PSY2012 Exam 2 Study Questions

Match each of the components of Classical conditioning with their counterparts: 1) UCS 2) UCR 3)CS 4)CR A) stimulus that elicits an automatic response B) initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus C) response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning D) automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

1) A 2) D 3) B 4) C

Match each theory of dreaming with its correct description: 1) Wish-Fullfilment Theory 2) Neurocognitive Theory 3) Activation-Synthesis Theory A) Theory that our dreams are a meaningful product of our mental capacities which shape our dreams - dreams cannot be explained only in terms of neurotransmitters and random neural impulses. B) Theory that dreams reflect input from brain activation in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a theory, far from having deep meaning, this theory holds that dreams reflect the activated brain's attempt to make sense of random and internally generated neural signals during REM sleep. C) Dreams subconsciously hold our wishes and desires.

1) C 2) A 3) B

Match each of the Stages of sleep with their correct descriptions: 1) Stage 1 2) Stage 2 3) Stage 3 4) Stage 4 5) Stage 5/ REM A) Lasts about 20 min. and characterized by sleep spindles; bursts of brain-wave activity. B) A transition stage that lasts a few minutes before you fall into stage 4 (delta sleep). C) Delta sleep is characterized by large slow waves called Delta waves. When most sleep walking /night terrors occur. D) A light sleep marked by slower breathing and theta waves. E) "Relaxed yet aroused" stage of sleep where breathing becomes more rapid, brain becomes more active, males will get errections. This is when most dreams occur.

1) D 2) A 3) B 4) C 5) E

Match each of the following Gestalt principals with its correct definition: 1) Proximity 2) Similarity 3) Continuity 4) Closure 5) Symmetry 6) Figure-ground A) We perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren't. B) When partial visual info is present, our brains fill in what's missing. C)We still perceive objects as wholes even if the objects block part of them. D) We see similar objects as compromising a whole, much more so than dissimilar objects. E) Objects physically close to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes. F) Perceptually we make an instantaneous decision to focus attention on what we believe to be the central figure and largely ignore what we believe to be the background.

1) E 2) D 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) F

Match each of the following Forebrain (Cerebrum) structures with its correct functions: 1) Frontal lobe 2) Temporal lobe 3) Parietal lobe 4) Occipital lobe 5) Motor cortex 6) Sensory cortex A) Vision B) Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling C) Sensations D) Movement E)Memory, understanding, language F) Executive functioning, thinking, planning, organizing and problem solving emotions and behavioral control, personality

1) F 2) E 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) C

A psychic forecaster tells her subject that she 1) Will find great joy some day soon 2) Will meet a new friend 3) Will miss someone from the past. This psychic is making use of what principle to convince the subject of her authenticity? A) Multiple endpoints B) Subliminal Perception C)Top-down processing D) None of the above

A) Many psychic forecasters make use of multiple end points, meaning they keep their predictions so OPEN-ENDED that they're consistent with almost any conceivable set of outcomes

The loud, high pitched sound waves generated by a 2 year old shrieking would most likely have: A) shorter wavelengths, greater amplitude B) shorter wavelengths, smaller amplitude C) Longer wavelengths, greater amplitude D) Longer wavelengths, smaller amplitude

A) Loud = greater amplitude(height) High frequency = shorter wavelength (distance bt waves)

Patients who undergo split- brain surgery, the severing of the corpus callosum in hopes of reducing the spread of epileptic seizures, are impaired at: A) integrating information from both visual fields B) integrating sense information and relaying it to the brain C) integrating neurons to release correct amounts of neurotransmitters D) none of the above

A) - because the corpus callosum transfers info between the 2 hemispheres, cutting it prevents most visual info in each of the right or left visual field from reaching the visual cortex on the same side. - Left visual field is seen by the RIGHT side of the brain - Right visual field is seen by the LEFT side of the brain

Ashley yells at her sister for taking her shoes without asking. Her sister apologizes and never takes her shoes again. A) Punishment B) Reinforcement

A) - punishment bc decreasing her behavior of taking shoes

You have trained your cat to come running to the kitchen every time you use the can opener ; one day you use the can opener and start clapping loudly and she still comes running. Eventually she has learned that the sound of the can opener and your clapping are what signal that its time for her to be fed. this is called: A) Higher-order conditioning B) Spontaneous recovery C) Stimulus generalization D) Habituation

A) Higher order conditioning Developing a conditioned response (cat comes when clapping is heard) to a conditioned stimulus (clapping noise) by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus (can opener) Ex: adding a "circle" while showing the metranome to the dog --> the dog knows that the metranome is associated with meat powder; so now he thinks that the circle must be too. There is an association between the 2 stimuli!

