psy340 midterm
According to research described in the textbook, about how often did the more "competent"-looking candidate win in the 2004 senate races? a. 70 percent of the time b. 20 percent of the time c. 50 percent of the time d. 100 percent of the time
a. 70 percent of the time
Personality assessment would be relevant to which of the following constructs? a. All of the answer options are correct. b. aggression c. attitudes toward political leaders d. extraversion
a. All of the answer options are correct.
Which of the following is an ethical issue involved in the research process? a. All of the answer options are correct. b. which research topics are studied c. how truthful researchers are when describing their work d. how research findings are used
a. All of the answer options are correct.
The typical experimental psychologist in a testing situation collects ________ data. a. B b. I c. S d. L
a. B
Which of the following is an expression of Funder's First Law? a. Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways. b. Individual differences should not be put into the "error" term in statistical analysis. c. People vary in terms of their trait levels. d. There are no perfect indicators of personality.
a. Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways.
According to the text, personality's greatest strength, understanding whole persons, is also its greatest weakness. Which term describes this fundamental observation? a. Funder's First Law b. One Big Theory c. pigeonholing d. psychological triad
a. Funder's First Law
What is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction? a. Gather lots of items. b. Administer items to a large sample. c. Identify the groups. d. Conduct a factor analysis on existing scales.
a. Gather lots of items.
A major advantage of personality psychology is that it focuses on the whole person and real-life concerns, yet this can often lead to overinclusive and unfocused research. Which of the following is a major theme of your textbook that speaks to this conflict? a. Great strengths are usually great weaknesses. b. The One Big Theory (OBT) can account for everything in personality. c. The personality puzzle will never be solved. d. A single basic approach must be chosen on the basis of rigorous data analysis.
a. Great strengths are usually great weaknesses.
What is a reasonable argument for the idea that personality change is maladaptive? a. Having a disorganized, unsteady personality can cause others to find it difficult to make sense of or relate to that person. b. Personality instability causes borderline personality disorder. c. Someone who changes their personality frequently is perceived as unattractive and therefore may not acquire many relationship partners. d. Personality stability causes others to consider that person as "too perfect."
a. Having a disorganized, unsteady personality can cause others to find it difficult to make sense of or relate to that person.
Consider the following scenario: A child cries for his father to take him to the park while they are at the library. Which of the following represents a likely reason that accurate judgment of the child's extraversion might fail? a. Important cues for extraversion are not displayed. b. A judge is highly intelligent and notices important cues. c. A judge sees the tantrum and recognizes that the information isn't relevant. d. The situation doesn't allow for the display of extraversion.
a. Important cues for extraversion are not displayed.
What intervention has been developed to (temporarily) change levels of narcissism? a. Individuals were told to practice empathy and taking perspective. b. Individuals were given psilocybin mushrooms. c. Individuals were told to practice mindfulness meditation. d. Individuals were instructed to work for a charity for at least 10 hours per week.
a. Individuals were told to practice empathy and taking perspective.
According to a study reported in the text, researchers were able to predict individuals' level of conscientiousness and openness to experience based solely on various aspects of their bedrooms. This study used ________ data to assess personality. a. L b. S c. B d. I
a. L
Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data? a. L b. I c. B d. S
a. L
According to the textbook, why do chapters of Freud and neo-Freudians tend to be referred to as a "tour of the graveyard"? a. Most neo-Freudians are dead. b. The theories of Freud and neo-Freudians are largely regarded as extinct. c. Most neo-Freudian interpretations are just as negative and dark as Freud's original theories. d. A review of Freud and neo-Freudians are often excluded from contemporary textbooks.
a. Most neo-Freudians are dead.
Fast and Funder (2008) found that using words like guarantee was correlated .21 with "has a high aspiration for self." Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this finding? a. Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations. b. Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly less likely to also have high aspirations. c. Participants who used the word guarantee were very unlikely to also have high aspirations. d. Participants who used the word guarantee were very likely to also have high aspirations.
a. Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations.
According to the text, what is the central lesson that came out of the person-situation debate? a. People are different from one another, and these differences matter. b. Individual differences are relatively unimportant in predicting behavior. c. Reliability is necessary but not sufficient in ensuring a construct is measured validly. d. Sometimes a theory's greatest strength is also its greatest weakness.
a. People are different from one another, and these differences matter.
According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research? a. Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts. b. Much personality research is based on samples of college students. c. More women than men participate in research. d. Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up.
a. Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.
Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests? a. Projective tests are relatively inefficient, lacking in validity, and expensive to administer. b. Although projective tests discriminate between known groups, the content of the items may seem absurd to test takers. c. Respondents uniformly hate taking projective tests because of their length. d. Clinicians tend to find them relatively unhelpful despite their considerable validity.
a. Projective tests are relatively inefficient, lacking in validity, and expensive to administer.
Which reason describes why averaged (aggregated) behaviors are more strongly related to personality traits than individual behaviors? a. Random variations tend to cancel out when aggregated. b. Random variations tend to multiply when aggregated. c. Trait variation is mostly specific when aggregated. d. Trait variation is mostly random when aggregated.
a. Random variations tend to cancel out when aggregated.
Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams? a. S b. B c. L d. I
a. S
In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early lives. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data. a. S; L b. B; L c. L; B d. S; I
a. S; L
Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation? a. Spearman-Brown b. alpha c. Kaiser-Guttman d. kappa
a. Spearman-Brown
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform better? a. Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students. b. Teachers provide extra opportunities to these students. c. Teachers provide more detailed and constructive feedback to these students. d. Teachers are warmer to these students.
a. Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students.
What is one advantage of collecting descriptions of a participant's personality from his or her acquaintances? a. The acquaintances' descriptions of the participant are likely based on many behaviors in many situations. b. There is little to no bias with acquaintance descriptions. c. The acquaintances are likely more accurate in judging the participant's internal state. d. The acquaintances are likely smarter.
a. The acquaintances' descriptions of the participant are likely based on many behaviors in many situations.
In Leikas, Lönnqvist, and Verkasalo (2012), participants interacted with trained actors. The number of times a participant gestured depended mostly on his or her own characteristics. Which of the following reflects the correct interpretation of this result? a. The amount of variability explained by the situation was large. b. The amount of variability explained by the situation was small. c. The amount of variability explained by the person was large. d. The amount of variability explained by the person was small.
a. The amount of variability explained by the situation was large. (wrong)
A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of personality improves accuracy. According to the textbook, what conclusions can be drawn from this literature? a. The results of the existing studies are mixed. b. Extra effort greatly improves accuracy. c. Extra effort reduces accuracy by a considerable amount. d. Extra effort improves judgments of close friends but not casual acquaintances.
a. The results of the existing studies are mixed.
