PSY321 - 2

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Which of the following defines culture, according to the textbook?

any information learned from other members of one's species that can influence an individual's behavior

The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?

autonomy

Based on Rozin and colleagues' reasoning that environment affects portion size, what are people most likely to say if asked how many nuts people want to eat? a) a specific number of nuts b) none c) depends on the specific type of nuts d) a specific number of containers or packages e) None of these choices are correct.

Depression is a condition that is

found in every culture that has been explored

Taijin kyoufushou differs from social anxiety disorder in that

it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not.

the findings of the study conducted by Williams and Best (1990) on gender equality

pg.220

Analytic thinking is best characterized by

taxonomic categorization.

the concept of the sacred couple

pg.177

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means less than $10,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy?

Lara

Heine and colleagues (2011) studied immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, who came from Hong Kong. They found that identification with Canadian culture depended on how long immigrants had lived in Canada,

but only if they came as children.

high context culture

cultures in which there is much consensual information shared among individuals, so that much can be understood without it needing to explicitly stated

Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from

innate abilities.

The acculturation strategy that predicts the most favorable outcomes is

integration.

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are

low arousal positive states.

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress?

cultural fit

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

A person takes a dialectical view on life is LEAST likely to say

"When faced with contradictory information, a person needs to decide what is right and what is wrong."

Which moral ethics is "attending temple to pray"?

Divinity

Which of the following statements about subjective well-being across cultures is true?

Greater equality of opportunity in a country is associated with greater subjective well-being.

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme that allows them to digest milk reflects the fact that

cultural practices can affect human evolution.

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that

cultural practices can affect human evolution.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: Because time is not linear or segmented, matching specific activities with specific time frames is not done. Times and activities are fluid. There can be a circular or cyclical quality to time ("what goes around, comes around", "life is a circle"). Punctuality and scheduling is done but rarely with great fervor.

Polychronic

Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud. The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets is that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to a) recommend strong punishment of the agents. b) view the real estate companies to be at fault. c) predict similar events will happen in the future. d) remove their assets from the companies involved. e) perceive the agents as having exercised choice.

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

dispositional attributions

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? a) extraversion b) an interdependent view of self c) an independent view of self d) conscientiousness e) cultural fitness

Anorexia nervosa is best considered a

existential universal.

Research suggests that the emotion of ________ is also universal but is expressed with the whole body, not just the face.

pride

Jamie, an Asian American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority within the United States) experienced identity denial yesterday. This means that, of the following situations, he experienced

someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York and insisting that he must have been born somewhere in Asia.

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?

someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task

Romantic love is

something that appears to exist in all cultures.

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that

the Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

field independence

the ability to separate objects from their background fields

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

neurasthenia

Which of the following is TRUE about arranged marriages?

Many pre-industrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages.

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States; true or false?

TRUEEEEEEE

which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

"Those people from Culture X are weird. Rather than using forks to eat like we do—like people are supposed to—they like to eat by picking things up using sticks."

authoritarian parenting

(182-83, 199)

Women's Mate Preferences: Athletic Prowess/Height Do men or women value it more, how much more? what is the ideal height of man? What is the preferred heigh difference? Why is bigger and more athletic preferable?

-U.S. women value physical strength in mates twice as much as men do. -Tall men are more desirable as dates and mates. -"ideal" height is 5'10'' -preferred diff is man 6'' taller Why? bigger man is more likely to be able to protect his wife

50%

How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit?

Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to person-culture matching of variables.

East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

According to the Jones (1994) article (the "African American Duality Dilemma" article), what does the author say about how African Americans might experience racism?

It lurks constantly as a force that has meaning for who you are and what you will become. It is stimulating, tragic, dangerous, wonderful, and important.

Which of the following is an example of anthropocentrism?

Joanne thinks that cows have all the emotions that humans have.

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? -Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia -Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society -Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society -Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society

Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Marisol, who immigrated to the US from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but better health than her friend who was born in the US

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

None of these answers are correct.

Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?

People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.

Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?

Person D, who is Korean

Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.

Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

According to the textbook, which of the following is true about culture and parenting styles?

Strong parental control is more associated with positive outcomes in East Asia than in the West.

Which of the following about schizophrenia is TRUE?

The course of schizophrenia is better for people in industrially advanced societies than it is in less developed ones.

Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE?

As a country's wealth inequality increases, the average height of the country's population also increases.

How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships?

Both are accounted for by relational mobility.

In one study Japanese and Canadian participants briefly met a stranger of the same sex and nationality in a lab setting. They then went into separate rooms and completed personality measure. They then were shown what was apparently the personality or social background measure of the stranger and asked how much they liked the stranger. Japanese vs Canadians...

Canadians better liked a stranger they considered very similar to themselves, Japanese attitudes toward strangers were unaffected by perceived similarity

What is the key difference between an integration and an assimilation acculturation strategy?

The integration strategy has more positive attitudes toward the heritage culture than the assimilation strategy.

interdependent view of the self

The interdependent view of the self is a relational entity that is fundamentally connected to important relationships and has the following characteristics: •Defined by social relationships and roles •Flexible across situations and roles •Not bounded or separate from others and context •Clear ingroup-outgroup distinction

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries, as well as ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House?

The ordinary American citizens will agree with him.

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about the economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?

The people in that country will get taller, on average.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence? -Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service. -Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients. -Therapist A is well trained in the cultural perspectives of different cultures. -Therapist D is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy.

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the US. True/False

True

Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?

You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer, and she responds with an uneasy expression and says, "I guess so."

Which of the following is an example of secondary control?

You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that

All of these statements are true.

Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that

All of these statements are true.

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem likeliest?

A decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

Give an example of a gene having an opposite effect across cultures

A gene variant exists in one culture to decrease allergic reactions to pollen, while the same gene variant exists in another culture to increase allergic reactions to pollen

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

Alex abides by his culture's norms.

Research discussed in the textbook reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health is explained by

All of these options are correct

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?

People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited.

Which of the following people have kufungisisa?

Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now experiencing panic attacks and irritability

Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

All of these statements are true.in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that...

All the statements are correct

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"?

An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.

Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is true?

East Asians score higher than North Americans on trait measures of social anxiety.

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that

East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.

In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did NOT find that:

Indians consider people's needs more than do Americans in allocating rewards

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American

Jun would feel more shame than Jerry

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues reflects

a ritualized display

James-Lange theory of emotion

a theory that maintains that emotions are primarily perceptions of physiological responses to stimuli

Analytic and holistic thinking differ in that analytic thinking involves ________ and holistic thinking involves ________.

gaining knowledge by applying fixed, abstract concepts; gaining knowledge through experience

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. What is he likely to experience?

somatization

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction?

photo editing software that can mix different body shapes together

Which level of moral reasoning does the following statement belong to "Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence"

preconventional

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions?

pride

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions? -pride -fear -disgust -surprise

pride

Which of the following is not one of Ekman's basic emotions?

pride

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people a) sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria. b) attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations. c) who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions. d) with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self. e) have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and their emotions

Ryosuke, a Japanese-Canadian born in Vancouver, Canada, is high on bicultural identity integration. This means that, due to his high bicultural identity integration, he a) is able to quickly switch between his Japanese frame and his Canadian frame. b) will engage in an assimilationist acculturation strategy. c) will experience a U-shaped curve. d) will not experience stereotype threat. e) demonstrates a lot of blending in his responses on psychological tests.

The relation between income and health can be summarized as so: a) Absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income. b) There is a linear relation between absolute income and health, but a curvilinear relation between relative income and health. c) Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices. d) Wealthy people have poor health because of all the stress they experience. e) More wealth will always cause more happiness, which causes people to be healthier.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true? a) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not. b) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise primary control. c) Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise primary control. d) Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist. e) Both Naikan therapy and Morita therapy have been successfully utilized in Western cultures to reform prison inmates.

field dependence

ability to view objects as bound to their backgrounds

The relation between income and health can be summarized as

absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income.

An example of communal sharing is

an office with a water cooler, where each worker can take as much water as he or she likes.

A human, a giraffe, and a car. Which one doesn't belong?

analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3

are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.

A Catholic and a Protestant walk into a bar. Their names are Jon and Jack, respectively. They start discussing everything from social issues to psychological research. They agree that they have many similarities and differences. Based on the textbook's research on Catholics and Protestants, which of the following is likely similar or different between the two of them? a) Both Jon and Jack equally find overweight people to be lazy. b) Jack is much more individualistic than Jon. c) Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation, while Jack does not. d) Jack is more accepting of overweight people than Jon. e) Jon was self-reliant at a much younger age than Jack.

According to Snibe and Markus's study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose. This can be explained by a) upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than working-class Americans. b) working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans. c) working-class Americans having more of a calling than upper-middle-class Americans. d) upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-class Americans. e) working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middle-class Americans.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because a) the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture. b) a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations. c) of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood). d) a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming). e) adults with lactase nonpersistence, but who drink a lot of milk, will develop the genetic mutation for lactase persistence.

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective? a) Ekman's basic emotions b) James-Lange theory of emotions c) two-factor theory of emotions d) interdependent self-construal e) holistic thinking style

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is a) less likely to report sleep complaints. b) less likely to report depressed mood. c) more likely to take antidepressants. d) more likely to become suicidal. e) more likely to also have schizophrenia.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence? a) Therapist A is well trained in the cultural perspectives of different cultures. b) Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service. c) Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients. d) Therapist D is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy. e) Therapist E works as an anthropologist as part of the cultural consultation service.

Which should not be expected to have good health outcomes? a. Crystial, who just immigrated to the US from Mexico b. Lisa, a hospital patient who is allowed to control over the decorations in her room/visiting hours c. Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood d. Fernando, who moved from NY to Florida

c. Ronaldo

Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning? a. ethic if autonomy b. ethic of justice c. ethic of community d.ethic of divinity

c. ethic of community

the ways in which acculturation is challenging to study

challenging to study because that type of longitudinal study is rare because of cost and difficulty. In addition, reaching consistent conclusions can be challenging because there are individuals experiencing acculturation could vary widely.

when it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians -are usually unable to solve them -typically provide holistic answers -choose family resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments -on average, have much difficulty them relative to westerners

choose family resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he

chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due to the French

consuming fewer calories

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due, in part, to the French

consuming fewer calories

Research reveals that the French paradox is due to the French

consuming fewer calories

Research reveals that the French paradox is due to the French

consuming fewer calories.

Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms. This is an example of

conventional moral reasoning.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find? a) Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object. b) William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei. c) Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly. d) William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei. e) The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.

Arranged marriages a) are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women. b) are increasing in frequency throughout the world. c) are unusual in preindustrial societies. d) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families. e) prevent love from developing.

Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE? a) As a country's GDP increases, so does the height of the country's population. b) As a country's GINI increases, so does the height of the country's population. c) Genes are important in explaining individual differences in height. d) As a country's diet becomes more nutritional, the height of its population also increases. e) As a country's GNP increases, so does the height of the country's population.

Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for him? a) a society that is homogenous, where everyone has a well-defined role b) a society that espouses values that match Pedram's personality c) a society in which he will be a visible minority d) a society that encourages people to code-switch e) a society in which he will be a nonvisible minority

Your friend immigrated more than a decade ago. While walking on the streets with your friend, he suddenly encounters a store that reminds him of his heritage culture. Which of the following is likeliest to result from that? a) Your friend will, at that moment, choose to develop more of a separation acculturation strategy. b) Your friend is more likely to think in ways consistent with his heritage culture, at least temporarily. c) Your friend will be prevented from entering the adjustment phase of acculturation, if he had not entered it already. d) Your friend will experience heightened acculturative stress. e) Your friend will temporarily feel like he was less acculturated than he had ever been.

A key distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that

bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome

What can the basic emotions best be characterized as? a) nonuniversals b) at least existential universals c) at least functional universals d) ritualized displays e) display rules

Which of the following people have kufungisisa? a) Before sailing by sea, Person A forgot to pray to the local sea gods and is later overcome by drowsiness and sickness. b) After having been scared, Person B felt as though his soul had become dislodged from his body. c) After having been scared, Person C fell into a transient state and began barking like a dog. d) Upon feeling anxious, Person D felt a burning sensation, a loss of breath, and difficulty sleeping. e) Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now experiencing panic attacks and irritability.