After a stressful day at work, Rene comes home and drinks 3 margaritas. Her reasonings for doing so align with which of these theories? A) Tension reduction hypothesis B) Psychological dependance theory C) Balanced placebo design D) None of the above.

A) People consume alcohol and other drugs to relieve anxiety.

Alex's baby will not be quiet, so he gives the baby a toy and the baby stops crying. A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement

A) Positive punishment -decreases behavior = punishment - adds toy / stimulus = positive

Returning to the same pool that you nearly drowned in a few years ago might bring about what? A) Renewal effect B) Spontaneous recovery C) Sensitization D) Habituation

A) Renewal effect Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired. The CR is the fear of this pool.

Max has been snorting cocaine everyday for the past month and notices that its effects are no longer as strong as they used to be. Why is this? A) Tolerance B) Physical dependance C) Withdrawal D) Psychological dependance

A) his tolerance is too high; he needs to consume an increased amount of a drug to achieve intoxication.

A child is kicking and screaming with his eyes open wide. Which stage of sleep would you most expect him to be in? A) REM sleep B) Non-REM sleep C) Awake

B) The child is having a night terror, which happen almost exclusively in non-REM sleep. - Typically Night terror = Stage 4 sleep

Which of the following is an effective way to experimentally observe the physiological effects (rather than expectations) that certain substances have on participants? A) Phi phenomenon B) Balanced placebo design C) Sampling population design D) Tension reduction hypothesis

B) Balanced placebo design A 4 group design in which researchers tell participants they are, or aren't receiving a drug and in fact, either do or don't receive it. Allows researchers to tease apart the relative influence of expectancies (placebo effects) and the physiological effects of alcohol and other drugs.

If you believe that the best approach to explaining hypnosis is based on separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated, then your beliefs most likely align with: A) Past life regression therapy B) Dissociation theory C) Sociocognitive theory D) None of the above explain these beliefs.

B) Dissociation theory - In this theory there is this idea of the "hidden observer" to describe a dissociated, unhypnotized part of the mind that could be accessed on cue.

Alcohol affects brain centers involved in reward. Knowing this, what neurotransmitter is affected by alcohol use? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) Norepinephrine

B) Dopamine

After feeling extreme anxiety and stress after her first semester of college, Katie felt that she needed anti-anxiety medication to help suppress the over active areas in her brain that kept her up each night and led to panic attacks. This medication will most likely have an effect on: A) Glutamate receptors B) GABA receptors C) Acetylcholine receptors D) Oxytocin receptors

B) GABA receptors - GABA is the main INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the nervous system. GABA dampens neural activity, thats why most anti-anxiety drugs bind to GABA receptors - they tend to suppress over active brain areas that lead to worry.

According to one of the physiological models of pain, if you hit your elbow on the counter, you can rub around this area to confuse signals being sent to the brain and thus help alleviate pain. A) Specificity Theory B) Gate-Control Theory C) Ion Specific Theory D) Somatosensory Theory

B) Gate -Control theory -the gate control model poses that the stimulation we experience competes with and blocks the pain from consciousness. because pain demands attention, distraction is an effective way of reducing painful sensations. Two fibers in the spinal cord: » Small fibers that transmit pain signals » Large fibers that transmit other signals (warmth, cold, pressure, etc.) . The spinal cord contains a neurological "gate".

Out of the 3 regions of the brain which one is most "primitive" in function and which one is associated with being allowing advanced intellectual abilities? (choose 2) A) Midbrain B) Hindbrain C) Forebrain (Cerebrum)

B) Hindbrain - very basic, primitive part of our brain, we have this part of the brain in common with other animals ; Responsible for BASIC functions: heartbeat, survival, hunting, mating. We share this with the alligator and the lizard. & C) Forebrain (Cerebrum) - The upper part is the Cerebral Cortex - Wrinkled, top 2-4mm (1/10") of the brain (your thinking cap!). - Four lobes - reason that we are a lot smarter than alligators

What type of neuron connects sensory nerves to motor nerves within the spinal chord without having to report back to the brain; allowing reflexes to occur? A)Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Reflexive neurons D) Sensory neurons

B) Interneurons - neurons that send messages to OTHER neurons nearby (NOT to the brain)

Once a person has become accustomed to the idea that everyone drives on their right side of the road; it would be very difficult for the country to change this regulation as it would not be easily learned. What phenomenon describes this? A) Habituation B) Latent inhibition C) Stimulus generalization D) Insight

B) Latent inhibition The basic idea of latent inhibition is that it is often easier to learn something new than to unlearn something familiar. In particular, once you have learned to recognize something or associate it with something else, it is difficult to unlearn it if its meaning changes. It is often easier to make associations to something new than to reassign associations that have already been made to something familiar. The prior learning produces an interference effect.

