such circumstances? Language use can have implications for how we construe our social world. For one thing, there are subtle cues that people use to convey the extent to which someone's action is just a special case in a particular context or a pattern that occurs across many contexts and more like a character trait of the person. According to Semin and Fiedler (1988), someone's action can be described by an action verb that describes a concrete action (e.g., he runs), a state verb that describes the actor's psychological state (e.g., he likes running), an adjective that describes the actor's personality (e.g., he is athletic), or a noun that describes the actor's role (e.g., he is an athlete). Depending on whether a verb or an adjective (or noun) is used, speakers can convey the permanency and stability of an actor's tendency to act in a certain way—verbs convey particularity, whereas adjectives convey permanency.
What evidence exists for a genetic component to an individual's IQ?
My answer: The Minnesota Twins study - twins raised separately showed high correlations on their IQ scores. Content answer: Twin studies are one strong indication that IQ has a genetic component. Another indication is anecdotal evidence in the form of stories about highly intelligent individuals who come from difficult backgrounds yet still become highly successful adults.
Many people believe their dreams to be a forecast of their future. How might confirmation bias explain this?
My answer: Trying to make sense of a firm belief and fit it into the mold of your future. Content answer: Here are two sources of confirmation bias that explain why some people believe their dreams predict the future: - People who believe their dreams to be a forecast of the future are likely to only remember the very few times when they dreamt about something and it actually happened a short while later. They ignore evidence from the much larger number of their dreams that don't predict the future. - When talking with others, they are likely to do the same. They remember stories from others who told them about dreams predicting future events and conveniently "forget" the ones that don't.
________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.
Natural
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.
Semantics
Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because
She already has a concept for doctor's offices and automatically applies that to the new office.
What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?
Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Sternberg
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
Syntax
Which of the following statements is true?
There are many factors working together to influence an individual's intelligence level.
What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?
They all can combine with -house to form a word, and are part of a creativity test
Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks?
Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders.
Mental sets occur
When you approach a problem in the same way, even if it is ineffective
About 2% of the population have
above 130
Define originality.
having low probability; unique
Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?
heuristics
The consistent manner of administering, scoring, and interpreting a test results in it being ________. If the test is given to a large amount of students, there will be enough data to create referential scores, by which to interpret future scores, known as ________.
standardization; norms
Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________. You were correct. Multiple Choice Questiondisadvantaged their children by placing them in special education classes.was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using white children.did not identify enough African American children in need of special education.
was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized for white children.
Learning disabilities often affect children
with average to above average intelligence