PSY121 Chap 9-11

Social Facilitation

the presence of the group helps. The arousal from presence of others helps when the task is easy or well learned

cognitive dissonance

the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

psychodynamic therapy

therapies are more short term, focus on recurring themes in important relationships, and the symptom relief of here and now, rather than personality overhaul. Client-centered therapy

door in face

when you start of by asking someone to do something very large for you, and they shut you down immediately.

biomedical therapy

work by influencing the action of the central nervous system. Examples of this kind of therapy are medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Heritability, Pregnancy and birth complications, men are more likely to develop them than women, Environmental factors, exposure to teratogens in the fetal stage

5 risk factors for mental illness

Bipolar Disorder

A disorder characterized by manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

eclectic approach to therapy

A mixture of several different types of therapy. It also involves a combination of: medication (for severe symptoms), person-centered approaches, CBT, psychodynamic elements, etc.

Autism

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in communication and social interaction, restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A persistent pattern of inattention or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

Mania

A state of euphoria, hyperactivity, and wild optimism

operant conditioning

A token economy represents an application of the principles of

enhances performance on easy or well-learned tasks

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others

Schizophrenia

Characterized by disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations & delusions, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Haunting memories, withdrawal, irritable behavior, hypervigilance, and sleep problems for four or more weeks often in response to a traumatic event.

the bystander effect

In 1964 Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed to death in front of her apartment building. It took the assailant approximately 30 minutes to kill Genovese. Police reports showed that although 38 neighbors witnessed the event, no one helped or called the police. According to your knowledge of social psychology, this incident can be best explained by

more liberal / group polarization

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become _____ as a result of _____.

Major Depressive Disorder

Lethargy and fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in family and friends, and loss of interest in activities for two weeks or more

Panic Attack

Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations

the fundamental attribution error

Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension, autonomic arousal, and inability to identify or avoid the cause of these feelings over a prolonged period of time

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

deindividuation

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as

two common criticisms of antianxiety medication such as Xanax

They slow the nervous system's activity, so therefore they cannot be taken with alcohol. Combining the use of such medications and alcohol can have fatal consequences. Also, some people wonder is it is just a band aid? (Does it REALLY help to cure anxiety? Or is it just fixing the disorder for a short, non permanent period of time?) Lastly, they have been known to be highly addictive and cause dangerous side effects such as memory impairment, skin rash, weight loss, anxiety(that's kind of ironic isn't it? Anti anxiety medication that causes MORE anxiety??), blurred vision, diarrhea, and insomnia. They also impair mental alertness and physical coordination and can dangerously compromise mechanical performance, such as driving a car.

Social Inhibition

When the presence of a group hurts. The arousal from the presence of others hurts when the task is difficult or not well learned.

heritability

With disease such as autism, the heritability of the disease can range anywhere from 37%-90%. With that being said, if two parents are autistic, the child is almost guaranteed to develop the disease. In cases where only one parent has the disease, the numbers are as stated above

regression towards the mean

a statistical phenomenon stating that data that is extremely higher or lower than the mean will likely be closer to the mean if it is measured a second time, which means that clients want to believe that all the time, effort, and money they have spent on therapy has gone to good use, so they justify it by speaking kindly of their therapists ("Oh my goodness my doctor helped me soon much I feel like a new person"). This effect makes the effectiveness of therapy very difficult to assess because you don't really know when the therapy actually helped the patient, or when they're just saying that to make themselves feel better.

mental disorder

a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes. Must be deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

cognitive therapy

address negative thoughts and cognitive distortions. Such negative thinking can be exemplified by dichotomous (all or none) thinking, emotional reasoning, overgeneralization, catastrophizing, and personalizing general issues.

conformity

adjusting our thinking and behavior to come kind of group standard. A part is Social contagion/The Chameleon effect. This is when we unconsciously mimic others through accents, yawning, clapping/booing, laughing. A person who does this well is Oprah Winfrey(she takes on nonverbal posturing, accent, etc of the person on her show).

deviant

anything that deviates, or is different, from the norm, with "The norm" meaning what is acceptable to the society

diffusion of responsibility

assuming that others will take action. The responsibility is spread over the number of bystanders present.

humanistic therapy

based on Carl Rogers' perspective, and the aim is to boost positive feelings by providing unconditional positive regard. This kind of therapy does so through genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. It also focuses on conscious thoughts, and the present and future rather than the past. Techniques include active listening (echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what client has said). Aim is to point out maladaptive thought and behavior patterns and teach people more constructive ways of thinking and behaving

exposure to teratogens

can cause a child or individual later in life to develop mental illnesses such as ADHD. Exposure to these teratogens can also cause other developmental issues.

environmental factors

can cause a child to develop a disease. these include parents who are older when they have children.

behavior therapy

include classical conditioning, counterconditioning (pairing the trigger stimulus with a new experience that is incompatible with fear), exposure therapies (exposing people to what they normally avoid in baby steps), aversion therapy (substituting a negative response for a positive response to harmful stimuli, EX: tainting an alcoholic's drink with a nausea-producing drug). Also, this includes operant conditioning by providing rewards and punishments through a token economy.

sociocultural therapy approach

includes group therapy, community outreach programs, and couples and family therapy.

biological therapy approach

includes medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.

psychological therapy approach

includes talk therapy (meaning psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, and client-centered approaches.

prejudice

is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group.

discrimination

is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

distressful

means that the disorder causes the person stress

dysfunctional/ maladaptive

means that the disorder directly interferes with "normal," everyday functioning.

foot in door

once you get someone to do something small for you, they're much more likely to something larger for you

social cognition

our thinking about others and about social situations. It also includes the understanding that helps us comprehend and predict the behavior of ourselves as well as other people.