Many students at UF engage in the use of Study Edge for their core classes. During finals week, there are blue Study Edge packets on just about every desk in the library. A new tutoring company, called Tutoring Edge hopes to attract new clients by using orange colored packets, but unfortunately, their advertising attempts fail and students continue to use Study Edge. What phenomenon best explains this situation? A) Extinction B) Latent Inhibition C) Stimulus Discrimination D) Stimulus Generalization

B) Latent inhibition refers to the fact that we've experienced a CS alone so many times, it is difficult to classically condition it to another stimulus. The students at UF have long made the association that Blue colored study edge packets (CS) lead to doing great in their classes (CR). It is almost in a sense "too late", their minds are made up and the orange colored packets will not be classically conditioned.

In a patient who acquires Alzheimer's Disease, in which of the following areas of the brain would you NOT expect to undergo loss of neurons and synapses? A) Temporal lobe B) Occipital lobe C) Parietal lobe D) Frontal lobe

B) Occipital lobe - where vision occurs / is processed would not be affected in Alzheimers. You're actual vision won't be affected but how you "see" / perceive the world will be changed. - Temporal lobe : memory loss and language problems soon develop -Parietal lobe: patients will have a difficult time with perception/ making sense of the world - Frontal lobe: loss of executive functioning; patients may act out of character- personality, problem solving, emotions, and behavior can be altered.

Suppose you are at a neighborhood bus stop with a friend. You see the bus as it turns the corner a few blocks away. From a distance, the bus looks like a mere dot in your field of vision. By the time the bus reaches the stop, you realize that the bus is twice as tall as you. Despite the fact that the bus now takes up a majority of your field of vision, you don't perceive the bus as having grown. You know that the bus has the same size, rectangular shape, and brightness now as it did when you saw it in the distance. The reason you know this is due to: A) Top-Down Processing B) Perceptual Constancy C) Bottom-Up Processing D) Sensory Adaption

B) Perceptual constancy refers to the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur. - specifically this scenario deals with "size constancy"

Max has been snorting cocaine everyday for the past month so that he can stay awake and have the energy to make it through the day. His brother, Kyle, has been snorting cocaine everyday because he craves the feeling of the "high" that he gets. What are these phenomenons called respectively? A) Tolerance; Withdrawal B) Physical dependance; Psychological dependence C) Withdrawal; Psychological dependence D) Psychological dependance; Physical dependence

B) Physical dependance - people continuing to take something to avoid withdrawal symptoms. He doesn't want to feel the lack of energy that would weigh down his body if he were to stop taking the drug. Psychological dependence - when a person is motivated by intense cravings to take a drug

Allyson is participating in a research study in which the investigator asks her to report "yes" or "no" if she hears a sound played at different frequencies. Allyson is not exactly sure if she heard a sound, so she just assumes that a sound was played and says "yes." What is this called? A) Illusory response B) Response bias C) Signal detection D) Sensory adaption

B) Response biases - The tendencies of people to make up one type of guess over another when they are in doubt about whether a weak signal is present under noisy conditions.

The medication Isotretinoin, otherwise known as Acutane, has been called into question for the possibility of causing increased depression in adolescents. The drug company, however, refutes that Acutane does not diminish the levels of __________, the neurotransmitter that is associated with depression when levels are too low. A) Glutamate B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Norepinephrine

B) Serotonin - plays roles in mood, temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles. - Low serotonin levels are associated with a wide variety of emotional and behavioral disorders including depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior and obsessive-compulsive disorder. - Drugs that interact with Serotonin: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are used to treat depression by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. It basically lets it "hangout" longer in the synapse leading to less depression.

Imagine that you have used classical conditioning to train your dog to expect food whenever he hears the ding of a bell. When you ring the bell, you dog runs to the kitchen and sits by his food bowl. After the response has been conditioned, you stop presenting food after ringing the bell. Over time, the response becomes extinguished, and your dog stops responding to the sound. You stop ringing the bell altogether, but a few days later you decide to try ringing the bell again. Your dog rushes into the room and waits by his bowl, what has occurred? A) Renewal effect B) Spontaneous recovery C) Sensitization D) Habituation

B) Spontaneous recovery Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a DELAY in exposure to the conditioned stimulus. Your dog is exhibiting a spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response.