According to Funder, in what way do personality psychologists appreciate individual differences? a. They appreciate rich individual differences because the person is the starting point of personality psychology. b. They categorize and label people; that is, they pigeonhole them. c. They focus on how similar people behave in different situations. d. They psychoanalyze people, because there are important differences in the unconscious.
a. They appreciate rich individual differences because the person is the starting point of personality psychology.
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and finds a statistically significant correlation between eating pizza and aggression. However, there is no real association between eating pizza and aggression in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made? a. Type I b. Type II c. correlational d. Type III
a. Type I
The Woodworth Personality Data Sheet was designed to measure psychiatric problems in what group? a. U.S. Army recruits b. high school students c. potential employees of Target stores d. college students
a. U.S. Army recruits
Which of the following is an example of interjudge agreement in the context of accuracy judgments? a. Your friends' ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents' ratings. b. Your own ratings of your conscientiousness predict your class attendance. c. Your parents' ratings of your neuroticism correlate with your tendency to have test anxiety. d. Your friends' ratings of your agreeableness do not predict your neatness.
a. Your friends' ratings of your extraversion converge with your parents' ratings.
In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be MOST accurate? a. a lifelong best friend b. a trained clinical psychologist c. a classmate who has seen you most recently d. a teacher
a. a lifelong best friend
What is the anima? a. a man's idealized conception of women b. the idealized conception of humankind c. a woman's idealized conception of men d. the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
a. a man's idealized conception of women
According to the text, IQ tests yield B data by asking participants a. a series of questions of varying difficulty that have specific correct answers. b. to rate how intelligent they are on a scale from 1 to 7. c. to interpret an ambiguous image. d. to describe a time in their lives that demonstrated intelligence.
a. a series of questions of varying difficulty that have specific correct answers.
Sally found that neither caffeine nor extraversion individually predicted problem solving; however, she found that they both worked together to predict problem solving. This is an example of what kind of an effect? a. a true interaction b. a true mediation c. an evocation d. a suppressor
a. a true interaction
What is the animus? a. a woman's idealized conception of men b. a man's idealized conception of women c. the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal d. the idealized conception of humankind
a. a woman's idealized conception of men
Research from multiple psychological domains has demonstrated that first impressions are a. accurate in judging most of the Big Five personality traits. b. not at all accurate in judging personality. c. only accurate in judging how neurotic someone is. d. accurate in judging athleticism.
a. accurate in judging most of the Big Five personality traits.
What is the correct order of narrative identity development over the life course, according to Dan McAdams? a. actor, agent, author b. author, agent, actor c. agent, author, actor d. agent, actor, author
a. actor, agent, author
Ashley has always wanted to be a great lawyer. After years of hard work, she has just graduated from law school and in the next few weeks will begin working as a junior partner at a national law firm. Ashley is beginning to see herself as an a. agent. b. author. c. artist. d. actor.
a. agent.
The MOST important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to a. aggregate your measurements. b. measure something that is important. c. use the smallest possible number of items. d. maximize error variance.
a. aggregate your measurements.
According to recent research (Boyce & Wood, 2011), which trait seems to be related to quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses? a. agreeableness b. openness c. neuroticism d. conscientiousness
a. agreeableness
Psychologists following the phenomenological approach a. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will. b. build theoretical models of how people process information. c. focus on the workings of the unconscious mind and the resolution of internal mental conflict. d. study how overt behavior is affected by rewards and punishments.
a. are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will.
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality? a. assessment b. phenomenological c. psychoanalytic d. learning
a. assessment
Which sequence represents the correct order for Erikson's first three psychosocial stages? a. basic trust versus mistrust; autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt b. basic trust versus mistrust; initiative versus guilt; identity versus identity confusion c. basic trust versus mistrust; initiative versus guilt; autonomy versus shame and doubt d. identity versus identity confusion; intimacy versus isolation; basic trust versus mistrust
a. basic trust versus mistrust; autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
People who enjoy upbeat, conventional music tend to be higher in what trait? a. cheerfulness b. talkativeness c. imagination d. intelligence
a. cheerfulness
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to a. collect as many clues as possible. b. gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading. c. rely solely on self-report data. d. gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones.
a. collect as many clues as possible.
According to a recent study described in the textbook, which trait has been linked to a decrease in life satisfaction following a period of unemployment? a. conscientiousness b. self-monitoring c. agreeableness d. narcissism
a. conscientiousness
Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes? a. conscientiousness b. neuroticism c. openness d. authoritarianism
a. conscientiousness
Starting a job, entering college, and beginning a serious relationship are all associated with increases in a. conscientiousness. b. extraversion. c. neuroticism. d. openness to experience.
a. conscientiousness.
Erikson's view is distinct from Freudian theory in that he believed psychological development a. continues to change throughout the life span. b. involves the investment of the libido at each stage. c. occurs primarily in early childhood. d. depends on the resolution of the Oedipal complex.
a. continues to change throughout the life span.
Factor analyses are mostly based on which of the following pieces of information? a. correlation matrices b. researchers' judgments c. thematic apperception tests d. superfactors
a. correlation matrices
In addition to serving as a way for psychologists to construct objective tests, the factor analysis method has also been used to a. decide how many fundamental traits exist. b. construct projective tests. c. design experimental studies. d. determine reliability.
a. decide how many fundamental traits exist.
Which of the following would be an example of trying to improve the predictability of behavior from personality traits by taking into account the possibility that some people are more consistent than others? a. determining if the behavior of high self-monitors is less predictable than that of low self-monitors b. trying to predict how warm and friendly you will act when you meet your in-laws next Monday c. collecting information about your responses to stressful work situations d. measuring how frequently you are late to work using a daily diary report of your everyday behavior
a. determining if the behavior of high self-monitors is less predictable than that of low self-monitors
According to Adler, adult behavior that stems from perceived childhood inferiorities is referred to as a. developing a persona. b. personality. c. way of living. d. style of life.
a. developing a persona (i think, it's not b. personality)
Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ________, whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ________. a. different from each other; similar to each other b. similar to each other; different from each other c. motivated by unconscious forces; motivated by conscious forces d. essentially good; essentially bad
a. different from each other; similar to each other
Which of the following MOST closely represents a focal topic of the phenomenological approach to personality? a. discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics b. understanding mental conflicts c. applying principles of behaviorism and social observation d. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
a. discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics
A correlation coefficient is a measure of ________ and mathematically ranges between ________. a. effect size; −1 and +1 b. effect size; .30 and .40 c. significance test; zero and infinity d. probability; 1 and 100
a. effect size; −1 and +1
The items in the California Q-Set were derived from a. efforts by researchers to develop a complete list of items sufficient to describe any person. b. Allport and Odbert's original list of trait terms from everyday language. c. a quantitative factor analysis. d. a biologically based model of personality.
a. efforts by researchers to develop a complete list of items sufficient to describe any person.
Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and ask a sample of people diagnosed with clinical depression and a sample of nondepressed people to respond to the items. For your final version of the test, you decide to keep only the 15 items that the depressed and nondepressed groups answered differently. You are using a(n) ________ method of test construction. a. empirical b. factor analytic c. rational d. projective
a. empirical
The goal of personality psychology is to a. explain the whole person in his or her daily environment. b. explain how people think in ways that differ from each other. c. understand extreme patterns of personality. d. develop One Big Theory to explain everything about personality.
a. explain the whole person in his or her daily environment.
Happiness is associated with what trait? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. self-monitoring
a. extraversion
Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler? a. feminine protest b. masculine protest c. organ inferiority d. inferiority complex
a. feminine protest
According to the text, which of the following characteristics is positively associated with personality consistency? a. general mental health b. openness to experience c. need for cognition d. neuroticism
a. general mental health
The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research. a. generalizability b. reliability c. statistical significance d. validity
a. generalizability
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called a. generalizability. b. systematic bias. c. measurement equivalence. d. factorial invariance.
a. generalizability.
Ellen is a 50-year-old woman who is raising her two grandchildren, is active in her community, and is learning how to paint. According to Erikson's theory, Ellen has chosen a. generativity. b. industry. c. integrity. d. initiative.
a. generativity.
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and conservatives? a. harm/care b. authority/respect c. purity d. in-group loyalty
a. harm/care
Which of the following is NOT a basic aspect of childhood temperament? a. heterotypic continuity b. negative emotionality c. positive emotionality d. effortful control
a. heterotypic continuity
Zara reported that she wants to be more extraverted. According to recent research on personality change and desire, Zara is likely a. high in emotional stability. b. high in extraversion. c. low in emotional stability. d. low in extraversion.
a. high in emotional stability. (wrong)
People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________. a. high self-monitors; low self-monitors b. low self-monitors; high self-monitors c. ego resilient; ego controlled d. ego controlled; ego resilient
a. high self-monitors; low self-monitors
According to the text, the widespread use of Freud's ideas in popular culture may actually be a deterrent for promoting the study of his theories because a. his theories seem so cliché or mundane that people will have little interest in studying them. b. his theories are too broad and holistic of human behavior. c. many of their uses in popular culture are actually incorrect. d. his theories are still widely used in psychotherapy today.
a. his theories seem so cliché or mundane that people will have little interest in studying them.
Which trait describes people who are psychologically well adjusted and tend to be religious? a. honesty-humility b. sensuality c. frugality d. humor
a. honesty-humility
A moralistic church official ends up soliciting prostitutes. According to Freudian theory, this was caused by the a. id winning out over the superego. b. ego winning out over the id. c. superego winning out over the id. d. ego winning out over the superego.
a. id winning out over the superego.
The MMPI was designed to assess ________, whereas the CPI was designed to assess ________. a. individuals with psychological difficulties; nondisturbed individuals b. Jung's psychological types; Freud's defense mechanisms c. the Big Five personality factors; Hogan's personality factors d. normal individuals; clinical populations
a. individuals with psychological difficulties; nondisturbed individuals
What are the two primary criteria for evaluating personality judgments? a. interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction b. internal consistency and behavioral prediction c. interjudge agreement and internal consistency d. predictive validity and behavioral prediction
a. interjudge agreement and behavioral prediction
According to the text, the four key ideas of psychoanalytic theory are a. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism. b. internal structure, mental energy, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives. c. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and unconscious motives. d. mental energy, psychic conflict, psychic determinism, and unconscious motives.
a. internal structure, mental energy, psychic conflict, and psychic determinism. (i think)
According to Freud, the process of psychological development is driven by the a. investment and redirection of psychic energy. b. conflict between the conscious and preconscious mind. c. development of key psychosocial relationships with others. d. development of autonomy.
a. investment and redirection of psychic energy.
Bijoy is painfully shy at work. As a consequence of his shyness, according to research referenced in the text, he a. is less likely to get help if he asks for it. b. is probably better at working in groups. c. likely perceives himself as highly extraverted. d. is likely considered to be very likable among his coworkers.
a. is less likely to get help if he asks for it.
Someone who scores high on extraversion likely ________, whereas someone who scores high on agreeableness likely ________. a. is sensitive to rewards; is psychologically well adjusted b. does not show their emotions; is vulnerable to bullying c. scores low on agreeableness; scores low on extraversion d. is thrifty; is accident-prone
a. is sensitive to rewards; is psychologically well adjusted
The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that a. it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants. b. it allows the assessment of causality. c. it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable. d. participants are always randomly sampled from the general population.
a. it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants. (wrong)
Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next. a. low in self-monitoring b. low in self-efficacy c. high in self-efficacy d. high in self-monitoring
a. low in self-monitoring
Which of the following MOST closely represents a focal topic of the trait approach to personality? a. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences b. understanding mental conflicts c. understanding the mind in terms of biological mechanisms d. applying principles of behaviorism and social observation
a. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
Which trait is associated with putting more effort into hairstyles and clothing? a. narcissism b. self-monitoring c. conscientiousness d. authoritarianism
a. narcissism
Eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will a. not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged. b. decrease the likelihood that women and minorities will be discriminated against in hiring. c. prevent biases from affecting hiring decisions. d. increase the use of lie detector tests and drug tests in employment screening.
a. not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged.
Which was NOT one of the areas in which people made reasonably accurate judgments, based only on looking at someone's face? a. number of children b. dominance versus submissiveness c. sexual orientation d. profitability of a CEO's company
a. number of children
Which of the following would be an example of natural B data? a. observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day b. number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency situation c. a subject's verbal responses to a Rorschach test d. number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation
a. observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
Which subfield of psychology uses personality psychology to understand vocational interests and occupational success and leadership? a. organizational b. developmental c. cultural d. social
a. organizational
Adult behavior, according to Horney, is based on efforts to a. overcome the fear of being alone in a hostile world. b. resolve interpersonal conflicts with significant others. c. repress the collective unconscious. d. deal with recurring Oedipal crises.
a. overcome the fear of being alone in a hostile world.
According to a study referenced in the text on personality judgments from close acquaintances (Kolar et al., 1996), acquaintance judgments were more accurate than self-judgments in predicting a. overt behavior. b. job satisfaction. c. emotional experiences. d. life satisfaction.
a. overt behavior.
According to Freud, the superego develops during the ________ stage of psychosexual development, and the ego develops during the ________ stage. a. phallic; anal b. vaginal; penile c. oral; genital d. penile; vaginal
a. phallic; anal
Jason is playing with his brother's new skateboard when he runs it into a wall and breaks it into pieces. Psychoanalysts would maintain that the destruction of the skateboard was a. probably determined by some unconscious desire in Jason to ruin his brother's new toy. b. a conscious free choice made by Jason right before he ran it into the wall. c. caused by the environmental conditions. d. just an accident.
a. probably determined by some unconscious desire in Jason to ruin his brother's new toy.
Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad? a. psychological health b. behavior c. thoughts d. feelings
a. psychological health
Richard is an introvert and finds himself miserable at parties. His response is an example of a(n) ________ person-environment transaction. a. reactive b. active c. evocative d. inactive
a. reactive
Sandy is afraid that her lack of diligence and timeliness will cause her to get fired from her job. According to the text, what is the first thing she must do to increase her level of conscientiousness? a. recognize her specific problem areas and want to change b. talk to her boss to get his perspective c. change herself immediately without much thought d. recognize that particular aspects of her job are likely causing her to be late and lazy
a. recognize her specific problem areas and want to change
Paul used to abuse alcohol and at his lowest point, his father helped him become sober. Now Paul and his father are closer than they ever have been. Paul's story is an example of a(n) ________ story. a. redemptive b. agency c. communion d. interpersonal
a. redemptive
The object relations theorist Melanie Klein suggests that important love relationships are mixed with emotions such as envy, fear, and guilt. People react to these emotions by a. resorting to idealizations of relationships. b. adopting a new object. c. regressing to early stages of psychosexual development. d. avoiding close relationships.
a. resorting to idealizations of relationships.
According to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on behavior and Scud missiles, situations a. seem to have inconsistent effects. b. seem to bring out individual differences in all people. c. never seem to affect behavior. d. can overshadow individual differences in all cases.
a. seem to have inconsistent effects.
Classic psychoanalytic theory assumes development ________, whereas contemporary developmental psychology assumes development ________. a. stops after adolescence; continues throughout adulthood b. continues throughout adulthood; stops after adolescence c. relies on nurture; relies on nature d. relies on nature; relies on nurture
a. stops after adolescence; continues throughout adulthood
What dramatic conclusion did some psychologists and non-psychologists draw from Mischel's claims regarding personality and behavior? a. that personality did not exist b. that personality does not change over the life span c. that correlations cannot test the link between the person and the situation d. that people are in some ways similar and in some ways different than other people
a. that personality did not exist
Based on the text, what aspect of Freud's theory provides evidence to support the claim that Freud and psychoanalysis are sexist? a. the idea that the side effects of being female include having less self-esteem, less creativity, and less moral fiber b. the idea that only males could be the norm so females couldn't be used for case studies c. the idea that defense mechanisms are only effective for men d. the idea that the psychological themes related to the phallic stage include love, fear, and jealousy
a. the idea that the side effects of being female include having less self-esteem, less creativity, and less moral fiber
What does Freud mean by identification? a. the process by which a child takes on attitudes and values of the same-sex parent b. the ability of a child to recognize attachment figures in his or her world c. the child's ability to have empathy and to identify with another person's situation d. successful recognition and classification of different objects in the child's world
a. the process by which a child takes on attitudes and values of the same-sex parent
Which of the following was NOT a study that Funder and Ozer reviewed in their work calculating the size of the situation coefficient? a. the reduction in intrinsic motivation that occurs when children are given rewards b. the forced compliance task that illustrated cognitive dissonance c. the position of the learner in Milgram's experiments on obedience d. the bystander intervention effect that illustrated situational factors on helping behavior
a. the reduction in intrinsic motivation that occurs when children are given rewards
The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether a. they are answered differently by different kinds of people. b. they are correlated with other items on the scales. c. the respondent will be willing and able to give an accurate self-assessment for them. d. their content adequately reflects the construct to be measured.
a. they are answered differently by different kinds of people.
Which part of the psychological triad corresponds to cognitions about the self? a. thoughts b. behaviors c. disorders d. traits
a. thoughts
According to Freud, boys and girls figure out what it means to be male and female a. through the process of identification. b. during the genital stage of development. c. during the latency stage of development. d. by being rewarded or punished for gender-appropriate behavior.
a. through the process of identification.
Why did Freud counterattack criticisms of his psychoanalytic theory by providing examples of Darwin's theory of evolution and Copernicus's teachings that the earth is not the center of the universe? a. to illustrate that many theories are initially rejected because they make people feel uncomfortable b. to emphasize that many theories initially do not have much scientific evidence to support them c. to emphasize the scientific integrity of his psychoanalytic theory d. to highlight the evolutionary origins of his own theory
a. to illustrate that many theories are initially rejected because they make people feel uncomfortable
Personality psychologists who adhere to the ________ approach try to understand people by way of identifying, conceptualizing, and measuring the ways in which people differ psychologically from one another. a. trait b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. phenomenological
a. trait
A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of traits that characterize whole persons will likely use a ________ approach. a. typological b. many-trait c. configural d. single-trait
a. typological
Which level of the mind did Freud consider to be the MOST important? a. unconscious mind b. preconscious mind c. conscious mind d. the ego
a. unconscious mind
In observing human behavior, it is impossible to a. understand everything about a person all at once. b. make any real progress toward solving the personality puzzle. c. choose to limit what you look at in a person. d. find patterns across different kinds of observation.
a. understand everything about a person all at once.
Introspection would be included as part of the ________ function of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM). a. utilization b. detection c. relevance d. communication
a. utilization
According to situationists, the upper limit of personality coefficients is estimated as a. .80. b. .40. c. .20. d. .60.
b. .40.
Mischel originally argued that personality coefficients seldom exceed .30, whereas subsequent situationists raised that estimate to a. .50. b. .40. c. .45. d. .35.
b. .40.
Imagine that you could draw a line through the points on a scatter plot depicting the relation between X and Y that slopes upward from left to right. Which of the following is a possible value for the correlation coefficient that you would compute from these data? a. −1.0 b. 1.0 c. 0 d. −.5
b. 1.0
Currently, the consensus among most personality researchers is that there are ________ fundamental personality traits. a. 16 b. 5 c. 3 d. 7
b. 5
Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because a. some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments. b. All of the answer options are correct. c. judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior. d. each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts.
b. All of the answer options are correct.
In order to improve personality research, researchers can a. predict behavioral trends rather than single acts. b. All of the answer options are correct. c. check for factors that predict consistency. d. measure behavior in real life.
b. All of the answer options are correct.
Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of a. thought. b. All of the answer options are correct. c. emotion. d. behavior.
b. All of the answer options are correct.
The judgments other people make of your personality may affect a. your opportunities. b. All of the answer options are correct. c. expectancies of your behavior. d. your chances of getting a job.
b. All of the answer options are correct.
The large number of trait terms in the English language indicates that a. personality traits are an important part of our culture. b. All of the answer options are correct. c. we need an abundance of trait terms to distinguish between different types of people. d. when it comes to personality, one size does not fit all.
b. All of the answer options are correct.