Working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that a) working-class Americans are happier than upper-middle-class Americans. b) although working-class Americans do not have as many choices available to them, they desire choice, and respond to choices made by others, in the same way that upper-middle-class Americans do. c) upper-middle-class Americans employ more primary and more secondary control than do working-class Americans. d) working-class Americans use more primary control than upper-middle-class Americans, but there is no difference in the use of secondary control. e) working-class Americans respond to a choice being taken away from them better than do upper-middle-class Americans.

If a work team succeeds, everyone will be given a bonus prize that will be split evenly. If a worker believes in ________, he or she will likely ________.

equity; engage in social loafing

Which of the following is not part of Shweder's model of moral reasoning?

ethic of justice

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?

existential universal

situational attributions

explaining people's behavior in terms of contextual variables.

You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own attributes. Which of the following best describes him?

interdependent view of self

adolescent rebellion

is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities.

Warrin lives in an aboriginal nation comprised of many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend, but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with

malgri.

A person says, "I don't need to maintain my friendships. I know that they'll always be friends with me, and I'll always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to

not care so much whether a friend is like him or her.

Ron, an American manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________, and Tomo, a Japanese manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________.

novel; useful

Pidgin languages and creole languages differ in that

pidgin languages lack the grammatical structure found in creole languages.

According to research by Alesina and colleagues (2011), regions that used ________ in farming centuries earlier were found to have ________ today.

plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms

Which level of moral reasoning does the following statement belong to "Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives are equally significant"

post-conventional

Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a familial relationship? a) ask the child which group of people look the most familiar, to activate the child's implicit memory b) focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child c) consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier d) look at which family has approximately the same combination of features as the child e) decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims make them equally convincing

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement? a) when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel giddy b) when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused c) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused d) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal e) when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rainforest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast, and have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies, culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains, and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?

the Horabs

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that a) obesity is largely the result of genetics. b) obesity rates are unrelated to a country's GDP. c) cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets. d) people from "heavier" cultures tend to have more children than those from "lighter" cultures. e) None of these statements is correct.

People who are especially field dependent tend to be a) introverted. b) from Western cultures. c) hunters or herders. d) from large, industrialized cities. e) holistic thinkers.

Raquel habitually engages in self-enhancement. She recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following would you NOT expect her to do? a) disregard the importance of sociology b) blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam c) think about how the student with the lowest score in class did d) focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well e) compare herself with how the best student in her class did

Imagine that you have just taught yourself a new skill, such as juggling. You would perform your best at it if

you performed by yourself in a room.

Suicide rates a) vary across cultures as much as they do because definitions of suicide similarly vary. b) among adolescents is the highest in the world in Japan. c) in the United States are among the highest in the world. d) in most cultures tend to decrease as people get older. e) increase among the elderly in many cultures.

The Kingdom of Zorblax is about to colonize a bunch of aboriginal tribes living on a foreign continent. The culture of Zorblax is characterized by a system in which people live on collective farms and take what they need from those farms. Which of the following foreign aboriginal tribes will experience the LEAST amount of acculturative stress under the Kingdom of Zorblax? a) the Ngouma, a coastal tribe that is accustomed to fishing for food b) the Divan, a tribe that lives in the forest and subsists on hunting large animals c) the Moche, an individualistic tribe that engages in social facilitation d) the Remala, a tribe that is very extraverted e) the Poranga, a tribe that heavily engages in communal sharing

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"? a) Ideas usually stick around in areas of high density, but some ideas perpetuate even in areas of low density due to the lack of introduction of new ideas. b) Illnesses can be deadly for some populations, but are of no concern to other populations. c) Although some remedies work well to stop communicable diseases in some regions, they are powerless in other regions. d) Even though diseases generally have higher incidence rates in hotter regions of the world, Australia sees relatively few epidemics per year. e) Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but better health, than her friend who was born in the United States.

Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?

Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?

People from other cultures likely can't recognize that he is excited.

According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people...

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads, but this "shoe-on-head" way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of a(n)

existential universal

Depression is a condition that is

found in every culture that has been explored.

giving her control of visitation hours

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she will appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result?

happiness

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she

refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in? a) an argument b) dispositional attribution c) inferential judgment d) conclusion making e) field dependence

Taijin kyofusho differs from social anxiety disorder in that a) it is a more debilitating condition than social anxiety disorder. b) social anxiety disorder is only found in the West, and taijin kyofusho is only found in East Asia. c) it is a psychotic condition, whereas social anxiety disorder is a neurotic condition. d) it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not. e) it involves therapists known as rentaru oneesan

The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following? a) nonuniversal b) existential universal c) acquired biological differences d) proximal cause e) distal cause

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects a) feelings of sadness. b) a basic emotion. c) a reflexive emotional expression. d) a ritualized display. e) an accessibility universal.

A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect a) differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences. b) the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will. c) differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline. d) that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students. e) that the Chinese-Canadian students' physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European-Canadian students' physiological responses.

The textbook discusses that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors. So according to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca, will also have schizophrenia? a) 0 percent b) 50 percent c) 50 percent d) 50 percent e) Rates change depending on the type of schizophrenia.

A person says, "I do not need to maintain my friendships. I know that they will always be friends with me, and I will always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to a) engage in market pricing relationships. b) have more friends than enemies. c) not care so much whether a friend is like him or her. d) be naïve and immature. e) be in a relationship characterized by equality matching.

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends? a) Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units b) Betty and Bulma, who work in different departments of the same company c) Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day d) Malcolm and Maurice, two people who both drive the same model of car e) Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors

According to the so-called epidemiological paradox, which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcome? a) Maribel, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico one year ago b) Hans, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Germany three years ago c) Juan, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico two years ago d) Simone, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico three years ago e) Marisol, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico three years ago

Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that a) the more acculturated an individual is, the higher his or her self-esteem. b) people with high self-esteem tend to acculturate more quickly than people with low self-esteem. c) people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate. d) separation attitudes are associated with the highest self-esteem. e) greater self-esteem hinders one's ability to acculturate to the host culture.

Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math is to give a) both students a very difficult math test that is rigged to make them do poorly. b) both students a very easy math test that is rigged to make them do well. c) Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so he is rigged to do poorly. d) Claudia a very difficult math test so she is rigged to do poorly, but give Hideki a very easy math test so he is rigged to do well. e) both students a very easy math test, but do not tell them their scores.

Given current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect? a) Jessica acculturated more quickly than Jasmine to the host culture, which means Jessica will likely live longer. b) How much acculturative stress Maggie experiences is unrelated to her overall health. c) Candice has acculturated to the host culture with poor diets, which means she may develop unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes. d) John has decided to completely take on the host culture while ignoring his heritage culture, which means he will have the most positive health outcomes. e) The more friends Harold has, the more acculturated he will be, and the better his health will be.

Group-enhancing biases are a) more pronounced among East Asians than Westerners. b) more pronounced among Native Americans than Euro-Americans. c) more pronounced among Westerners than East Asians. d) weaker than self-enhancing biases for people from all cultures. e) evident with equal levels in all cultures.

Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is true? a) Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning. b) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence. c) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions. d) Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism. e) Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.

On Planet X, some areas receive very little ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect Planet X's people to have if they live in those areas? a) always light b) always dark c) light, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D d) dark, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D e) light, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin A

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following? a) acquired biological differences b) existential universal c) distal cause d) nonuniversal e) proximal cause

When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true? a) Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica. b) Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. c) Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots. d) Minako will develop taijin kyofusho. e) Compared to Erica, Minako will be more likely to seek professional help if she develops social anxiety disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of face? a) People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities. b) All people have roughly the same amount of face. c) Face is more easily lost than it is gained. d) Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem. e) The importance of face is unrelated to collectivism.

Which of the following statements is true? a) European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans, unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better. b) If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health outcomes. c) The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. d) The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there. e) There is no relationship between ethnicity and health.

Which of the following would be an example of secondary control? a) You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so that you do not have such a busy time at the end of the term. b) You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule. c) You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all. d) You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look very good on you. e) You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.

Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? a) analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car b) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human c) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe d) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car e) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe

According to research, what cultural shift has been directly associated with changing rates of eating disorders?

changes in norms about the ideal body as reflected in cultural products

analytic thinking

characterized by a focus on objects and their attributes

holistic thinking

characterized by an orientation to the context as a whole.

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians

choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments.

Cross-cultural investigations of Kohlberg's model reveal that

conventional moral reasoning is found among at least some adults in every society that has been investigated.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT

cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.

low context culture

culture in which there is relatively less consensual informations hared among individuals, so that people need to rely heavily on explicit communication.

A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very unique. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true? a) East Asians will choose their cars randomly. b) Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors. c) East Asians will choose unique-colored cars. d) Americans will choose minority-colored cars. e) East Asians will choose white cars

A study comparing Protestants and non-Protestants in their interactions with others in a working context found that Protestants a) paid more attention to relational cues than non-Protestants, regardless of condition. b) did not work as hard at the task compared with non-Protestants. c) worked harder at the task than non-Protestants when it was a fun task, but the two groups did not differ in their work when it was a serious work task. d) paid less attention to relational cues than non-Protestant men in a serious work task. e) worked less hard than non-Protestants when it was a serious work task.

Amy's daughter, Sophia, is going to be an architect. In order to increase her creativity, Amy wants Sophia to live temporarily in a few other countries for a year in each place, living among the citizens, before starting her job. Based on research on the relationship between multiculturalism and creativity, will Amy's plan for Sophia work? a) No, Sophia would count as a sojourner, and the creativity of sojourners does not benefit from intercultural contact. b) Yes, because these experiences will lead to greater levels of networking, which is associated with creativity. c) No, because if there is a poor cultural fit between Sophia and potential host cultures, then she would be too unhappy to gain creativity. d) Yes, because this plan will lead to greater integrative complexity, which partially leads to higher levels of creativity. e) No, Sophia is prone to experiencing L-shaped curves, making it difficult for her to benefit from her experience.

An example of communal sharing is a) people exchanging Christmas gifts with each other. b) buying something from eBay, where the seller's relationship with the buyer is independent of price. c) a family in which each person takes turns taking out the garbage. d) an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like. e) the elder of a community giving away his wealth.

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture? a) Alex's parents are doing very well in their business. b) Alex feels a great deal of excitement. c) Alex has a vast network of friends. d) Alex abides by his culture's norms. e) Alex receives a prize from his school's prize draw.

Which of the following would be the best example of primary control? a) You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park. b) You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow. c) You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish. d) You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you wanted it to. e) You buy a dog as a pet.

Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to give her good health outcomes while she stays in the hospital. Which one of the following options is an example of something that has been shown to lead to positive health outcomes? a) giving her chocolates and candies b) providing immediate surgery c) sending for a tribal doctor d) giving her control of visitation hours e) providing unsolicited social support

Color terms from different cultures around the world a) vary in arbitrary ways. b) are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum. c) vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow. d) all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms. e) do not consistently contain a word for "black."

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community? a. Marian stabs Roland in the arm b. Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face c. Peters a plastic bottle into the trash d. Jack obeys his father's commands

d. Jack obeys his father's commands

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome a. Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society b. Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society c. Malcom, who has paranoid schizophrenia d. Latiri, who lives with her family in a non developed society

d. Latiri

A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect -that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students. -differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline. -differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences. -the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will.

differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

Syd was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. When she saw a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. She decided that her increased heart rate meant that she liked the flower, so she bought the flower. A two-factor theorist would __ with her conclusion because __.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

store. When she saw a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. She decided that her increased heart rate meant that she liked the flower, so she bought the flower. A two-factor theorist would ______ with her conclusion because ______.

disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that a person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in? -an argument -dispositional attribution -inferential judgment -conclusion making

dispositional attribution

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

dispositional attributions.