Rats are trained to swim to a hidden platform in milky water. By the time these rates become good at finding the platform, their axons relevant to the area of their brain that deals with spatial ability had expanded. What is this called? A) Structural morphism B) Structural plasticity C) Potentiation D) Myelination

B) Structural plasticity - change in the shape of neurons is possibly critical for learning Note: Exposure to 'enriched' environments can also lead to structural changes /enhancements to dendrites - so a rat thats given a large cage with lots of toys and objects will develop more than a rat that has an empty cage

As a group of friends on a road trip drove past a small town outside of Phoenix, Kelly proclaimed "It feels like I've been here before with you guys and I'm not sure why!" Kelly most likely experienced: A) Mystical experience B) Deja vu C) Out of Body Experience D) Phi phenomenon

B) feeling of reliving an experience that is new

A worker in a bag factory might get paid every Friday for the work she has done as long as she has generated at least one bag during that 1 week interval. What kind of schedule of reinforcement is this? A) Fixed ratio B) Fixed interval C) Variable ratio D) Variable interval

B) fixed interval - we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval. - so she produced at least one bag in the given time period.

Someone who has dramatically altered perception, mood, and thoughts after taking a drug may have taken any of the following substances except: A) Marijuana B) Morphine C) LSD D) Ecstacy

B) morphine is a narcotic - relieves pain; increases sleep. Marijuana, LSD, and Ecstasy on the other hand are Psychedelics - the key is that these mess with your perception.

Many patients who suffer serious strokes resulting in damage to the brain can lose their vision. What is this called? A) Stroke outcome B) Blindsight C) Perceptional damage D) Sensory adaption

Blindsight - Lost vision due to a stroke or brain injury rather than due to damage to the eye.

The feeling of "falling" often occurs in _______ while most dreams occur in __________ and night terrors/ sleepwalking occur in ____________. A) stage 1, stage 2, stage 4 B) REM, stage 2, stage 4 C) stage 1, REM, stage 4 D) stage 2, stage 3 , REM

C)

Three auditory researchers hold differing opinions about tone, pitch, and sound detection. Match each expert to their theory going in the order that they are listed: Dr. Oz believes that specific places along the basilar membrane of the cochlea matches a tone with a specific pitch. Dr. Phil believes that the rate at which neurons fire an action potential reproduces a pitch. Dr. Opera believes that sets of neurons fire at their highest rate, slightly out of sync with each other. A) Place theory, Volley theory, Frequency theory B) Volley theory, Place theory, Frequency theory C) Place theory, Frequency theory, Volley theory D) Volley theory, Frequency theory, Place theory

C)

Alex has been known to sleep walk ever since he was a young kid. One night, Alex drives to publix, comes home and cooks a pizza all while sleeping. What stage of sleep is Alex most likely in and do you believe that he is acting out his dream? A) Stage 1; Yes - he is acting out his dreams B) Stage 5/REM sleep; yes - he is acting out his dreams C) Stage 4; No - he is not acting out his dreams

C) Sleep walkers are NOT acting out their dreams , bc sleepwalking almost always occurs during Non-REM sleep (especially stages 3 and 4).

You are cooking pasta and accidentally touch the scolding stove top. Where does this sensory information travel FIRST? A) Somatosensory cortex B) Brain areas dedicated to perception C) Spinal chord D) Parietal lobe

C) Touch and pain information first travel to the spinal chord to locate spinal reflexes before traveling to the brain sites dedicated to perception. After activating spinal reflexes --> touch and pain info travels up to the brain stem and thalamus to reach the somatosensory cortex.

Part of the nervous system controlling involuntary / AUTOMATIC actions of our internal organs and glands; along with the limbic system, it participates in emotion regulation. A) Somatic nervous system B) Regulative nervous system C) Autonomic nervous system D) Central Nervous System

C) The PNS is divided into the Somatic NS & the Autonomic NS Autonomic = Automatic & emotions Note: the autonomic NS --> further broken down to Sympathetic NS ("Speed up") & Parasympathetic ("parents are slow")

Which of the following structures / functions of the eye is matched incorrectly? A) Cornea - curved, clear dome that bends incoming light to focus the image at the back of the eye. B) Lens - part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus. C) Accommodation - changing the shape of the pupil to focus on objects near or far. D) Pupil - circular hole through which light enters the eye; can increase or decrease in diameter depending on environment. E) Iris - colored area that contains muscles that control the pupil.

C) Accommodation - changing the shape of the LENS to focus on objects near or far -can either make the lens FLAT (long and skinny) to see far away objects, or FAT (Short and wide) allowing us to see close objects

The Kardashian family has a lot of whacky problems and doctors think that it could be a genetic problem resulting in the same diminished neurotransmitter in each family member. Kris has a problem with muscle cramping and decreased movement. Grandma Kim has been recently diagnosed with Alzheimers and is experiencing rapid memory loss. Little Kylie has a cigarette addiction in order to try stimulate this neurotransmitter. What is most likely the neurotransmitter the Kardashian family has problems with? A) Glutamate B) GABA C) Acetylcholine D) Oxytocin

C) Acetylcholine - Neurons that are connected to muscle cells also release acetylcholine allowing the triggering of movement. - Alzheimers patients have neurons containing acetylcholine that are destroyed - leads to memory loss. Drugs to help memory loss work by boosting acetylcholine levels in the brain. - Nicotine stimulates Ach receptors. Also Note: Plays a role in Muscle contraction (PNS), and Cortical arousal (CNS). It plays a role in arousal, selective attention, sleep, and memory.