The situationist argument holds that a. our everyday intuitions about people are fundamentally flawed. b. All of the answer options are correct. c. a thorough review of the literature reveals that there is a limit to how well one can predict behavior from personality. d. situations are more important than personality traits for determining behavior.
b. All of the answer options are correct.
Which of the following is NOT an example of interactionism? a. An extraverted person chooses to live in a bigger, faster-paced city. b. An agreeable person is generally a good team player. c. A conscientious person reacts differently to feedback from her boss. d. A neurotic person expects to be socially excluded, which makes others stay away from him.
b. An agreeable person is generally a good team player.
When a researcher examines the association between behaviors at a party on Friday night and how many times someone volunteers to answer questions in class on Monday, she is looking at the association between ________ data and ________ data. a. I; B b. B; B c. S; I d. B; I
b. B; B
Which of the following of Freud's theories is part of modern psychoanalytic thought? a. Psychic energy, or libido, is finite. b. Compromise formation is the ego's main job. c. Psychological impulses will build up if they are not expressed. d. The mind is divided into three parts.
b. Compromise formation is the ego's main job.
According to the text, what is unique about the criticism Freud's theories have faced, compared to other psychological theories that have also received criticism? a. Criticism of Freud's theories is also directed toward neo-Freudians. b. Criticism of Freud's theories tends to be mixed with personal criticisms toward Freud as a person. c. Freud's theories often contradict many modern-day psychological theories. d. Critics of Freud's theories often point out the lack of scientific evidence supporting them.
b. Criticism of Freud's theories tends to be mixed with personal criticisms toward Freud as a person.
Which conclusion follows from Funder's analysis of the person-situation debate? a. People don't really act differently from each other. b. Even in the same situation, all people do not behave in the same way. c. Person perceptions are largely incorrect. d. Personality doesn't usually predict behavior.
b. Even in the same situation, all people do not behave in the same way.
What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions? a. First impressions based on face judgments have no validity. b. First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity. c. First impressions based on the size of the target's nose have a surprising amount of validity. d. First impressions based on the shape of the target's mouth have a surprising amount of validity.
b. First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity.
Based on personality development research conducted over the last 40 years, what can we conclude regarding William James's claim that personality is "set like plaster" by age 30? a. He was wrong in the sense that personality remains stable after age 50. b. He was very wrong. c. He was more or less correct. d. There is not yet enough evidence to know whether he was correct.
b. He was very wrong.
Dr. Gardiner wants to conduct a replication of a well-known study. Broadly speaking, what function does this replication serve? a. It enables her to explore a new psychological phenomenon. b. It is an indication of the stability of the results. c. It is more prestigious than novel research. d. It serves no function; scientists should always be conducting novel research.
b. It is an indication of the stability of the results.
Which of the following is the best example of a situationist argument? a. Melinda's talkativeness is related to her optimism. b. Knowing Robert's extraversion doesn't really let us predict his behavior. c. Suri's conscientiousness changes depending on the time of day. d. Knowing Sanjay's neuroticism means we know how anxious he usually is.
b. Knowing Robert's extraversion doesn't really let us predict his behavior.
________ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker. a. Responsibility b. Maturity c. Generativity d. Consistency
b. Maturity
Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation interaction? a. People change the situations they occupy. b. People generally prefer situations that are pleasant. c. People choose the situations they occupy. d. People react differently to the same situation.
b. People generally prefer situations that are pleasant.
What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure? a. Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items. b. Read and consider the content of the items. c. Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items. d. Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.
b. Read and consider the content of the items.
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create? a. Such items tend to make participants anxious. b. Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms. c. Such items raise concerns with social desirability. d. Participants can easily fake responses on the items.
b. Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms
When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST trustworthy? a. B b. S c. I d. L
b. S
Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect? a. I b. S c. L d. B
b. S
Imagine your new roommate makes her bed carefully each morning. What might you infer with some accuracy about her personality? a. She is extremely extraverted. b. She is conscientious. c. She is open to experience. d. She is depressed.
b. She is conscientious.
When publishing her study, Dr. Mouzakis decided to only report the experimental conditions that provided significant results. Why is this problematic behavior? a.Experimental psychologists always use deception and are therefore unethical. b. She is faking her data and committing fraud. c. Readers do not know which experimental methods did not yield significant results. d. It is not problematic; only significant results should be reported.
b. She is faking her data and committing fraud. (wrong)
Why did Freud believe that psychotherapy was beneficial? a. Therapists provide objective insight without becoming emotionally involved. b. Talking about problems helps bring those issues into conscious awareness. c. Scientific methods proved the effectiveness of psychotherapy. d. It helps the individual understand aspects of the collective unconscious.
b. Talking about problems helps bring those issues into conscious awareness.
Based on recent research, what is likely to happen when an aggressive person plays a competitive multiplayer video game? a. There is no ability to predict how the aggressive person will behave in this context. b. The aggressive person will evoke aggression from the other players. c. The aggressive person will frequently win. d. The aggressive person will be less aggressive.
b. The aggressive person will evoke aggression from the other players.
According to Funder, what evidence is there that the person-situation controversy still exists today? a. Social psychologists make more money on average than personality psychologists. b. The current literature still includes the occasional mention that personality is not a significant predictor of behavior. c. Psychologists still rely heavily on correlational research designs. d. There is no real evidence that the controversy still exists.
b. The current literature still includes the occasional mention that personality is not a significant predictor of behavior.
According to your text, what is one important use of personality types? a. They are good indicators of how people are quantitatively different from one another. b. They serve as a way to summarize how someone stands on several traits. c. There is no real use for personality types. d. They are the best way to predict job performance.
b. They serve as a way to summarize how someone stands on several traits.
According to the text, which of the following is one of the reactions an individual high on right-wing authoritarianism would have when playing experimental games? a. They are less likely to obey an experimenter's commands. b. They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible. c. They seek to win at all costs. d. They experience more positive emotions than nonauthoritarians.
b. They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible.
What does it mean to say that S data have causal force? a. S data cause personality. b. What people think about themselves influences how they behave. c. How people behave is caused by what others think of them. d. People's environments cause their self-perceptions.
b. What people think about themselves influences how they behave.
Which of the following is an example of the defense mechanism reaction formation? a. employees throw darts at a picture of their boss b. a politician who solicits sex pushes to increase punishment for prostitution c. a college student forgets that his paper is due at 8:00 A.M. before the final exam d. a mother explains to her daughter that her dog has passed on
b. a politician who solicits sex pushes to increase punishment for prostitution
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data? a. a participant's records of his daily activities in a daily research "diary" b. a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview c. observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation d. measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements
b. a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview
College students often have pictures of their friends and families from back home displayed in their dorm rooms. What do these pictures represent? a. an archetype b. a transitional object c. reaching the final stage of psychosocial development d. a neurotic need for love and acceptance
b. a transitional object
In line with the ________ process, if someone is high on conscientiousness, they will most likely select environments that promote achievement and order. a. evocative person-environment transaction b. active person-environment transaction c. reactive person-environment transaction d. heterotypic continuity
b. active person-environment transaction
The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called a. reactive person-environment transaction. b. active person-environmental transaction. c. evocative person-environment transaction. d. heterotypic continuity.
b. active person-environmental transaction.