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following?

distal cause

A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain. The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other side, or the person can just tunnel through the mountain. This person decides that people should not get pushed around by nature, so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking? a) secondary control b) self-enhancement c) maintaining face d) self-serving bias e) incremental theory of the world

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant? a) His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right. b) He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west. c) He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west. d) He uses two spatial markers on his body—his head and his feet—to indicate how time passes. e) He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American, a) Jun would feel more happiness than Jerry. b) Jun would feel more life satisfaction than Jerry. c) Jun would feel more anger than Jerry. d) Jun would feel more extreme emotions than Jerry. e) Jun would feel more shame than Jerry.

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy? a) It is an accessibility universal. b) It is a naïve pursuit. c) It is a nonuniversal. d) It is a functional universal. e) It is an existential universal.

Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis? a) latent catatonic schizophrenia b) koro c) mild social anxiety disorder d) paranoid schizophrenia, so Huang Bo will respond to antipsychotics e) depression with somatization

Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry when she got to work at the office. As a result, her facial expression greatly resembled the basic anger expression. She walked by two coworkers on her way to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese). Which of the following is most likely to occur? a) Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry. b) Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry. c) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana's eyes in determining her emotional state. d) Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry. e) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience? a) He is lying. b) lack of insight c) psychologization d) antipsychologization e) somatization

Research conducted on East and West Germany found that a) West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans. b) although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than West Germans. c) East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families. d) East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans. e) East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.

Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that a) incidence rates of schizophrenia do not vary much from country to country. b) patients with schizophrenia in less developed countries tend to fare better over time than those from more developed countries. c) people who present psychotic symptoms that were inconsistent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were not included in the studies. d) subtypes of schizophrenia vary substantially from country to country. e) All of these statements are true.

Which of the following statements would be the least important to someone who is very conservative?

"The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says."

You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?

$25

Universals for physical attractiveness—Bilateral Symmetry: why is this a marker of health? what kinds of things can lead to asymmetrical development?

-Another marker of health is bilateral symmetry: When an organism develops under ideal conditions its right and left sides will be symmetrical. -Genetic mutations, pathogens, or stressors in the womb can lead to asymmetrical development.

why motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners

223-229 (ch.6)

acculturative stress is associated with cultural fit

260-261 (ch.7)

40%

A researcher is conducting some of the first health investigations in a society that has not yet been widely studied. There is a minority group that experiences considerable discrimination and social disadvantage and that also has higher rates of hypertension than the majority. Based on existing research, what is the most plausible hypothesis?

Discrimination against people in this minority group leads to stress that in turn creates risk for hypertension.

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of?

Distal cause

East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process; but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.

Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is TRUE?

East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans.

Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.

You are on a committee tasked with hiring new employees. Given what you know about the self-serving bias, you are concerned that applicants may exaggerate their qualifications in their application or during their interview. What can you do to prevent applicants' self-serving biases from influencing the interview process?

Focus your attention on qualifications that are clearly observable and backed up by concrete evidence.

He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

In playing a public goods game, Horatio keeps punishing Yorick, who had previously punished Horatio, despite Yorick being a cooperator. The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible. Which of the following is a predictor of Horatio's behavior?

He is from a culture with weak rule of law

Which of the followings statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism?

Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures.

Women's Mate Preferences: Good Financial Prospects (GFPs) in how many cultures was it found that women valued this higher than men?

In the vast majority of the 37 cultures, women rated this as more important than men did.

Women's Mate Preferences: Ambition and Industriousness Who valued it more? how many cultures was the trend seen in? and why?

In the vast majority of the 37 cultures, women valued this as more important than men did. Why? because men were more likely to have resources

Japanese and Americans emotional experiences have been shown to differ in that

Japanese feel better than Americans when they are experiencing interpersonally engaged emotions

Japanese and American emotional experiences have been shown to differ in that

Japanese feel better than Americans when they are experiencing interpersonally engaged emotions.

Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among European-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and the Japanese?

Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians.

Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.

Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen?

Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.

Lara

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: stresses beginnings and ends of events, unitary themes, is object-oriented rather than people or event-oriented, and is empirical in its use of evidence.

Linear

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that

Lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico a year ago, is healthier than her uncle, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 10 years ago.

Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?

Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.

Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true?

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is TRUE?

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true? -Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not. -Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise pri-mary control. -Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise pri-mary control. -Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist.

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude toward those around him. What type of treatment is this?

Naikan therapy

sensitive windows for language acquisition

No other species is as dependent on their language skills or has complex a language systems as humans. After the sensitive period starts to end, however, that brain region is no longer as capable of being restructured to accommodate a new language view ch.5 powerpoint

Any changes in biological characteristics within a culture must have occurred through ling periods due to genetic evolution for biological changes. Do you agree with this statement?

No-obesity rates have risen faster than can be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of a population

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that -Obesity is largely the result of genetics -obesity rates are unrelated to country's GDP -cultural diffs in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets -people from heavier cultures tend to have more children than those from lighter cultures -none of the statements are correct

None of the statements are correct

Social striving is something that is

None of these answers is correct.

What will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?

None of these choices is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that

None of these statements is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that -None of these statements is correct. -obesity rates are unrelated to a country's GDP. -obesity is largely the result of genetics. -cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets.

None of these statements is correct.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that the fact that -obesity rates are unrelated to a country's gross domestic product (GDP). -cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets. -people from "heavier" cultures tend to have more children than those from "lighter" cultures. -obesity is largely the result of genetics. -None of these statements is correct.

None of these statements is correct.

Anthropocentrism is

None of these statements is true.

Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American,

None of these statements is true.

Research reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health can largely be the result of differences in

None of these statements is true.

The relation between money and happiness is that

None of these statements is true.

What is Adams' argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans?

North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a benefit to them.

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research about economic effects covered in this textbook, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?

On average, newborns in that country will grow up to be taller.

In negotiations, which of the following is TRUE?

People from collectivistic cultures are more likely than those from individualistic cultures to seek assistance from a third party to serve as a mediator.

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?

Rahul, an Indian, feels that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.

Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur?

Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to feel that attending a friend's birthday celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.

Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with bilateral facial symmetry.

Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Which of the following people should NOT be expected to have good health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes?

Ronaldo, who is low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood

Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions?

Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions? -Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her. -Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool. -Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions. -Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away.

Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

How do social facilitation and social striving differ?

Social facilitation involves one actor being observed, whereas social striving involves one actor among many actors.

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that

Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that...

Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.

How do the color-blind and multicultural approaches compare to each other?

The color-blind approach ignores group differences, while the multicultural approach focuses on group differences.

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?

The relationships in Gesellschaft groups

Leticia knows Spanish as her native language and learned English as a very young child. Amy knows English as her native language and learned Spanish as an adult. Which of the following will be true?

The same location of Leticia's brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.

Ten children are sitting on a bench while an adult, Tom, speaks to them. Tom tells them that he will count to three, after which all the children must yell "Hello." The louder they yell (as measured by a decibel meter), the more money they get. After Tom counts to three, you see that one child off to the side is engaging in social loafing. Which of the following would explain the child's behavior?

The task was too easy.

Which kind of therapists would most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

The therapist who is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients

Some aspects of physical attractiveness have been found to be universal (3) while others were found to be culturally variable (1)

Universal: 1) Clear complexion 2) Bilateral symmetry 3) Average features Culturally Variable: 1) Body weight

What does the acronym "WEIRD" stand for?

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio is for legalization, while Gil is against it. It has been said that, separately, Horatio's argument is strong, while Gil's argument is weak. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?

Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true.

Analytic thinking is best characterized by a) taxonomic categorization. b) thematic categorization. c) multiple-level categorization. d) any form of categorization. e) synthetically integrating theses and antitheses.

Depression is a condition that is a) found in every culture that has been explored. b) largely absent in China. c) a culture-bound disorder. d) found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies. e) largely absent in rural societies.

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is a) more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event. b) more likely to chase after the person who shoved him. c) less likely to understand what happened to him. d) less likely to understand why the man shoved him. e) more likely to raise the issue with security guards on duty.

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that a) East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems. b) Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions. c) East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract rules. d) when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions, Westerners are likely to make judgments based on similarity. e) East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.

Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are a) low arousal positive states. b) feelings of group pride. c) feelings of interpersonal connection. d) future positive emotional states. e) purely positive affective states.

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for fifteen years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than ten years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier? a) Sanjay b) Sana c) Sanjay is happier as long as his wife bears him a son. d) Sana is happier as long as she is able to bear a son for her husband. e) They are equally happy.

The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students' performance? a) East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly. b) Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, or if they recite their own names repeatedly. c) Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems. d) Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems. e) Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? a) The age at which people first develop the disorder has gotten younger over recent years for both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. b) The prevalence rates for both disorders are consistent across cultures. c) Bulimia nervosa is associated with ascetic medieval saints, while anorexia nervosa is not. d) Bulimia nervosa has consistent prevalence rates across cultures, while anorexia nervosa has culturally variable prevalence rates. e) The age at which people first develop bulimia nervosa has remained the same over recent years, but it has gotten younger for anorexia nervosa.

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"? a) An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days. b) People tend to congregate close to their heritage cultures due to familiarity and a need for social connection. c) Bears on the West Coast of North America have a preference for Pacific salmon more than bears on the East Coast of North America. d) Salmon tend to congregate in the places where they spawned. e) Chinatowns are established in cities around the world.

Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you? a) You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, "I guess so," with a very subtle disapproving expression. b) Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, "I will think about it," because you are unsure. c) Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on your door to let you know. d) You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she is thinking, providing the whole context for you to understand. e) Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to tell you.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because -a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming). -of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood). -the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture. -a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?

a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality

Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive?

a person with an average-size body

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects...

a ritualized display

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects

a ritualized display.

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects -feelings of sadness. -a basic emotion. -a ritualized display. -a reflexive emotional expression.

a ritualized display.

a society that espouses values that match Pedram's personality

Based on Rozin and colleagues' reasoning that environment affects portion size, what are people most likely to say if asked how many nuts people want to eat?

a specific number of containers or packages

two factor theory of emotion

a theory that maintains that emotions are primarily our interpretations of physiological responses to stimuli

What is the highest level of universality?

accessibility universal

The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin colors is an example of

acquired biological differences

Arranged marriages

are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.

According to research by Atran, Medin, and colleagues, Yukatek Maya children

are more likely than Euro-American children to project features from animals to humans.

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between talking and thinking? Eastern cultural traditions emphasize that talking and thinking

are unrelated, such that more talking does not necessarily reflect more thinking.

According to Gupta & Singh's research on marriage in india, after being married for 10 or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays peoples happiness in their marriages?

arranged marriage males > arranged marriage females > love marriage males > love marriage females

What can the basic emotions be characterized as (universal wise)?

at least functional universals

What can the basic emotions best be characterized as?

at least functional universals

The basic emotions can best be characterized as

at least functional universals.

Schachter and Singer's (1962) study of emotions found that people

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations

Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study? a) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations. b) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish. c) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence. d) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term. e) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

Comparisons of Asian Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's progressive matrices reveals that a) Asian Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans. b) Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet. c) Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are silent. d) Asian Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent. e) thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro-Americans.

Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected? a) Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan. b) Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan. c) Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan. d) Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan. e) Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? a) the doctors from other countries b) the ordinary American citizens c) Neither will agree with him. d) Both groups will equally agree with him. e) The answer cannot be determined from the given information.

If a person basks in the reflected glory of his or her group, which of the following is most likely? a) The person will not engage in self-serving biases. b) The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit. c) The person has a prevention orientation. d) The person has an entity theory of the world. e) The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.

Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due to the French a) consuming less red wine. b) consuming fewer calories. c) exercising more. d) avoiding high-fat foods. e) having a different sense of humor.

Stereotype threat occurs because a) it is damaging to a person's self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of his or her group. b) people are at risk for sometimes acting in ways consistent with stereotypes and thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy. c) all believe in the content of stereotypes, even if they will not consciously admit it. d) people apply stereotypes to groups that they do not like. e) stereotypes are vulnerable to being disproved by counter-stereotypical information.

The First Nations tribe that has been most successful (of the ones studied) at adjusting to mainstream Canadian settler traditions has been the a) Eastern Cree. b) Tsimshian. c) Carrier. d) Haida. e) Mohawk.

Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive? a) a person whose face does not have features of abnormal size b) a person with an average-size body c) a person whose left side of the face is the same as the right side of the face d) a person with blemish-free skin e) All of these people would be considered universally attractive.

You try to portray people's attitudes about dogs using a Chernoff figure. After averaging all their responses, you find that the Chernoff figure for your sample has a very small face with very small and unhappy features. What does this figure represent? a) Your sample prefers smaller dogs. b) Your sample cares very little about dogs. c) Your sample does not like smaller dogs. d) Your sample is annoyed by the questions. e) Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.

Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to him? a) go observe another culture b) be more extraverted c) adopt an L-shape acculturation curve d) go to a culture that is culturally distant from his current culture e) You would not recommend any of these choices.

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of

equality matching.

dispositional attributions

explaining people's behavior in terms of their inner qualities, such as personality traits.

Which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated with?

explicit communication

With which of the following is a low-context culture most closely associated?

explicit communication

with which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated? -implicit communication -incremental theory of the world -explicit communication -entity theory of the self

explicit communication

acculturation curve(s)

honeymoon, culture shock, adjustment (pg.255) ch. 7 powerpoint (slide 7/8)

Which of the following is an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

hysteria

Trust towards strangers

is weaker in collectivistic cultures.

On Planet X, some areas receive a lot of ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect Planet X's people to have if they live in those areas?

light unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D

look at which family has approximately the same constellation of features as the child

Diagnoses of social anxiety disorder are

lower among East Asians than among North Americans.

Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder are

lower among East Asians than among North Americans.

Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that

lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.

rule based reasoning

making decision of categorization based on whether the categories follow a fixed rule

associative reasoning

making decisions of categorization based on how similar the events appear to each other

According to Gupta and Singh's research on marriage in India, after being married for 10 or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays people's happiness in these marriages?

males in arranged marriages > females in arranged marriages > males in love marriages > females in love marriages

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is

more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.

Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is...

more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.

Which of the following is not an example of a culture-bound syndrome?

neurasthenia

A culture-bound syndrome is, by definition (universals)

nonuniversal

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as

nonuniversal

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)...

nonuniversal

Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)

nonuniversal

A culture-bound syndrome is, by definition, a(n)

nonuniversal.

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)

nonuniversal.

Ma and Schoeneman's 1997 study of self-descriptions of Americans and Kenyans (you will need to be familiar with the descriptions of the Samburu

pg.206/207

the relationship between social class and individualism

pg.216

the findings of the study conducted by Kashima and colleagues (1995)with regard to gender differences in self- views

pg.226 (ch.6)

shame

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions? -negative interpersonally engaged emotions -shame -positive interpersonally disengaged emotions -respect

shame

Arranged marriages may be puzzling to Westerners because this goes against many Western assumptions about love and marriage. However, arranged marriages are often quite successful. There is a positive correlation between... Arrange marriages are almost always as happy as love marriages except for ...

the amount that a culture emphasizes love as the basis of marriage and its divorce rate. -Studies find that arranged marriages are at least as happy as love marriages (except for women in China and Japan).

According to the Lee and Hall (1994) article (the "Being Asian in North America" article), racism primarily includes what?

the attitudes, practices, and policies that result from a belief that skin tone determines attitudes and behaviors

Molly and Marvin live in two different societies and they both want to eat some nuts. Based on Rozin and colleagues' research on portion size, what is the best predictor of how much they will eat?

the average size of the nut packages that are sold in local stores

Confucian scholars in seventeenth-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of

the ethic of divinity

The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with

the ethic of divinity.

Research on the perception of phonemes by infants reveals that

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

In one experiment investigating anger responses, European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians differed in

the rate at which their physiological response returned to baseline.

A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook for them by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?

the relationships in Gesellschaft groups

Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is ________ across the cultures and the amount birthdays are celebrated is ________ across the cultures.

the same; different

In Western cultures, ________. In East Asian cultures, ________.

the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.

taxonomic categorization

the stimuli are grouped according to the perceived similarity in their attributes.

thematic categorization

the stimuli are grouped together on the basis of causal, temporal, or spatial relationships among them.

Leslie is going on a date with Jessica. While planning the date, Leslie thinks, "I really want Jessica to feel happy with me." Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy because the film was so funny but attributes her happiness to Leslie instead. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie?

two-factor theory of emotions

The claim that all cultures have the concept of marriage, because people from all cultures recognize exclusive sexual access rights among certain, enduring relationships between men and women, despite the fact that in some cultures people practice monogamy, others practice polygyny (one husband, multiple wives), and others practice polyandry (one wife, multiple husbands), is an example of which perspective?

universalism

The four parenting styles described by Western psychologists are combinations of which of the following dimensions?

warmth and parental control

Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he's permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that

your friend does not prefer someone who is similar to him over someone who is not as similar to him.

As a Moritist practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, -"It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." -"It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." -"Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." -"Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms."

"It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence."

Patients with schizophrenia living in less-developed societies should move to more developed societies if they want to have the best prognosis. Is this true or false?

False: The prognosis for schizophrenia is better in less-developed societies than in more developed societies.

Patients with schizophrenia living in undeveloped societies should move to developed societies if they want to have the best prognoses. True or false?

False—prognosis for schizophrenia is better in undeveloped societies than in developed societies.

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome?

Latiri, who lives with her family in a nondeveloped society

A group of participants is given a hammer. They are asked to collectively strike the hammer onto a pad as hard as possible. Under which of the following circumstances would people try less hard on this group task than if they performed it individually?

They do not have relationships with the other group members.

Koro is manifested by

a female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that

cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fats in diets

According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more acculturated to North American culture?

decreased risk of coronary heart disease

Mia loves visiting foreign countries and travels every chance she gets, usually staying for up to a month in each country. "I don't think I will ever get tired of traveling," she says. "Every single culture I've experienced has been so amazing and exciting!" According to the acculturation curve, which stage has Mia experienced?

honeymoon stage

In one study, participants were asked to pull on a rope, and their efforts were measured. Conditions varied in how many people appeared to be pulling the rope. In actuality, it was always only the participant pulling the rope—the others were confederates.

the more confederates there were the less the actual participants pulled on the rope

independent view of self

the self derives its identity from inner attributes; pg. 208/209

East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans, true or false?

TRUEEEEE

the factors that promote cultural fit

260-261

Someone with an incremental theory of the self

thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future.

Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions but lost them all badly. Which of the following statements is he most likely to make if he possesses an entity theory of self?

"I just wasn't born with the 'chess gene.'"

As a Naikan practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say

"It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them."

the characteristics of neglectful parenting

(182, 199) ch.5 "being cold, unresponsive, and indifferent to their children"

Authoritative parenting

(182,199)

Reproductive value:

-# of children a person is likely to have in the future. -Women's reproductive value declines as they move past age 20.

One extensive study compared martial satisfaction and the time spent in the marriage between Indian couples who were in either arranged or love marriages (Gupta & Singh, 1982). Results which was more successful? what is so interesting about arranged marriages?

-Arranged marriages -Most arranged marriages end up becoming loving relationships, even if they start out without love.

Universals for physical attractiveness—Average Features Why are average facial features better?

-Faces with averagely proportioned features are more attractive than faces that deviate from average. -Average features are less likely to contain genetic abnormalities and are more symmetrical. -We can process any kind of stimulus that is closer to a prototype easier than one that is further from a prototype (Easy processing is associated with a pleasant feeling that gets interpreted as attractive).

How have our preferences for women's body weight changed over the ages?

-In 1951, anthropologists concluded that heavier women were universally found to be more attractive. -However, there have been big changes in the standards of what constitutes a beautiful female body in the United States. -In some cultures view the ideal female body to be far heavier than what is typically preferred among Westerners. -In Western Africa, the term "fat" is often viewed as complimentary, indicating strength and beauty.

Men's Mate Preferences: Youth how many cultures showed that men prefer younger women?

-In ALL 37 cultures, men preferred younger women (roughly 2.5 years younger than themselves) -Older men are attracted to relatively younger women (Kendrick & Keefe, 1992).

Cultural Variability of physical attractiveness—Body Weight (how does this apply to "average is attractive"?

-It is noteworthy that "average is attractive" does not apply to aspects beyond facial features. -The kinds of body weights that are perceived to be most attractive vary considerably across cultures.

Men's Mate Preferences: Physical Attractiveness Why do men rate physical attractiveness higher than women when choosing a mate?

-Men rate attractiveness as important in a Long Term Mate whereas women rate it as desirable but not crucial. -Why the sex difference? -Women's looks signal their reproductive value and fertility; men's looks do not Hence, men have evolved standards of beauty that correspond to those signals.

Universals for physical attractiveness—Clear Complexion -Why is clear complexion considered attractive (skin)? -what could blemishes and sores signify? - cosmetics industry?

-People are attracted to healthy mates & Skin signals health more directly than any other visible aspect. -Blemishes and sores on their skin could be useful indicators regarding the presence of parasites or disease. -Because of this: The cosmetics industry provides people with ways to make their complexion look clearer.

Kenrick & Keefe, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, (1992) How old do you want your spouse (young men, older men, and women)?

-Singles' ads by young men show no preference for younger partners -But older men prefer partners younger than themselves -Women of all ages ask for men around their own age or older -Marriages show a similar pattern

(Townsend & Levy, 1990). A number of different men (and women) who were considered both physically attractive and unattractive were selected. Then men and women were put into 1 of 3 costumes: (Armani suit with rolex, white t-shirt and jeans, or burger king outfit)

-Women prefer well-dressed unattractive man to good-looking man in Burger King outfit. -Opposite for men judging women -Conclusion: Across societies women place more emphasis on a mate's potential income and status.

What is Considered Physically Attractive in a mate? For men? For women? for both?

-Women with (Low waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) / Lustrous, shiny hair / Full lips) -Men with (Masculine features / A large jaw) -Lack of extreme asymmetry -Positive behaviors (smiling, helping) make individual appear more attractive

Mere exposure effect is it universal?

-a culturally universal mechanism whereby the more we are exposed to a stimulus, the more we are attracted to it -Ex: Japanese and Americans appear to be equally likely to come to like those people with whom they interact most frequently.

Similarity-attraction effect What is it? is it universal?

-a mechanism whereby people are attracted to others if they share many similarities -Not a universal --> evidence of cultural variability

Romantic love why is Romantic love important when having children? is it universal (out of 166 cultures, what % had romantic love?) is marriage based on love universal (why or why not?)

-is an evolutionary adaptation to ensure that children had adequate resources and protection. -Romantic love is a universal - one review of ethnographies of the 166 cultures found clear evidence of romantic love in 89% of them. --However, the idea of marriages being based on romantic love is not universal. --Arranged marriages have been common in many cultures.

Social facilitation Universal?

= presence of others helps performance on well-learned tasks, but interferes with performance on poorly-learned tasks -There is no cultural variation for this process, and it is even observed across species.

In which of the following circumstances is social facilitation most likely to happen?

A 10-year veteran hockey goalie is playing in front of a crowd.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because

A cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

Which of the following is an example of a gene having an opposite effect across cultures?

A gene variant exists in one culture to decrease allergic reactions to pollen, while the same gene variant exists in another culture to increase allergic reactions to pollen.

Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution? -The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants, carrying with them their genes for height. -A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms. This leads the population to develop a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm. -A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin. -A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals.

A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin.

According to Rozin and colleagues, what are people most likely to say if asked how many peanuts people want to eat?

A specific number of containers or packages

Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture?

Alex abides by his culture's norms

According to the studies profiled by the textbook, African-Americans have higher levels of hypertension than European-Americans apparently because

African-Americans tend to experience more discrimination than European-Americans.

Which of the following people have brain fag syndrome?

After intensely cramming for an exam for a full week, Person E feels like she cannot see as well, and feels like her head and neck are burning.

Which of the following is NOT a part of how people view mental illness in the Yoruba?

Ahi

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?

Amy and Alyssa, who interact with each other at the bus stop every day

According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?

Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day

Research finds that the Big Five model does not provide a complete list of personality traits in all cultures. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the additional personality factors found in various non-U.S. cultures?