Which of the following structures is incorrectly matched with its location in the brain? A) Thalamus - Midbrain B) Frontal lobe - Forebrain (Cerebrum) C) Amygdala - Hindbrain D) Reticular formation - Hindbrain E) Brainstem - Hindbrain F) Motor cortex -Forebrain (Cerebrum) G) Cerebellum - Hindbrain

C) Amygdala is part of the limbic system (along with the hypothalamus and hippocampus) which is located in the MIDBRAIN

After smoking marijuana, the active ingredient, THC travels through the blood stream to elicit a response by binding to ____________ receptors to produce euphoric sensations. A) Glutamate B) Acetylcholine C) Anandamide D) Norepinephrine

C) Anandamide Drugs that interact with Anandamide: THC found in marijuana produces euphoria - Pain reduction and increase in appetite are effects of anandamide.

An image that can be perceived in two different ways is called: A) Binaural cue B) Subject Contour C) Bistable image D) Figure-ground

C) Bistable image

Hypnosis bypasses the ordinary sense of control we exert over our behaviors, then suggestions directly bring out responses with little or no sense of effort or conscious control. Which theory of hypnosis is this statement most aligned with? A) Sociocognitive theory B) Reassociation theory C) Dissociation theory D) Enhanced learning phenomena

C) Dissociation theory - the idea is that during hypnosis our senses are "dissociated" allowing us to bypass our control on our behaviors. When not under hypnosis are senses are fully integrated.

After presumably doing great on his psychology exam, Alex decides to asks a girl out on a date and heads to Vegas to gamble for the weekend! What kind of neurotransmitter do we assume to be highly active in these situations? A) Glutamate B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) Norepinephrine

C) Dopamine - plays a critical role in the rewarding experiences that occur when we seek out or anticipate goals whether they be sex, a good meal, or gambling jackpot.

After operating on a patient, a doctor prescribes medication to help diminish his patients pain. Unfortunately, his patient becomes addicted to this medication and his brain no longer produces healthy amounts of this neurotransmitter known to be: A) Oxytocin B) Vasopressin C) Endorphins D) Acetylcholine

C) Endorphins - the brain produces its own opiate (endorphins) -Artificial endorphins like: Narcotics (Opium, Morphine, Codeine& heroin) are agonists for endorphin receptors - they "bind" and "take the pain away"

An architect must have an increased number of these cells as they are crucial for detecting lines and edges. A) Interneurons B) Motor neurons C) Feature Detector Cells D) Visual Timbre Cells

C) FDC's

At the library Sally stops noticing the dim colored lighting after sometime; but, she cannot bring herself to concentrate effectively because the people around her are talking so loudly. What phenomenons are occurring here, respectively? A) Habituation; Sensory malfunction B) Adaption; Heightened adaption C) Habituation; Sensitization D) None of the above are true

C) Habituation - process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli Sensitization - repeated exposure to stimuli that lead to responding MORE STRONGLY over time. (Sensitization is most likely when a stimulus is dangerous, irritating, or both. )

Upon neural stimulation, a rat will cross a painful electrical grid so that he can press the "stimulation pedal" that will send a jolt of stimulation to this area in the brain. A) Amygdala B) Forebrain (Cerebrum) C) Hypothalamus D) Pons

C) Hypothalamus = aside from its homeostasis roles; it is often regarded as "pleasure center of the brain"

The viewers in the audience were so mesmerized by the olympic performances that they didn't realize it was thundering and lightening outside of the stadium. A) Perception blindness B) Change blindness C) Inattentional blindness D) Response blindness

C) Inattentional blindness Failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere.

A TV commercial hoping to influence the behavior/thoughts of an audience rapidly flashes a word at the audience - so fast that the audience doesn't easily see it on the screen; what is this called? A) Binaural cues B) Ponzo illusion C) Subliminal Perception D) Sensory Adaption

C) Perception below the limen or threshold of conscious awareness.