In the last month, Oscar learned to drive and began working at his first job. These new developments are helping him to see himself as an a. artist. b. actor. c. author. d. agent.
b. actor.
Personality disorders generally ________ across the life span. a. become less severe b. are stable c. get worse d. are responsive to therapy and become less severe
b. are stable
Random assignment allows researchers to a. ignore problems of measurement biases in self-report personality assessments. b. assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions. c. ignore ethical constraints on research that may otherwise limit their ability to conduct research. d. control for the selective attrition of participants who have dropped out of the study.
b. assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions.
Tom was a sickly child and always felt helpless. According to Adler, as an adult Tom will probably a. be a complete invalid. b. attempt to overcompensate. c. lose all interest in his social environment. d. become obsessed with his persona.
b. attempt to overcompensate.
A(n) ________ condition refers to a limit on the generalizability of a particular research conclusion. a. caveat b. boundary c. exclusionary d. threshold
b. boundary
The main goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to a. teach the client to repress id impulses. b. bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness. c. regress the client to earlier levels of functioning through hypnosis. d. have the therapist become emotionally involved with the client.
b. bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness.
The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future scientist a. can contribute something new to the field. b. can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school. c. has read all of the known articles about a given a topic. d. has memorized all of the known facts about a given topic.
b. can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school. (wrong). (maybe a ?)
According to a classic study, individuals who grew up during the Great Depression had different attitudes regarding work and financial security than those who did not grow up during this time. These findings provide evidence for a. the maturity principle. b. cohort effects. c. cumulative continuity principle. d. rank-order stability of personality.
b. cohort effects.
A good judge of personality seems to be high in a. self-monitoring. b. communion. c. agency. d. absorption.
b. communion.
What type of primary process thinking refers to the instance where one image represents multiple thoughts, memories, and emotions? a. displacement b. condensation c. symbolization d. regression
b. condensation
Which trait is linked to avoiding risks and driving carefully? a. narcissism b. conscientiousness c. openness d. self-monitoring
b. conscientiousness
When Samira argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, she is advocating the ________ philosophical position. a. realist b. constructivist c. positivist d. empiricist
b. constructivist
The traditional practice in evaluating the degree to which behavior is affected by the situation has been to a. square the correlation coefficient for the relationship between behavior and some aspect of the situation. b. determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100 percent, and then assign that value to the situation. c. multiply the variance in the behavioral measure by 2. d. add the variance in the behavioral measure to the variance for the situational variable.
b. determine the percentage of variance accounted for by personality, subtract that from 100 percent, and then assign that value to the situation.
A social psychologist focused on statistical significance is concerned with ________, whereas a personality researcher focused on effect sizes is concerned with ________. a. quantifying the size of an effect; documenting the existence of an effect b. documenting the existence of an effect; quantifying the size of an effect c. process; outcome d. squaring correlations; Binomial Effect Size Displays
b. documenting the existence of an effect; quantifying the size of an effect
What are essential traits according to Jack Block? a. stability/plasticity b. ego control/ego resiliency c. neuroticism/extraversion d. negative emotionality/positive emotionality
b. ego control/ego resiliency
According to the text, if peers based judgments on reputation and not observation, then researchers should find a. more agreement on observable traits compared to unobservable traits. b. equal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits. c. no agreement in personality judgments whatsoever. d. more agreement on unobservable traits compared to observable traits.
b. equal agreement for both observable and unobservable traits.
Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of a. the causal force of I data. b. expectancy effects. c. the effects of low self-monitoring. d. an internal locus of control.
b. expectancy effects.
Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is a. expressing her animus. b. experiencing the masculine protest. c. reacting to her social interest. d. developing a persona.
b. experiencing the masculine protest.
Attractiveness is associated with what trait? a. conscientiousness b. extraversion c. openness to experience d. self-monitoring
b. extraversion
Peer acceptance is associated with what trait? a. self-monitoring b. extraversion c. openness to experience d. conscientiousness
b. extraversion
The MOST important advantage of Q-sorting is that it a. does not require the judge to make subtle discriminations between trait ratings. b. forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other. c. can only be used by trained clinicians, thus preventing problems with untrained judges. d. allows the judge to rate the target person consistently high or low on every trait.
b. forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other.
The therapeutic technique that involves instructing the patient to say whatever comes to mind is called a. repressed memory recovery. b. free association. c. systematic regression. d. reaction formation.
b. free association.
Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as ________ at age 3. a. self-reliant and energetic b. guilty and anxious c. maintaining close relationships d. emotionally unstable and aggressive
b. guilty and anxious
Modern developmental psychology has been most influenced by Erikson's idea that psychological development a. is dependent on physical maturation. b. happens across the life span. c. occurs in stages. d. is influenced by parents.
b. happens across the life span.
Though traditional psychoanalysis might focus on childhood conflicts, neo-Freudians expanded their focus to include a. how those childhood conflicts stem from the psychosexual stages. b. how those childhood conflicts play out in current interpersonal relationships. c. connecting the childhood conflicts to unconscious processes. d. the eternal struggle between the id and superego.
b. how those childhood conflicts play out in current interpersonal relationships.
The phenomenological approach leads to which two directions of research? a. cross-cultural and cognitive perspectives on personality b. humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality c. humanistic and social-learning perspectives on personality d. trait and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
b. humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
Between ages 10 and 20, levels of extraversion tend to ________ and then ________. a. decrease; stay the same b. increase; level off c. decrease; increase d. level off; stay the same
b. increase; level off (wrong)
Low self-monitors are more likely than high self-monitors to be described as a. self-dramatizing. b. independent. c. talkative. d. having social poise and presence.
b. independent.
Freud's latency period corresponds to Erikson's stage of a. generativity versus stagnation. b. industry versus inferiority. c. identity versus identity confusion. d. initiative versus guilt.
b. industry versus inferiority.
Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of a. industry versus inferiority. b. initiative versus guilt. c. basic trust versus mistrust. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
b. initiative versus guilt.
All of the following describe neurotic needs, according to Horney, EXCEPT neurotic needs a. stem from childhood anxieties. b. involve a natural stage of adult development everyone must go through. c. involve a desire for something unrealistic. d. are often contradictory.
b. involve a natural stage of adult development everyone must go through.
According to Freud, the mental energy that makes the mind function is called a. sublimation. b. libido. c. Thanatos. d. the id.
b. libido.