An ambition factor was found in Spain

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"? -People tend to congregate close to their heritage cultures due to familiarity and a need for social connection. -Bears on the West Coast of North America have a preference for Pacific salmon more than bears on the East Coast of North America. -An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days. -Salmon tend to congregate in the places where they spawned.

An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.

Which of the following statements regarding height is false?

As a country's GINI increases, so does the height of the country's population

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.

Which moral ethics is "avoiding harm, and protecting fairness?"

Autonomy

Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on cultural influences on primary and secondary control?

Both Japanese and U.S. participants report that primary control experiences feel more powerful than secondary control experiences.

What is the relationship between the propinquity effect and social facilitation?

Both are accessibility universals.

People in Culture A breastfeed their children from birth until at least age 3, and people in Culture B never breastfeed their children and instead feed them formula from birth. People in both cultures think the other culture is feeding their children the wrong way. Which of the following most accurately describes this example?

Both cultures are ethnocentric in their views

Fiske (1991, 1992) argued that all relationships are based on one or more of the four basic elements of sociality.

Communal sharing, Authority ranking, Equality matching, Market pricing

When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true? -Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. -Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica. -Minako will develop taijin kyofusho. -Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

When comparing Minako, a Japanese, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true?

Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Market pricing

Definition: a social structure that also emphasizes balance and reciprocity -Unlike equality matching, though, the equal exchange in a market pricing structure occurs on the same turn. -Based on proportionality and ratio -An EXAMPLE of this is usually the buying and selling in the marketplace.

Communal sharing

Definition: members of a group emphasize common identity' -Everyone is treated the same -Resources tend to be pooled for use by everyone -No one person "deserves" more of the resources more than others -EXAMPLE is family

Authority ranking

Definition: people linearly ordered along hierarchical social dimension -Higher on the ranking = more privilege and prestige -Lower on the ranking = entitled to protection and care from those above -An EXAMPLE of this is the military.

Equality matching Common in Western Cultures?

Definition: social structure based on balance and reciprocity -Record keeping is done to keep track of what is exchanged, and people are motivated to pay back what has been exchanged, in turns. -Not common in Western cultures, but quite common in cultures around the word -EXAMPLE of this is exchanging Christmas cards.

According to research, which of the following could at least partially explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.

East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change - he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, which region of the United States should Derp move to if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being?

East South Central

Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? -Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail. -Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other. -Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia. -Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.

Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail.

Which of the following examples most accurately portray research on cultural differences in communication style?

Endo, who's Japanese, can't reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voicemail.

Engai is a member of the Masai indigenous group in Kenya and Joseph is an American college student. Based on your knowledge of Ma and Schoeneman's (1997) study on self-descriptions, how is each person most likely to finish the statement "I am . . ."?

Engai: "I am a member of the elders council"; Joseph: "I am outgoing"

Comparisons of Asian-Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices reveals that

Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.

After conducting a survey of every culture around the world, you find that only the Iberians say that snakes and tigers cannot be evil and mean-spirited and share no qualities with humans. From these results, what can you conclude?

Excluding the Iberians, anthropocentrism would be an existential universal or above.

Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.

Lloyd is politically very conservative, scores highly on the "loyalty to ingroup" moral institution, and greatly respects hierarchy. Thus, there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is characterized by

Gemeinschaft.

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the text on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?

Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant? -He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north. -He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west. -His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right. -He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.

He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that

Heidi would try harder to disclose more information about herself in an attempt to reveal shared attitudes or interests.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: "What was said" cannot be understood by the words alone - one has to look at who said it, when they said it, where they said it, how they said it, the circumstances in which they said it, to whom they said it, etc.

High-context

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder? -What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West? -What if a condition does not manifest psychologically? -When does one consider a behavior that interferes with one's life a disorder? -How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

Hosea is an orthodox Baptist, and his neighbor, Henry, is a progressive Baptist. They are watching news coverage of China's ban on internet pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?

Hosea is likelier than Henry to say, "That ban is moral because it prevents people from succumbing to the sin of lust."

According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?

How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder?

How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China's Great Firewall to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following is NOT something that he would invoke in making the decision, based on Kohlberg's model of moral development?

I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide by is that which was created by God.

You work for a North American company and are about to send your negotiator to East Asia. What advice do you give him or her to ensure the best outcome?

I would advise my negotiator to be of strong morals and guide others in a high moral way to ensure being a good role model and leader. Being a good leader and team-orientated would show them that you are willing to work hard as a group to get things done.

Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their case to get some extra points for their essay. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?

If the student's claim was "I need these few extra points to get the position I'm looking for in this animation firm"

Which of the following is an example of the "epidemiological paradox"?

Immigrants to the United States from certain countries (e.g., Mexico) can have lower SES than locally born people but still have better health.

Women's Mate Preferences: Older Men how many cultures saw this trend? approximately how much older did women like their men to be? Why are older men more preferable?

In ALL 37 cultures, women preferred older men (roughly 3.5 years older than themselves) Why? With age comes: -resources -physical strength -hunting prowess -Wisdom -maturity

A research study by Williams and Best (1990) examined gender equality by asking men and women from 14 different countries to answer questions about how each gender should act. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of their findings?

In most of the countries surveyed, men had more traditional views on gender than women.

an understanding of which stage distinguishes the U-shaped from the L-shaped acculturation curve

In reverse cultural shock he U-shaped occurs after you return home. The L Shape occurs when there is no adjustments

The relation between income and health can be summarized as follows:

Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices.

the difference between an integration and an assimilation acculturation strategy

Integration: proficient in the culture of the dominant group while still retaining proficiency in the heritage culture. Ex: value aspects of native culture also adapted to values of host culture assimilation:absorb the culture of the dominant group while rejecting the norms of the heritage culture

Your health psychology professor says, "Suppressing intense emotions will negatively affect your health." Do you agree?

It depends; research shows that suppression is associated with poorer health for North Americans, but unrelated to health for East Asians.

Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?

It is an existential universal.

Which of the following statements best describes the sleep pattern in medieval Europe?

It matches the pattern found for American adults in a room that is kept dark the majority of the time.

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

Jack disobeys his father's commands

Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?

Jack disobeys his father's commands.

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?

James-Lange theory of emotions

Jorge will choose a choir that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.

According to the so-called epidemiological paradox, which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcome?

Juan, who immigrated to the US mainland from Mexico two years ago

According to the "epidemiological paradox," which of the following people is likeliest to have the best health outcomes?

Juan, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico 2 years ago

Lara has a low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry has a low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means a maximum of $30,000 per year.) Which of the two people will likely have a longer life expectancy?

Lara will have a longer life expectancy.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: Relies more on the factual accuracy of a message than its emotional resonance. This may relate to the historical purpose of the written word -- to record, preserve, and transmit. They also favor evidence, reasoning, and analysis over the less rational, more intuitive approach.

Literate

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: tend to place more meaning in the language code and very little meaning in the context. For this reason, communication tends to be specific, explicit, and analytical (Ting-Toomey, 1985). In analyzing messages, tendency to focus on "what was said" and give literal meaning to each word.

Low-context

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion?

Maslow's

As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? -His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru. -Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect. -Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends. -Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends.

Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.

Buss (1989) -37 samples of people -10,047 subjects -drawn from 33 countries -located on 6 continents Rated 18 characteristics on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 = irrelevant 3 = indispensable His study looked at Preferences that both sexes prefer in a long term mate. Some include:

Mutual attraction-Love, Dependability, Emotional stability & maturity, Exciting personality, Healthy, Pleasing disposition, Kindness & understanding, Education & Intelligence, Sociable, Refinement-Neatness, Wants children, Easy going, Creative & artistic

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What type of treatment is this?

Naikan therapy

Suicide rates

None of these statements is true.

According to Zaharna (2000), which of the following communication styles (also called "cultural continuums") would be best characterized by the following: there appears to be greater involvement on the part of the audience, and this in turn, affects the importance of style and devices that enhance audience rapport.

Oral

You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. You present these photographs to groups of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to identify which emotion is being expressed. Which of the following results is most likely?

People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority of the photographs.

According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is TRUE?

People from most political identities value the ethic of community the least.

Researchers found that, when averaging Japanese faces with Australian faces together (creating Eurasian faces), these Eurasian faces were seen as more attractive than their component faces. Why?

Possibly because biracial faces may represent the best average of faces the participants have encountered in their lives.

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 10 years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier?

Sanjay

Women's Mate Preferences: High Social Status what is this a cue to?

Social status is a universal cue to control of resources.

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are dis-comfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering? -Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not. -Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's. -Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's. -Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Jordan received a botox injection for the area around her eyes, meaning that the muscles around her eyes would be paralyzed and look emotionless for a period of time, while the rest of her face can still move. Before the paralyzing effect of the botox has worn off, she has dinner with an American friend and a Japanese friend. Jordan smiled throughout the night, indicating that she had a good time. Will Jordan's friends believe her smile?

The American friend likely will believe Jordan's smile, but the Japanese friend likely will not.

accessibility universal

The first and highest level of universality, which states that a given cognitive tool exists across cultures, is used to solve the same problem across cultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures. (21)

Which of the following statements is true? -The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there. -European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans, unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better. -The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. -If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health out-comes.

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.

A researcher wants to study hikikomori in Japan, France, Russia, and Canada. She starts with the Japanese criteria and translates them into French, Russian, and English. What is the main problem with this approach?

The hikikomori category may not have the same meaning outside Japan.

Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is TRUE?

The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.

You come from a family that hates immigrants. If you gave them an anonymous questionnaire on attitudes toward immigration and you averaged their responses together, what would you find?

Their scores would yield a small and unhappy Chernoff figure.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cul-tural perspective of his clients.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.

According to the Williamson (2014) article (the "White Ghetto" article), what is an example of the "poison" of monthly welfare checks in Appalachia?

They are an incentive for families to take their children out of literacy classes to preserve their disability status and monthly checks.

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy? -They should live approximately equally long. -Lara -Larry -Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.

They should live approximately equally long. Lara Larry Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.

Romantic love, which is discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. Is this true or false? Why?

True: More children from parents who experienced romantic love survive to pass on their genes, compared to children of parents without romantic love.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. Is this true or false?

True: They all share the element of anxiety.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False?

True—they all share the element of anxiety.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False? -False—they share no underlying similarities at all. -True—they all share the element of anxiety. -False—some result in death while others do not. -True—they are all untreatable.

True—they all share the element of anxiety.

The "healthy migrant hypothesis" is conceptually most similar to which of the following?

WEIRD people phenomenon

What is the problem with relying too much on WEIRD societies for samples in psychology research?

WEIRD samples represent a very narrow slice of the world's population

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most euphoria?

When he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find? -Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object. -William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei. -Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly. -William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

You work at your university's tutoring center, where you are tutoring two students taking the same Nursing course: Kimberly, a European American student, and Meilin, an Asian American student. Both students are studying for a first aid exam where they will be required to assess and treat different types of injuries by applying a multi-step process. Given what you know about cultural differences in thinking aloud, what study advice would you give to each student?

You would encourage Kimberly to verbally describe how she is assessing and treating each injury but you would encourage Meilin to remain silent as she assesses and treats each injury.

Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.

Any changes in biological characteristics within a culture must have occurred through long periods due to genetic evolution because cultural changes cannot account for biological changes. Do you agree with this statement? a) No—obesity rates have risen faster than can be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of a population. b) Yes—the epidemiological paradox suggests that genetic changes primarily drive biological changes. c) No—the fact that European-Americans have better health than Hispanic-Americans is evidence that cultural changes can account for biological changes. d) Yes—the French paradox suggests that the lower obesity rates in France relative to the United States can be attributed to genetic differences between the two populations. e) No—the fact that Melanesians live in different locations than people from Equatorial Africa but still have similar skin colors means that culture cannot account for biological changes.

As a Naikan practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, a) "It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." b) "Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms." c) "It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." d) "Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." e) "Therapists must help clients to bring the clients' ara, emi, and ori into alignment."

At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, "Based on Iyengar and colleagues' work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves." Do you agree? a) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer choices that are chosen for them by an in-group member, but not by an out-group member. b) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else choose for them. c) Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that someone else is—because they are high in agreeableness. d) Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that someone else is—because they are high in collectivism. e) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.

Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test? a) "Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics." b) "I failed this chemistry test, so I have to study even harder in this class." c) "This test was fair; I just did not work hard enough." d) "Chemistry is still very important to me." e) "Lex did so well! I need to work to be more like him."

Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that a) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens. b) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch citizens. c) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens. d) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants who were more acculturated had more similar emotional experiences to Dutch citizens than did those immigrants who were less acculturated. e) None of these statements is true.

Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. Upon seeing a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. To her, an increased heart rate means that she is excited, so she concluded that she must be feeling excited right now. A two-factor theorist would _____________ with her conclusion because _____________. a) disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions b) disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her psychological reactions mean c) disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited d) agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement e) agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them

Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change—he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, to which region of the United States should Derp move if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being? a) East South Central b) West North Central c) West South Central d) the Mountain West e) New England

Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that a) Heidi, more so than Homare, would like a new person who is similar to her. b) Homare, more so than Heidi, would travel longer distances in an effort to find new friends. c) Heidi, more so than Homare, would persist in her friendship-making efforts longer, even when her efforts are not successful. d) Homare, more so than Heidi, would be more likely to be attracted to people with average faces. e) Heidi, relative to Homare, would be less motivated to form new friends, given her loyalty to her older friends

Idra, a European university student, has moved to another country indefinitely to start a new career. He is currently experiencing anxiety, helplessness, and homesickness. Based on research on acculturation curves, what do you expect to happen with Idra next? a) He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous. b) He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is extraverted. c) He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is homogenous. d) He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is extraverted. e) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she would appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result? a) happiness b) sadness c) anger d) disgust e) surprise

Kosuke is a Japanese student who just won a drawing competition. Kent is a Canadian student who also just won a drawing competition. Immediately after their victories, they were asked to create another drawing. Compared to Kosuke, what is Kent more likely to do? a) spend more time drawing than Kosuke b) stop drawing earlier than Kosuke c) draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke d) spend less time drawing than he would if he had not won e) move on to a different task

Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it a) brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child. b) allowed people to exercise their personal agencies. c) was a necessary foundation for marriages to have in order for the marriage to succeed. d) promoted relational mobility. e) led to greater social complexity.

Romantic love, discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. True or false? a) True—more children from parents who experienced romantic love survived to pass on their genes, compared to parents without romantic love. b) False—romantic love hindered an individual's ability to spread one's genetic material. c) True—romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater survivability. d) False—someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than someone not experiencing romantic love. e) True—romantic love meant more sex with more partners, and this meant one would have a greater number of viable babies.

The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that a) cultural practices can affect human evolution. b) cultural practices are shaped by the local geography. c) people from different cultures differ more in terms of their genes than they do in terms of their cultural practices. d) this inability is due to a proximal cause. e) genetic differences are difficult to overcome.

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians a) choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments. b) on average, have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners. c) typically provide holistic answers. d) are usually unable to solve them. e) tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.

Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of what culture he or she is from? a) blemish-free skin b) athletic body types c) people who are moderately similar to each other d) people who are greatly different from each other e) a body that is very average in terms of how much body fat one has

Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution? a) A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin. b) A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals. c) The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants, carrying with them their genes for height. d) A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms. This leads the population to develop a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm. e) The average BMI of a population has become healthier in a year due to the population drinking more red wine and having a more positive attitude about food.

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions? a) pride b) disgust c) surprise d) fear e) All of these are basic emotions.

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence? a) someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task b) someone who is better at the absolute-line task than the relative-line task c) someone who is good at both the relative-line and the absolute-line tasks d) someone who cannot do well on either the relative-line task or the absolute-line task e) someone who performs inconsistently on the relative-line and absolute-line tasks across trials

Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve? a) Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society b) Lydia, who has an interdependent self-concept, while people in the host culture have an independent self-concept c) Magda, who is feeling a lot of cultural distance between her heritage culture and the host culture d) Timothy, who identifies with his heritage culture but not his host culture e) Noriko, who habitually engages in frame-switching

One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not, but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of?

acquired biological variation

One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not; but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of?

acquired biological variation

The most widespread theory of disease among traditional cultures is that disease is caused by

aggressive spirits, such as ghosts

The most widespread theory of disease among traditional cultures is that disease is caused by

aggressive spirits, such as ghosts.

Color terms from different cultures around the world

all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.

Color terms from different cultures around the world -are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum. -all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms. -vary in arbitrary ways. -vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.

all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.

seperation strategy

an acculturation strategy that involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture (263/264)

Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? -analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human -analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe -analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car -analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car

analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people -sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria. -attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations. -who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions. -with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self.

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder? a) When does one consider a behavior that interferes with one's life a disorder? b) How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically? c) What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West? d) What if a condition does not manifest psychologically? e) All of these questions represent a difficulty in defining a psychological disorder.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT a) Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. b) cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults. c) Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error. d) Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. e) All of these statements are true.

Different languages from around the world a) all have words that correspond to the basic emotions, but often not for the nonbasic emotions. b) sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions. c) may have words for the same emotions as in English, but do not necessarily experience those emotions similarly to English speakers. d) all have hundreds of words to express different emotions. e) all have a word for disgust.

During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen? a) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's family problems. b) East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality. c) East Asians will blame Tony's nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony's family problems. d) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's nasty personality. e) East Asians will blame Tony's family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony's teammates.

How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit? a) Cultural fit refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural distance refers to person-culture matching of variables. b) Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to person-culture matching of variables. c) Cultural fit refers to cultures that endorse an assimilative acculturation strategy. d) Cultural distance refers to cultures that endorse a separation acculturation strategy. e) The two are different ways of communicating the same concept.

How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships? a) Both account for communal sharing. b) Both are accounted for by relational mobility. c) Similarity-attraction effect causes greater conditionality of one's relationships. d) Similarity-attraction effect has a negative relationship with conditionality. e) There is no relationship between them.

Marina is going on a first date with someone who has moved to many different cities in the last few years. Marina's date will like her the most if she a) exhibits a lot of simpático. b) dislikes local coffee shops in favor of national chain ones. c) has a heavier body shape. d) is low on relational mobility. e) has an interdependent self-construal.

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions? a) respect b) shame c) positive interpersonally disengaged emotions d) negative interpersonally engaged emotions e) happiness

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides? a) the Kohlrabis b) the Brackens c) the Horabs d) the Lithes e) Chandler's research does not address this issue.

Quang Giáp is from a society where people tend to attribute the behaviors of others as being the result of external pressures. After living in the United States for many years, however, Quang Giáp often finds himself increasingly attributing the behaviors of others as being the result of internal factors. What is this an example of? a) cultural fit b) blending c) marginalization d) frame-switching e) cultural distance

Romantic love is a) a recent phenomenon in some human cultures. b) something that appears to exist in all cultures. c) a product of individualism and a concern with meeting an individual's unique needs. d) something that grows with age until the birth of children. e) a product of collectivism and a concern with accommodating both parties in a relationship

Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? a) Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other. b) Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail. c) Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia. d) Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese. e) Tetsuya, who is Japanese, prefers to write to his friends more so than does his American friend, Mike.

Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction? a) makeup that covers skin blemishes b) photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together c) creams that get rid of acne and pimples d) laser procedures that remove scars e) photo-editing software that can mix different faces together

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to Basdeo using frame-switching more than Mel? a) if Basdeo adopts a separation strategy while Mel adopts an assimilative strategy b) if Basdeo were a bicultural and Mel were a monocultural c) if Basdeo were low in bicultural identity integration and Mel were high in bicultural identity integration d) if Basdeo were more extraverted than Mel e) if Basdeo were more conscientious than Mel

Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among European-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and the Japanese? a) Japanese people sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians. b) Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians. c) European-Canadians report feeling more tired during the day than Japanese. d) Asian-Canadians sleep less than European-Canadians. e) Asian-Canadians sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians.

Which of the following was NOT a belief to emerge from the Protestant Reformation? a) People have an individualized relationship with God. b) People are inherently good. c) It has been decided, before someone is born, whether he or she will go to heaven or to hell. d) People have specific purposes to fulfill during their lives. e) People must work hard at their callings.

With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated? a) implicit communication b) explicit communication c) incremental theory of the world d) entity theory of the self e) incremental theory of self

Yamazonia is a society dominated by homosexual women. Based on this information alone, which of the following people living in Yamazonia is most likely to identify with his or her group membership? a) Jayden, a member of the ruling class b) Jared, a male worker c) Justice, a homosexual female d) Jordan, a social worker e) Jamie, a nonvisible minority

You are a teacher who assesses your students' science knowledge by having them play one of many science games available on the computer, so you want them to take this task seriously. Your class is comprised fully of Asian American and Euro-American children. How would you maximize their motivation to play these science games? a) Allow all the children to choose the game that they want. b) Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students, but let the Euro-American students choose for themselves. c) Let the Asian American children's mothers choose the game for them, and let the Euro-American children's classmates choose for them. d) Let the Euro-American students choose for themselves, and ask students from another school to choose for the Asian American students. e) Let both the Euro-American and Asian American parents choose for their children.

A key distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is that

bulimia is a culture-bound syndrome.

Compare anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Which of these disorders is culture-bound, and why?

bulimia nervosa, because it requires a surplus of food and privacy

A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this textbook about economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains? a) More people in that country will be moving into the cities. b) Fewer people in that country will have the required daily caloric intake. c) The people in that country will get taller, on average. d) There will be more collectivism in that country. e) A country's economy has not been shown to affect anything.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time? a) the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses b) how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration upon seeing his boss c) the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss d) how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people e) the disgust that Ed experienced upon seeing his boss

According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more acculturated to North American culture? a) increased rate of obesity b) increased delinquency behavior c) decreased risk of coronary heart disease d) decreased discrimination e) decreased school performance

An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario? a) Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald. b) Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general. c) Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud. d) Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers. e) Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black and white

An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n) a) functional universal. b) existential universal. c) nonuniversal. d) accessibility universal. e) human universal.

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with a) field dependence. b) family resemblance reasoning. c) dispositional attributions. d) high horizons in drawings. e) None of these answers is correct.

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results? a) perform an exorcism b) prescribe vitamins and lots of rest c) recommend antibiotics or surgery d) seek help elsewhere for the cause of the infection e) seek the help of a shaman

As a Moritist practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, a) "It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." b) "Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms." c) "It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." d) "Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." e) "Therapists must help clients to bring the clients' ara, emi, and ori into alignment."

As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? a) Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends. b) Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends. c) Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect. d) His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru. e) Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European-American friends.

Because Juan Daniel, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simpático, a) only other Latin Americans will enjoy smooth social interactions with Juan Daniel. b) its impact will not be evident in Juan Daniel's workplace. c) he socializes with people more than his European-American friends do. d) he is more likely to have an independent self-construal than an interdependent self-construal. e) he will exhibit a Protestant work ethic when he is in social situations.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False? a) True—they are all untreatable. b) False—they share no underlying similarities at all. c) True—they all share the element of anxiety. d) False—some result in death while others do not. e) True—they all carry religious connotations.

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him? a) Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true. b) Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true. c) Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true. d) Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be. e) Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become less convinced that Gil's argument is true.

If I told you that Jamie, an African American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority within the United States), experienced identity denial yesterday, this means that, of the following situations, he experienced a) a man asking to see Jamie's ID when he went to the liquor store. b) a woman doubting whether Jamie actually likes watching movies. c) someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York, insisting that he must have been born somewhere in Africa. d) his African American friend insisting that they listen to some German rock music. e) his mother making him food that his grandmother used to make.

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? a) seek professional help b) seek the help of her close friends c) remind herself of her connections with others d) introspect and solve the problems herself e) drown her sorrows in alcohol

One frozen yogurt parlor has ten flavors from which to choose (Parlor X), and another parlor has more than one hundred flavors (Parlor Z). You ask people to choose which one they want to patron. Which of the following is most indicative of people's preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook? a) Americans, like people from other Western cultures, would always prefer to go to Parlor Z. b) Europeans prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do. c) Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, they actually would have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X. d) Americans would prefer it if their significant others choose for them. e) Europeans would have no preference for either parlor.