A mother rushes into her 3 year olds room every time he kicks the wall and yells "Stop that!" If he then proceeds to kick the walls more often following the scolding, what is occurring? A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement

C) Positive reinforcement - it is when we administer a stimulus that strengthens the probability of a behavior. The yelling of the mother is the administered stimulus; it is reinforcement because the boys behavior is strengthened. (if his kicking were too decrease or stop after he was scolded then the mother's scolding would have been a punishment - weakening the probability of a response)

Which is not one of the ways that the brain (and its neurons) can change throughout development: A) Growth B) Synaptogenesis C) Reuptake D) Pruning E) Myelination

C) Reuptake refers to the recycling of neurotransmitters; it is not a developmental change. 1. Growth - of dendrites and axons 2. Synaptogenesis - formation of new synapses 3. Pruning - consisting of the death of certain neurons and the retraction of axons to remove connections that aren't useful 4. Myelination - the insulation of axons with a myelin sheath

In a study of mystical experiences, participants were given a hallucinogenic drug that is the active ingredient in the "mushroom." What is the most likely neurotransmitter affected when this drug is ingested? A) Acetylcholine B) Calcium-gated ion channels C) Serotonin D) Norepinephrine

C) Serotonin receptors are affected LSD is an agonist for serotonin (mimics serotonin in the brain; Ex: hallucinations, schizophrenia) - Think: If your serotonin levels are off.. your brain will be "tonin" out

If you believe that the best approach to explaining hypnosis is based on peoples attitudes, beliefs, expectations, and responsiveness to waking suggestions, then your beliefs most likely align with: A) Past life regression therapy B) Dissociation theory C) Sociocognitive theory D) None of the above explain these beliefs.

C) SocioCOGNITIVE = focuses on how we think about hypnosis. - basically if you think hypnosis will work and you are optimistic --> then it will. ( And if you think it won't work, then it won't)

Which of the following regarding hypnosis is false? A) Studies show that hypnosis enhances the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies. B) Hypnosis is useful for treating pain, medical conditions, obesity, anxiety, and habit disorders. C) We can be certain that hypnosis produces great benefits that are fully attributed to hypnosis alone.

C) There is no evidence that hypnosis is an effective treatment by itself, so we should be skeptical of "professional hypnotherapists."

Over Thanksgiving dinner, Grandma Sue asks Uncle Tom to pass the "shiny long thing with clasps on the end" - referring to the tongs that are used to obtain food. Grandma Sue most likely has: A) Synesthesia B) Visual Stimuli disorder C) Visual agnosia D) Damage to the occipital lobe

C) Visual agnosia - A deficit in perceiving objects. A person with this condition can tell us the shape and color of an object but can't recognize or name it.

Technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level A) MRI B) CT C) fMRI D) PET

C) fMRI bc it uses changes in oxygen levels it is an INDIRECT indicator of neural activity - called "functional" bc its typically used to image brain ACTIVITY in response to specific tasks like solving math problems or looking at emotional faces Cons: highly sensitive to motion so if participant moves a lot data may not be accurate

After being bitten by a large and aggressive Rottweiler last week, Cassie walks through central park with her boyfriend who stops to pet a black lab. Even though the lab looked considerably like the Rottweiler that bit her, Cassie wasn't afraid when she reached down to pet the lab. What phenomenon describes this scenario? A) Acquisition B) Renewal Effect C) Stimulus Discrimination D) Stimulus Generalization

C) stimulus discrimination - Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that DIFFER from the original conditioned stimulus

Using food pallets to train hamsters to distinguish blonde humans vs brunette humans is an example of? A) Positive punishment B) Stimulus generalization C) Stimulus discrimination D) discriminative stimulus

C) this is stimulus discrimination bc the hamsters learned to tell the difference bt two different types of stimuli.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Temporal lobe of the Forebrain (Cerebrum)? A) Memory B) Understanding language C) Hearing D) Heart rate

D)

Damage to the Hippocampus might result in: A) Increased sporadic behavior of limbs B) Uncontrollable outbursts C) Increased energy D) Memory loss

D) - can be observed in 50 first dates; girl has damage to hippocampus and can't retain memories. - think: If you see a hippo on campus you're going to remember it = plays a role in memory

Signal Detection Theory is dependent on all of the following except: A) Ability B) Expectations C) Experience D) Sensory Technique D) Motivation E) Sensory Adaption

D) Ability - some are better than others at detecting stimuli. Ex: "super tasters" Expectations - if we expect to sense a stimuli we are more likely to sense it both when it is there and when it is not there. Experience - with experience you gain greater sensitivity Ex: "wine tasters" Motivation - we may be more motivated to detect different stimuli at different times. Ex: waiting for the bus - focused on incoming bus, not on chirping birds. Sensory Adaption - our senses adapt after awhile.

Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its definition? A) Functions view of the brain - each part of the brain controls a different part of behavior. B) Systems view - The brain works as a whole and is not a collection of structures, centers, or localizations. C) Neither are paired correctly. D) Both A & B are correctly paired.