Chan tends to be disorganized, irresponsible, and unable to handle criticism well. What is the best description of Chan's personality? a. low extraversion and high openness to experience b. low conscientiousness and high neuroticism c. low openness to experience and high conscientiousness d. low agreeableness and high neuroticism
b. low conscientiousness and high neuroticism
A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher MOST likely to adopt? a. essential-trait b. many-trait c. typological d. single-trait
b. many-trait
A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a a. transmitter. b. moderator. c. catalyst. d. residual.
b. moderator.
According to a study described in the text (Baranski, 2018), ________ college students in more than 60 countries reported current efforts to change their personalities. a. almost no b. more than half of c. a little less than half of d. exactly 50 percent
b. more than half of
According to recent evidence, results from longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies about personality traits are a. not comparable. b. only slightly different. c. only the same in certain contexts. d. drastically different.
b. only slightly different.
Which of the following traits has been difficult to replicate across different samples and cultures? a. emotional stability b. openness c. agreeableness d. conscientiousness
b. openness
Sally prefers listening to relaxing music by folk singers who write and perform their own songs. Sally is likely high in which trait? a. conscientiousness b. openness c. extraversion d. neuroticism
b. openness (wrong)
Which of the following psychological stages is associated with the id? a. genital b. oral c. anal d. phallic
b. oral
Many current cognitive psychologists have adapted Freud's theory of the unconscious by stating that only a small fraction of psychological activity is conscious. This is known as a. consecutive conscious thought. b. parallel distributed processing. c. object relations theory. d. catharsis.
b. parallel distributed processing.
According to a study referenced in the text, researchers interested in testing Freud's theory of ego suppression exposed participants to emotionally charged words and assessed their sweat-gland activity in order to measure participants' a. conscious perceptions. b. perceptual defense. c. id. d. ego.
b. perceptual defense (i think, it's not d. ego)
In the last two years, Marcus has had more than three dozen sexual partners. Marcus has likely developed a fixation in the a. oral stage. b. phallic stage. c. genital stage. d. latency period.
b. phallic stage.
According to recent research, individuals high in ________ might actually be more consistent. a. extraversion b. preference for consistency c. self-esteem d. self-control
b. preference for consistency
What is the correct definition of the p-value? a. probability that the null hypothesis is true b. probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true c. probability that the null hypothesis is false d. probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is false
b. probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true
What drug can lead to increases in openness to experience that lasts a year or longer? a. marijuana b. psilocybin mushrooms c. cocaine d. Prozac
b. psilocybin mushrooms
One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians a. adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator. b. put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships. c. emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior. d. place more emphasis on early childhood development.
b. put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships.
Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction. a. factor analytic b. rational c. empirical d. projective
b. rational
Judgments of your personality by others a. reflect who you are. b. reflect who you are and can influence what you are like. c. impact what you are like. d. are too inaccurate to be used in research contexts.
b. reflect who you are and can influence what you are like.
The main reason why objective tests include so many items is to increase the ________ of the test. a. content validity b. reliability c. construct validity d. criterion-related validity
b. reliability
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is a. valid. b. reliable. c. significant. d. generalizable.
b. reliable.
In terms of interpersonal judgment, one's ________ has a significant effect on the opportunities he or she faces in his or her life. a. cross-situational consistency b. reputation c. self-fulfilling tendencies d. ability to demonstrate athleticism
b. reputation
Which of the following life events has NOT been identified as contributing to significant changes in one's personality over one's life span? a. attending college b. retirement c. early experience d. birth order
b. retirement
According to the analogy drawn in the text between situational effects on behavior and Scud missiles, situations a. seem to bring out individual differences in all people. b. seem to have inconsistent effects. c. can overshadow individual differences in all cases. d. never seem to affect behavior.
b. seem to have inconsistent effects.
According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship? a. socio-openness b. sociosexuality c. sexual openness d. sexual constraint
b. sociosexuality
Jung's biggest divergence from Freud stemmed from his a. focus on interpersonal relationships. b. spiritualistic theories. c. feminist theories. d. development of personality in adulthood.
b. spiritualistic theories.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a route toward improving your self-knowledge? a. observing your behaviors and drawing conclusions about who you are b. taking a poll of how others would behave in the situation you are in c. using introspection to look inside your mind and understand yourself better d. asking others for feedback about yourself
b. taking a poll of how others would behave in the situation you are in
In order to alleviate the effects of bias in employment testing, employers might want to use ________ because they typically do not show racial or ethnic differences. a. achievement tests b. tests of conscientiousness c. aptitude tests d. ability tests
b. tests of conscientiousness
Dr. Fritz just ran an experiment testing the effects performing acts of kindness has on gene expression. She is currently analyzing the data and is interested in knowing the magnitude or importance of her study's findings. What aspect of her analyses should Dr. Fritz be evaluating? a. the null-hypothesis significance test b. the effect size c. the factor analysis d. the p-value
b. the effect size
According to the textbook, the result of the compromise between the id, the ego, and the superego is what a. the person unconsciously believes. b. the person consciously thinks and how he or she behaves. c. causes extreme depression. d. the person wishes to happen.
b. the person consciously thinks and how he or she behaves.
Major differences between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory are Erikson's ideas regarding a. the importance of parents to a child's development. b. the role and pervasiveness of conscious conflict. c. development as occurring in a series of stages. d. the existence and functioning of the id.
b. the role and pervasiveness of conscious conflict.
According to D. W. Winnicott, a niffle is a(n) a. imaginary friend that helps children cope with separation from parents. b. transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality. c. affectionate name for a friend who helps children cope with separation from parents. d. technique to measure objects in children.
b. transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality.
Ciara is an advertiser who is interested in labeling consumers in terms of their spending habits and shopping behavior to efficiently target groups of people for different products. What approach to personality should Ciara use in her assessment? a. essential-trait b. typological c. single-trait d. many-trait
b. typological
In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with a. rated herself as more attractive than the woman in the photograph. b. was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner. c. rated herself as less attractive than the woman in the photograph. d. was rated by other people as behaving in a cold, aloof, and unfriendly manner.
b. was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner.
During old age, individuals tend to have goals that focus on a. what can earn them the most money. b. what is emotionally meaningful. c. staying as busy as possible. d. traveling around the world.
b. what is emotionally meaningful.
According to the text, a neo-Freudian would most likely believe all the following EXCEPT a. much of mental life (i.e., thoughts, feelings, motives) is unconscious. b. young boys are shaped by the experience of admiration and love for their mother and bitter jealousy for their father. c. relationships formed with parents repeat later in adulthood. d. childhood experiences shape the personality developed in adulthood.
b. young boys are shaped by the experience of admiration and love for their mother and bitter jealousy for their father.
I data essentially measure a. your internal states or emotions. b. your reputation. c. your level of self-awareness. d. work productivity (in industrial psychology).
b. your reputation.