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond two or three a) can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a complete number set. b) are unable to discriminate between different quantities. c) are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers. d) can still do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction. e) have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than another.

Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder are a) largely constant across industrialized societies around the world. b) higher in interdependent cultural contexts. c) lower among East Asians than among North Americans. d) increasing in the West over the past few decades. e) the same between urban and rural contexts.

Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrate different types of biological change because a) while genetically based skin color demonstrates culture-gene coevolution, obesity rates do not. b) while obesity rates demonstrate opposite effects of genes across cultures, genetically based skin color demonstrates the same effects of genes across cultures. c) obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not. d) obesity rates show how distal causes can lead to biological changes, while genetically based skin color shows how proximal causes can lead to biological changes. e) while obesity rates demonstrate culture-gene coevolution, genetically based skin color does not.

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example of a) communal sharing. b) authority ranking. c) equality matching. d) market pricing. e) vertical collectivism.

The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics largely because a) one cannot put people through an acculturation experiment—it is all correlational research. b) there are no validated acculturation measures. c) people's circumstances vary so much that it makes it difficult to identify common patterns. d) there is no consensual definition on what acculturation means. e) immigrants do not like to have their experiences studied by researchers.

What is Adams's argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans? a) Africa is a more physically dangerous environment than is North America, so that any harmful behaviors of enemies are potentially more dangerous to the individual. b) Africans have more of a prevention orientation than North Americans. c) North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a benefit to them. d) North Americans are more self-enhancing and are convinced that everyone loves them. Even though people often have enemies, they incorrectly perceive them to be their friends. e) None of these answers is correct.

Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal? a) arranged marriage b) simpático c) the mere exposure effect d) market pricing e) love marriage

Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes? a) Crystal, who just immigrated to the United States from Mexico b) Lisa, a nursing-home patient who is allowed to have control over the decorations in her room and her visiting hours c) Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood d) Fernando, who moved from New York to Florida e) Varun, who lives a stress-free life in California

Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face? a) "I go along with what other people want to do, and make myself enjoy it." b) "I really like to make myself feel good about myself." c) "I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening." d) "I cannot change who I am—I am who I am." e) "I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am."

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is most accurate? a) There is very little variation in self-esteem across cultures. b) In interdependent cultures, interdependence is negatively related to self-esteem, whereas in independent cultures, interdependence is positively related to self-esteem. c) Independence is positively related to self-esteem. d) Interdependence is positively related to self-esteem. e) Self-esteem is higher among children than adults in Eastern cultures; however, self-esteem is higher among adults than children in Western cultures.

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of? a) authority ranking b) communal sharing c) market pricing d) equality matching e) big-gun diplomacy

You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What type of treatment is this? a) cognitive behavioral therapy b) client-centered therapy c) Naikan therapy d) Morita therapy e) psychoanalytic therapy

You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus's research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial? a) "No need for stockpiled money—Condo X is cheap and affordable!" b) "Condo X—there's nothing else quite like it." c) "The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it." d) "This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style." e) "Need a place to live? Try our condo!"

Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house. What condition does this boy have? a) taijin kyofusho b) dhat syndrome c) hikikomori d) susto e) amaterasu

two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen? a) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness. b) Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness, and Sayako will choose a rollerblading club that endorses rollerblading at a leisurely pace. c) Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books. d) Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies, and Sayako will choose a club that teaches its members to self-criticize and feel bad about themselves. e) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo Salsa dance class that promotes excitement and exhilaration.

The immigrant paradox refers to the finding that

children of immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes in educational achievement and health compared to their immigrant parents.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT -cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults. -Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error. -Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. -Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.

cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.

According to Gupta and Singh's research on marriage in India, after being married for ten or more years, which of the following most accurately portrays people's happiness in these marriages? a) females in love marriages females in arranged marriages males in love marriages males in arranged marriages b) females in love marriages males in love marriages males in arranged marriages females in arranged marriages c) males in love marriages females in arranged marriages males in arranged marriages females in love marriages d) males in arranged marriages females in arranged marriages males in love marriages females in love marriages e) males in arranged marriages males in love marriages females in love marriages females in arranged marriages

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? a) Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society b) Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society c) Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia d) Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society e) Maria, who has catatonic schizophrenia

Andrelle is a therapist who wants to be culturally competent in treating her client, L. C. This means that Andrelle must a) examine L. C. purely from the perspective of L. C.'s cultural background. b) always perceive L. C. as being a typical member of L. C.'s cultural group. c) interpret L. C.'s symptoms from Andrelle's own cultural perspective. d) consider how L. C. manages multiple cultural influences. e) completely not consider her own cultural background in preparing for her interactions with L. C.

Based on Sanchez-Burks's research on relational styles and work, how does religion affect relational styles? a) Protestantism leads people to work harder, regardless of condition, than non-Protestants. b) Protestants work harder than non-Protestants, but only when they are reminded of their religion. c) Protestantism leads people to work as hard as non-Protestant people do; however, they do so without attending to their relationships, regardless of condition. d) Protestantism leads people to attend less to relationships than do non-Protestant religions when engaged in a work task. e) Protestants have less fun than non-Protestants when engaged in a casual task.

Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to a) experience an L-shaped acculturation curve. b) have his acculturative stress be influenced by his initial experiences in the host culture. c) have a personality with poor cultural fit. d) have separation acculturation strategies. e) use blending.

Brittany is arguing with Michael about his article in the school newspaper, in which Michael advocates raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error. This means that Brittany did which of the following? a) assumed that Michael was not really pro tuition increase, and agreed that Michael only wrote the article because the editor asked him to write the article b) thought that Michael wrote the article equally because he is pro tuition increase and because he is personally pro tuition c) thought that Michael's perspective on tuition increase depended on the perspectives of people around him d) ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article, and asserted that Michael wrote it only because he is personally pro tuition increase e) thought that Michael's perspective on tuition increase was due to both situational and dispositional attributions, in equal amounts

How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much? a) The Christian doctrine that all of God's creations should be respected requires that people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms. b) Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves. c) Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one's faults. The shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults. d) People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light. e) None of these statements are relevant.

Imagine that Georgi moved to Canada from Bulgaria about a year ago. We might expect that he a) is having a more difficult time acculturating than his neighbor, who moved from a small tribe from the Amazon. b) is adjusting to Canadian life and is fully integrated into the community. c) is having the time of his life and is reveling in his new and exotic home. d) is struggling, as he feels a bit homesick and has not yet made many Canadian friends. e) has already picked up curling as his favorite sport.

In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case? a) Participants from the individualistic culture would most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one. b) Participants from both cultures would be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one. c) Participants from the individualistic culture would be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends. d) A lot of participants from the individualistic culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture would say the same. e) No participants from either culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one.

Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will a) have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic. b) have predictions that are consistently more optimistic. c) have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns. d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns. e) not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible for East Asians

Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean-Canadian who is high in bicultural identity integration. Compared with other bicultural Korean-Canadians who are low on bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeong a) will show less acculturative stress. b) is more likely to score high on measures of cultural distance. c) is less likely to acquire undesirable cultural habits. d) will engage in more frame-switching. e) will more likely adopt an assimilative strategy.

Jeremiah has moved around to ten different states in the United States within five years due to his job. This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will a) see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships. b) be more open to trying out different local coffee shops. c) be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team. d) buy more things from national chain stores. e) experience less similarity-attraction effect.

Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The more he is exposed to this tree swing, the a) more likely he will become bored with it and find it unattractive. b) more he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture. c) more likely he is to recognize it correctly. d) more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it. e) less he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.

Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset? a) Person A, who is American b) Person B, who is also feeling upset c) Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues d) Person D, who is Korean e) Person E, who is expressing sadness

Koro is manifested by a a) male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small. b) female who is deathly afraid of the cold and bundles herself up in as much clothing as possible. c) male who goes off on a rampage and kills anyone he sees, but remembers nothing from the episode. d) female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body. e) male who has a morbid fear that someone has put a curse on him, and that the curse must be lifted to save his life.

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy? a) They should live approximately equally long. b) Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer. c) Larry d) Lara e) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie? a) James-Lange theory of emotion b) linguistic relativity of emotional experience c) universal emotions d) two-factor theory of emotions e) facial feedback hypothesis

Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa? a) There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies. b) Ghanaians have more relationships than Westerners, so it follows that they will also have more enemies. c) Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out. d) Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners. e) Lumusi may report having more enemies, but she actually does not.

Miley is an extremely agreeable person who is very considerate and polite to others. She thinks that her agreeableness will make her well-suited for adjusting to any culture to which she goes. Based on research, how true is her rationale? a) False—Miley's agreeableness actually makes her annoy people, hindering her acculturation b) True—Miley's agreeableness will allow her to make more friends, helping her with her acculturation c) False—There is no correlation between agreeableness and adjustment to any type of host culture d) True—Miley's agreeableness aids acculturation by promoting bicultural identity integration e) False—Miley's agreeableness will only be useful for host cultures that generally endorse being agreeable

Patients with schizophrenia living in undeveloped societies should move to developed societies if they want to have the best prognoses. True or false? a) True—developed societies have better therapeutic techniques to manage schizophrenia. b) False—that is only the case with catatonic schizophrenia. c) True—recognition of the biological components of schizophrenia allows developed societies to better handle schizophrenia. d) False—prognosis for schizophrenia is better in undeveloped societies than in developed societies. e) True—both Naikan and Morita therapies from developed societies are more effective at treating schizophrenia than religious therapies from undeveloped societies.

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would a) recommend surgery. b) prescribe high dosages of pharmaceuticals. c) recommend that he avoid germs. d) recommend vitamins and rest. e) recommend more baths.

Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in reindeer-related vocabulary size? a) English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer. b) Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers. c) English speakers have less numerical cognitive abilities than do Saami speakers. d) Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers. e) English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.

Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply? a) Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display. b) Shawn did not need to learn to make this display. c) Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him. d) People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited. e) This display is one of the expressions identified by Ekman and his colleagues.

The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the norm, rather than love marriages. In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following must this new society have? a) strong ties within nuclear families b) a great deal of relational mobility c) higher levels of marital satisfaction than love marriages after ten years of marriage d) large kin groups with strong ties within them e) a system of relationships characterized by market pricing

Trust toward strangers a) is unusually low among Americans. b) steadily decreases across the life span in all cultures. c) is correlated with feelings of self-esteem. d) is weaker in collectivistic cultures. e) fluctuates across the life span in all cultures.

Varun is a Fijian immigrant to Canada. After observing him over time, his friends felt like he was not really participating in Canadian culture, nor did he seem to have much to do with his Fijian roots. Which of the following best describes Varun? a) L-shaped curve b) adjustment c) separation strategy d) marginalization strategy e) culture shock

When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock? a) when the person endorses an integration acculturation strategy b) when the person endorses an assimilation acculturation strategy c) when the person is introverted d) when the person moves to a homogenous society e) when the person has an interdependent self-construal

Which combination of different ways of thinking is most conducive to developing learned helplessness? a) low entity theory of the self; high primary control b) high self-esteem; high need for many choices c) high tendency to engage in self-serving biases; low in ability to exert secondary control d) high entity theory of the world; low in ability to exert primary control e) low incremental theory of the self; low entity theory of the world

Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is true? a) Social anxiety disorder appears to be a culture-bound disorder. b) East Asians receive more treatment for social anxiety disorder than do North Americans. c) Symptoms of social anxiety disorder among East Asians include fears that one is making others uncomfortable because of his or her sweating and body odor. d) East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans. e) In East Asians and North Americans, interdependence has been shown to lower social anxiety.

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions? a) Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her. b) Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions. c) Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away. d) Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool. e) Ryan thinks he feels fearful of sharks because his heart was racing after he encountered a shark during his dive, and he knew that the shark was dangerous.

Which of the following is true about arranged marriages? a) Within every culture that has them, they are more successful in the long run, on average, than love marriages. b) In preindustrial societies, the most common form of marriage is parents choosing the partner, with the individuals unable to object. c) Rates of arranged marriages have been increasing over the past several years in India. d) Many preindustrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages. e) Arranged marriages do not allow for love to develop because love in a relationship is dependent on the personal choice of partner.