D) In the case study of Melinda, who underwent a Hemispherectomy, the other parts of her brain took over the respnsibily of the left hemisphere that was removed. This is strong evidence for the systems approach which states that the brain works as a whole - for instance, memory happens all over the brain (not just in one localized region).

After being conditioned to become fearful when presented with the mouse, Little Albert also showed fear of raccoons, hamsters, and chinchillas. However; Little Albert was not afraid of elephants or horses. What phenomenons can account for these two instances, respectively? A) Renewal effect; habituation B) Stimulus generalization; stimulus control C) Stimulus adaption; stimulus reconstitution D) None of the above

D) the correct answer is: Stimulus generalization; and Stimulus discrimination He generalizes the conditioned response (fear) to all small, furry animals but he discriminates against large animals.

A women with diabetes works hard to control her blood sugar through diet and exercise. As a result, her doctor allows her to discontinue use of insulin shots each day, which increases her attempts to eat healthily and exercise. A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement

D) Negative reinforcement - reinforcement bc her healthy behavior is strengthened/ increasing - negative bc a stimulus has been taken away (the insulin shots were diminished)

A parole board releases a previously aggressive criminal from prison early for being a "model citizen" within the prison for the past 5 years. Following his release, he continues to behave in a law-abiding manner. A) Positive punishment B) Negative punishment C) Positive reinforcement D) Negative reinforcement

D) Negative reinforcement -reinforcement bc his behavior is increased -negative bc the stimulus of the "prison" is being removed from the picture

Children with ADHD and drug addicts both take drugs that fall into the same drug family - Amphetamines & Methamphetamines. These drugs work by arousing the brain by increasing which of the following neurotransmitters? A) Glutamate B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Norepinephrine

D) Norepinephrine - Brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep. Drugs that interact with NE: Amphetamine and methamphetamine increase NE ---> So adderall & meth would increase the NE levels.

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue? A) Linear Perspective B) Interposition C) Light and Shadows D) Retinal Disparity E) Relative Height F) Texture Gradient G)Height in a Plane H) Motion Parallax I) Relative Clarity

D) Retinal Disparity is a binocular depth cue Note: Motion parallax AKA "Relative Motion" is the ability to judge the distance of moving objects from their speed; it is the only monocular depth cue that is not "pictorial"

Steven was running through the woods and nearly tripped over a gigantic hungry python. We can assume that immediately after he noticed the snake, his ___________ nervous system was most active. A) Central B) Somatic C) Parasympathetic D) Sympathetic

D) Sympathetic NS = "speed up" / fight or flight mode -increased heart rate, increased release of epinephrine

Tina the neurosurgeon receives a call at work saying that her son has been sent to the principal's office today for calling his teacher "fat" and repeatedly speaking out during class. Immediately Tina is worried that her son may have problems in his: A) Cerebellum B) Occipital lobe C) Pituitary Gland D) Pre-frontal cortex

D) the Pre-frontal cortex is very important for self-control & the moderation of social behaviors. Damage to it can cause people to speak and act out of character. This type of damage occurred to Phones Gage when the rod struck through his pre-frontal cortex

According to someone who believes that the Specificity Theory guides our pain perception might believe that the most effective type of pain treatment is: A) Acupuncture B) Psychological approaches such as "bio feedback" from a computer C) Selective Stimulation of Large Fibers to "close" the pain gate D) Remove nerve cells that transmit pain messages. E) Pharmachological Approaches

D) the Specificity Theory holds that specific pain receptors transmit signals to a "pain center" in the brain that produces the perception of pain. Thus, removal of nerve cells that transmit pain messages would be the way to alleviate pain.

What is the correct order in which the body handles sensory information? A) Perception --> Sensation--> Adaption-- > Impulse Travel B) Sensation --> Perception --> Adaption C) Sensation --> Transduction --> Perception D) External stimulus --> Sensation --> Perception --> Transduction --> Destination E) External stimulus --> Transmission --> Receptors --> Transduction --> Impulse travel --> Destination

E) 1) External Stimulus - Sight of a truck, music, smell of food, feel of a surface, food in mouth 2) Transmission - indirect light waves, sound waves, air molecules - direct touch, taste 3) Receptors - Indirect - cornea, eardrum, nasal cavity - Direct - skin, tongue 4) Transduction - Stimulus is converted into neural impulses - Occurs in the Retina, Cochlea, Nasal Cavity, Spinal Cord, Taste Buds 5) Impulse Travel - Impulses travel along nerves to different parts of brain. - Optic nerve, auditory nerve, olfactory nerve, spinal cord. 6) Destination - The region of the brain that receives the impulse. » sight - Occipital lobe, visual cortex » sound, smell and taste - Temporal lobe » touch - Parietal lobe

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure? A) Medulla B) Reticular formation C)Brainstem D) Cerebellum E) All are structures of the hindbrain.

E) All

There are sharp disagreements among scientists about the role of the brain stem and REM sleep, and the role that development plays in dreaming. What are the 2 things that scientists generally agree on? A) serotonin turns on REM sleep B) Acetylcholine turns on REM sleep C) the forebrain plays an important role in dreams D) the hindbrain plays an important role in dreams E) B & C F) A & C G) B & D

E) B & C are correct

Which of the following is incorrectly matched with its definition? A) Audition - sense of hearing B) Timbre - complexity or quality of sound that makes various sounds unique C) Cochlea - bony, spiral-shaped sense organ used for hearing D) Organ of Corti - tissue containing the hair cells necessary for hearing E) Basilar Membrane - membrane supporting the semi circular canals and thus regulating balance

E) Basilar Membrane - membrane supporting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea

Which neuroimaging technique is not matched correctly with its mechanism of function? A) CT - uses 3D X-rays B) PET - measures which area of the brain are consuming the most glucose-like substance C) fMRI - indirectly measures brain activity via magnetic fields & blood oxygen amount D) MRI - indirectly measures brain activity by magnetic fields & energy release from water E) TMS - indirectly measures brain activity by viewing glucose & CO2 consumption F) MEG - measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

E) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) DIRECTLY measures brain activity by applying a strong magnetic field to the surface of the skull - can either enhance or interrupt brain function in a specific region - bc it allows us to manipulate brain areas DIRECTLY, TMS is the only noninvasive brain imaging technique that allow us to INFER CAUSATION

Experienced taxi drivers have excellent spatial memory - the memory of the physical layout of things and places in the environment, when we make a mental map of how to get from one place to another we are using what part of the brain? A) temporal lobe B) cerebellum C) pons D) cerebrum E) hippocampus

E) hippocampus

Which of the following are not proposed ideas of why we dream? A) Processing emotional memories. B) Integrating new experiences with established memories to make sense of and create a virtual reality model of the world. C) Learning new strategies and ways of doing things, like swinging golf club. D) stimulating threatening events so we can better cope with them in everyday life. E) Reorganizing and consolidating memories F) All of the above.

F) All are proposed ideas in the book

The CR is normally always the same as the UCR. (True/False)

False - Ex: Someone fires a gun next to you and you just sit there not knowing what to do- (this is the UCR) They are about to fire it AGAIN and this time you cringe/plug your ears before they do - CR

Functional brain images like those generated by PET and fMRI scans are like photographs of the brain in action. (T/F)

False - the images are produced by subtracting brain activity on a "control" task from brain activity on an "experimental" task. So although we see only one image, its actually one image subtracted from another.

Which of the following is not a neuroimaging technique? A) CT, B) MRI C) PET D) fMRI E) TMS F) MEG G) EEG

G) electroencephalograph (EEG) is a recording of brain patterns and sequences allow scientists to infer whether a person is awake, asleep, dreaming or not, and to tell which regions of the brain are active during specific tasks - Cons: they show averaged neural activity that reaches the surface of the scalp; aka they don't tell us much at all about what is happening inside of neurons; also EEGs are not very good for determining exactly WHERE in the brain the activity is occurring think: EGG's are only good at the surface (egg whites) not so good in the middle (yolk)

Which of the following is not a common MYTH of Hypnosis as discussed in the textbook? A) Hypnosis produces a trance state in which amazing things occur. B) Hypnotic phenomena are unique - scientists haven't yet identified any unique physiological states of markers of hypnosis. C) Hypnosis is a sleep-like state. D) Hypnotic people are unaware of their surroundings. E) Hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis. F) Hypnosis enhances memory G) Hypnosis produces excess epinephrine and endorphins.

G) this is not a myth - this is completely false. The rest are all common myths the book mentions that are believed about hypnosis and they are not true.

Match each of the following Limbic system structures with its correct function: 1) Amygdala 2) Hypothalamus 3) Hippocampus a) Important for spatial memory b) Linked to emotion (such as fear & anxiety) and aggression c) Regulates the body. Often thought as the reward center.

The Limbic system and the Thalamus make up the "Midbrain" The limbic systems 3 structures (Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus) 1) B 2) C 3) A

Somatosensory is our sense of touch, temperature and pain. (True/False)

True

Freud distinguished between the details of the dream itself, which he called the __________, and its true, hidden meaning, which he called the __________.

manifest content ; latent content Ex: A dream about getting a flat tire (manifest content) might signify anxiety about the loss of status at our job (latent content).