Which of the following people is the best example of blending? a) Loni is able to jump back and forth between her Hawaiian heritage cultural views and her Texan host cultural views. b) Dongraegu has embraced both the cultural values of his Korean heritage culture as well as those of his Canadian host culture. c) Bjorn is from a Swedish town where many people immigrate, leading to a very multicultural atmosphere. d) Sarah gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last ten years in China, albeit less than that shown by the Chinese. e) Jürgen has decided to accept the cultural values of his American host culture to fit in better, disregarding values from his German heritage culture.

Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists. You _____________ with her statement because _____________. a) agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists b) disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally more creative than individualists c) agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists d) disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking e) agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than collectivists

Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis?

depression with somatization

Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages. True or false? a) False—they at least start out with more marital satisfaction than people in love marriages. b) True—arranged marriages signal a lack of personal agency, leading to unhappiness. c) False—only women have marital dissatisfaction in arranged marriages. d) True—arranged marriages have always been rare in human history because our ancestors understood that it leads to marital dissatisfaction. e) False—arranged marriages that last over ten years have greater marital satisfaction than love marriages.

Four single Japanese people are participating in a dating TV show. Three of them serve as targets, and they each spend time with the remaining person (the chooser). The chooser must then decide which person he or she wants to date. Which of the following people is the chooser most likely to choose? a) If the chooser is male, he will choose the one who is most similar to him. b) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the average body. c) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person who is most similar to him or her. d) If the chooser is female, she will choose the person who is most similar to her. e) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the most bilateral facial symmetry.

Research discussed in the textbook reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health is linked to a) cognitive deficits. b) relative deprivation regarding income. c) stress. d) education. e) all of these options are correct.

Given the current research on personality and acculturation, you can predict that a) Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is extraverted. b) Jaedong, who is extraverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is introverted. c) Jaedong, who is extraverted, will proceed through a more severe period of culture shock on the acculturation curve compared with his friend Sehoon, who is introverted. d) Jaedong, who is introverted, will fare worse early on in the acculturation process, whereas his friend Sehoon, who is extraverted, will fare worse over the long run. e) Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully in an introverted country than Sehoon, who is extraverted.

If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that the a) American would trust the stranger less than the Japanese. b) American would only trust the stranger more than the Japanese if the American had an acquaintance who knew the stranger. c) Japanese would trust the stranger more than the American only if the stranger were of the same sex as himself or herself. d) American would trust the stranger more than the Japanese only if the American had heard about the stranger previously. e) Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.

Kartika is a professor in Germany who is trying to decide which applicant to accept as a graduate student. She wants a graduate student who will come up with creative ideas. Which of the following applicants should have the most creative ideas? a) Meanne, who is highly agreeable b) Kharah, who has visited and observed many cultures around the world c) Laura, who comes from a culture that has no cultural distance from Indonesia d) Kate, who is very extraverted e) The attributes listed cannot predict which of these applicants will have the most creative ideas.

Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina's boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina's boyfriend makes her go to bars, but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia's thoughts is a) situational attributions. b) naïve dialecticism. c) dispositional attributions. d) articulatory suppression. e) fundamental attribution error.

Over the last fifty years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase? a) an influx of genetically tall people into the country b) genetic changes over the last fifty years c) the country undergoing an industrial revolution d) more people moving into cities, leading to more calories being consumed per person e) improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering? a) Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's. b) Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's. c) Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not. d) Stephen is East Asian, and Jon is North American. e) Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Stereotype threat is a) largely in people's minds and does not affect actual behavior. b) limited to the experiences of racial groups that are discriminated against. c) the result of people being unaware of the stereotypes that exist for their groups. d) experienced most acutely by people low in bicultural identity integration. e) measured using dependent variables such as task performance and physiological signs.

The relation between money and happiness is that a) there is no relation between money and happiness. b) people who are richer than their neighbors are happier, but absolute levels of money do not predict happiness. c) money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of income. d) money is positively related to happiness in poor countries, but negatively related to happiness in rich countries. e) money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries

What is one distinction between "predestination" and "calling"? a) They are synonyms of each other. b) "Predestination" refers to a goal that one works toward in one's lifetime; "calling" refers to the way by which one achieves the goal. c) "Predestination" refers to what one has to do to go to heaven; "calling" refers to the fact that one is preordained to go to heaven. d) "Predestination" refers to when one will die; "calling" refers to what a person does in life to prepare for his or her death. e) "Predestination" refers to something after death; "calling" refers to something before death.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound syndrome? a) frigophobia b) hysteria c) bulimia nervosa d) voodoo death e) neurasthenia

You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen? a) Japanese researchers' preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional. b) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs. c) Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs. d) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional. e) Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.

Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he is permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that your a) friend only has positive relationships. b) friend's social circle is much larger than it would have been if he felt that there were many opportunities for him to make new friends. c) friend is choosier about the friends he makes than if he felt there were many opportunities for him to make new friends. d) friend only has negative relationships. e) friend does not prefer friends who are similar to him over friends who are less similar to him.

Your friend is experiencing stomachaches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be? a) sub-Saharan African b) tribal c) American d) French e) Chinese

ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell his used book that he's had for a decade. Kent, an American student, wants to sell the exact same book, which he has also owned for a decade. They price their respective books depending on how much they think the books are worth. The books themselves are valued at $50. Which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be? a) Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50 b) Ichiro: $20; Kent: $15 c) Ichiro: $60; Kent: $50 d) Ichiro: $70; Kent: $20 e) Ichiro: $30; Kent: $60

one group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not, but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of? a) distal cause b) innate biological variation c) accessibility universal d) sexual selection e) acquired biological variation

east south central

Sending your boss a Christmas card after he has first sent you one would best be seen as an example of

equality matching.

Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of:

ethic of divinity

Clarice believes that people in all cultures follow a progression whereby they must first develop preconventional thinking before attaining conventional thinking, which then allows them to develop postconventional thinking. However, she believes that people in some cultures progress further than those in other cultures. What is this an example of?

evolutionism

Arranged marriages are more common in cultures with ______ family systems. what holds the relationship together in arranged marriages?

extended family systems *Some have argued that social pressures from an extended family system keep a relationship together.

Depression is a condition that is -found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies. -found in every culture that has been explored. -a culture-bound disorder. -largely absent in China.

found in every culture that has been explored.

A key difference between cultural psychologists and general psychologists is that

general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content, whereas cultural psychologists believe that the mind cannot be separated from context and content.

What might you expect to happen for someone who experiences anxiety, homesickness,and helplessness after relocating to a new country

going through cultural shock pg.255-257

happiness

Megan's baby is crying and she is trying to understand why. Megan would be making the fundamental attribution error if she were to conclude that her baby

has a cranky temperament while disregarding the fact that the baby has a soiled diaper.

Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will

have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.

The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger self-enhancement motivations are associated with

high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires.

hikikomori

According to research on facial expressions across cultures, if Dixon, who's an American, makes facial expressions for the basic emotions

his expressions would be recognized above chance in virtually all cultures.

Maria perceives the world around her as an integrated whole. This suggests that Maria is a(n) ________, who would also attend to ________.

holistic thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

holistic thinkers.

Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook what would be associated with such increase?

improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase?

improved diet during infancy and adolescence

Cross-cultural test of Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning reveal that

in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms

According to research by Shweder and others, the most important consideration in deciding on sleeping arrangements in both Indian and American families is

incest avoidance.

Whereas analytic thinking is related to ________, holistic thinking is related to ________.

independent self-views; interdependent self-views

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see a strong divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of?

independent theory of self

According to the Marin (1994) article (the "Being Hispanic in the United States" article), which of the following values is not a part of Hispanic values?

individualism

Social loafing (tug of war example)

individuals' work input is less when performance is measured on a group level, compared to when performance is measured on an individual basis

The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?

james-lange theory of emotion

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood.

Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is

less likely to report depressed mood.

Lesotho lives in a nation with many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend; but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with

malgri.

You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he's just caught. You'd love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you're carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of?

market pricing

Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?

mere exposure effect

The relation between money and happiness is that...

money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries

People holding a pen between their teeth tend to find cartoons __ than peole holding a pen between their lips

more amusing

The self-serving bias is ________. This explains why Spencer, an American college student, is likely to recall more ________ compared to Hirohito, a Japanese college student, who is likely to recall more ________.

more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure memories

Men's Mate Preferences, An adaptive problem (How did our ancestors attempt to observe reproductive value when choosing a mate?)

not all women are capable of bearing children: -Our male ancestors had to marry women who were capable of bearing children.- -Couldn't directly observe reproductive value. -Had to indirectly observe it. How? By looking for features that are correlated with it (like youth and physical attractiveness)

Love marriages are more likely in cultures with ______ family structures. What serves as the glue to maintain the relationship? (in the absence of social or family pressures)

nuclear family structures *In the absence of social pressures from family, love serves as the glue that maintains a relationship.

Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrate different types of biological change because

obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not.

propinquity effect

people are more likely to become friends with people with whom they interact

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that

people attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

Low relational mobility

people who have few opportunities to form new relationships, and their past relationships, and their commitments and obligations to them, continue to guide them

high relational mobility

people who's relational ties are flexible enough, and opportunities for new relationships are available enough, that people feel that they can find new relationships and not feel overly bound by their old relationships.

Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that

people's self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate.

research on acculturation curves

pg.254-257

The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following?

proximal cause

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results?

recommend antibiotics or surgery

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results? -seek help elsewhere for the cause of the infection -perform an exorcism -recommend antibiotics or surgery -prescribe vitamins and lots of rest

recommend antibiotics or surgery

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would

recommend vitamins and rest.

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would -recommend surgery. -prescribe high dosages of pharmaceuticals. -recommend vitamins and rest. -recommend that he avoid germs.

recommend vitamins and rest.

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better?

remind herself of her connections with others

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? -seek the help of her close friends -seek professional help -remind herself of her connections with others -introspect and solve the problems herself

remind herself of her connections with others

shame`

somatization

Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing a negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory's experience?

somatzation

Different languages from around the world

sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.

Different languages from around the world...

sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.

Whorfian hypothesis

strong form: the words that are available to people determine how they think. Weak form: the words that are available to people influence how they think.

From a health standpoint, retirees who move from New York City to the beaches of Florida will

suffer fewer heart problems than Floridians who move to New York City.

Delilah was just in a graveyard and was extremely frightened by the fact that she felt she saw the ghost of her mother. She was so frightened that she felt like her soul was dislodged from her body. What is her experience an example of?

susto

analytic thinking is best characterized by -taxonomic categorization -thematic categorization -multiple level categorization -any form of categorization

taxonomic categorization

One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite distant from the main-stream culture. The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains and have greatly maintained connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues' research on Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?

the Brackens

Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The more he is exposed to this tree swing,

the more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? -Neither will agree with him. -the ordinary American citizens -the doctors from other countries -Both groups will equally agree with him.

the ordinary American citizens

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences on seeing his boss

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following qualifies as an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?

the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss

In one experiment investigating anger responses, European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians differed in:

the rate at which their physiological response returned to baseline

One possible mechanism thought to explain higher rates of somatization in certain cultures is

the tendency in some cultures to focus attention away from emotions.

According to evolutionary theory, facial features such as clear complexion and bilateral symmetry are considered universally attractive because

they are believed to indicate a person's good health and therefore imply that future offspring are also likely to be healthy and survive.

Your friend is experiencing stomach aches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be?

tribal

Kartika believes that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she

tries to avoid strong displays of emotions.

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she -tries to not have strong displays of emotions. -has emotional highs and lows. -feels no emotions. -transitions easily from one emotion to another.

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she...

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

two factor theory of emotions

Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie? -linguistic relativity of emotional experience -universal emotions -two-factor theory of emotions -James-Lange theory of emotion

two-factor theory of emotions

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most euphoria?

when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement?

when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused

PSY321 - 2

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Phil 101 Exam 2 Study Guide

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S14

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Study guide GEO test (2)

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