Funder and Ozer (1983) examined the results of three classic social psychological studies. They converted the results to effect sizes and found that the effects were equivalent to correlations in the range of ________ (in absolute value). a. .70 to .97 b. .10 to .20 c. .30 to .40 d. .61 to .75
c. .30 to .40
Why haven't personality psychologists combined all paradigms into One Big Theory? a. The manageability of research programs would be lost. b. The different basic approaches to psychology address the same sets of questions. c. A theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explanation for any one thing. d. Applying principles of behaviorism helps reduce negative behaviors, making the cognitive approach the best one.
c. A theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explanation for any one thing.
Which of the following is true about predicting future behaviors? a. Specific behaviors are generally pretty easy to predict. b. Aggregated behaviors aren't usually very accurate when predicting future behaviors. c. Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors. d. Specific behaviors are better predicted than aggregated behaviors.
c. Aggregated behaviors are better predicted than specific behaviors.
A projective test yields ________ data. a. I b. L c. B d. S
c. B
A test created using the empirical method yields what kind of data? a. I b. S c. B d. L
c. B
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data. a. I b. S c. B d. L
c. B
________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does. a. L b. I c. B d. S
c. B
If you are interested in what a person does, rather than what a person says about himself, then you should collect a. S data. b. L data. c. B data. d. I data.
c. B data.
________ theories of personality apply the insights and methods derived from the study of perception, memory, and thought to the study of personality. a. Phenomenological b. Psychoanalytic c. Cognitive d. Trait
c. Cognitive
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data? a. Direct observations are easily quantifiable. b. Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times. c. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. d. Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.
c. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
After Lenny Skutnik dove in to a freezing river to save a woman in danger of drowning, he rejected the media's assertion that he was a hero and claimed that anyone would have done the same thing. According to Funder, why was it difficult for Lenny to accept that he had behaved heroically? a. He did appreciate his heroism but was too modest to admit it to the media. b. He did not behave in a heroic manner. c. He did not have the perspective to judge his actions against that of others. d. He had a low IQ score and therefore could not analyze his own behavior.
c. He did not have the perspective to judge his actions against that of others.
A salesperson has been married for 10 years, but her husband has never seen her do her job. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true regarding the accurate prediction of her behavior during her work? a. Her customers will be much more accurate than her husband in predicting her behavior at work. b. Her husband will be much more accurate than her customers in predicting her behavior at work. c. Her customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at work. d. None of the answer options is true.
c. Her customers will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior at work.
What is a major advantage of using a basic approach to study personality psychology? a. It is the only approach that uses the scientific method. b. It focuses on the unconscious mind. c. It is a systematic way to study specific patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. d. It uses One Big Theory.
c. It is a systematic way to study specific patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant disadvantage for ________ data. a. S b. I c. L d. B
c. L
________ change implies that personality changes over the life course, whereas ________ consistency implies that it stays relatively stable. a. Rank-order; mean-level b. Longitudinal; cross-sectional c. Mean-level; rank-order d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal
c. Mean-level; rank-order
Funder and Colvin (1991) brought participants to the lab for two interactions with different people. Which of the following results shows the power of the situation? a. Participants who spoke loudly at session 1 also spoke loudly at session 2. b. Participants who kept partners at a distance also behaved in a fearful manner. c. Participants were more relaxed at session 2 than session 1. d. Participants smiled frequently and spoke in a loud voice more than expected.
c. Participants were more relaxed at session 2 than session 1.
Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the influence of values that contribute toa situationist versus a pro-personality position? a. Attributing behavior to the situation absolves people from blame. b. People are free to do what they want, so they are responsible for their actions. c. People are both flexibly adaptive to situations and consistent in personal style. d. Attributing actions to personality implies that people are responsible for their circumstances.
c. People are both flexibly adaptive to situations and consistent in personal style.
Which choice does NOT describe a reason that the typological approach to personality traits is less valid than trait-based approaches? a. Researchers have to know which personality types are sufficient, which is very difficult. b. Knowing a person's personality type lends a researcher little ability to better predict behavior beyond traits. c. Personality types may summarize many traits within an overarching label. d. Personality is more diverse than typological approaches would lead us to believe.
c. Personality types may summarize many traits within an overarching label.
According to the text, what is one reason why psychoanalytic theory is NOT advancing in academic departments? a. Neo-Freudians respect Freud too much to contradict his theory. b. Psychoanalytic thinking has been perfected with object relations theory, so there is no room for advancement. c. Research psychologists are often ignorant of psychoanalytic thinking. d. No one is interested in psychoanalytic thinking, not even psychoanalysts.
c. Research psychologists are often ignorant of psychoanalytic thinking.
A researcher is interested in investigating what people do to make others happy on a daily basis. To do so, she asks participants to provide an account of their prosocial behavior at the end of each day. This is an example of ________ data. a. I b. L c. S d. B
c. S (wrong)
Which of the following was NOT one of the types of data that Mischel compared to one another? a. I data and B data b. S data and B data c. S data and S data d. B data and B data
c. S data and S data
Imagine that Sally thinks she can judge Charlie's personality better than Lucy's personality. According to a study referenced in the text on the accuracy of personality judgment (Biesanz et al., 2011), which statement is MOST correct? a. Lucy will report a fairly negative view of Sally, if she is asked. b. Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Lucy. c. Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie. d. Sally will be equally accurate in her judgments of Charlie and Lucy.
c. Sally will be more accurate in her judgments of Charlie.
According to a recent study described in the textbook, which of the following is accurate about people who describe themselves as "a good judge of personality"? a. Such people are quite high in narcissism. b. Such people are much better than others at judging personality. c. Such people are no more accurate than others at judging personality. d. Such people are quite high in self-esteem.
c. Such people are no more accurate than others at judging personality.
What is the current status of Freud's idea that psychic energy is limited? a. No research has tested this idea, so little can be said about it. b. This is an idea that trained psychoanalysts tend to reject but academic researchers tend to favor. c. The newer idea suggests it is the mind's processing capacity rather than psychic energy that is limited. d. This idea has withstood the test of time and empirical scrutiny.
c. The newer idea suggests it is the mind's processing capacity rather than psychic energy that is limited.
If a psychologist describes a research result as statistically significant, what does he or she typically mean? a. The result is large and dramatic. b. The result will likely revolutionize the field. c. The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance. d. The result is important.
c. The result is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that must hold for an S data personality test to accurately measure an attribute of personality? a. The test taker must be able to make an accurate self-assessment. b. All of the items must be valid indicators of the construct. c. The test must contain both positively and negatively worded items. d. The test taker must be willing to report the self-assessment accurately.
c. The test must contain both positively and negatively worded items.
What piece of evidence suggests that age is NOT a determining factor in the desire to change one's personality? a. College students are more likely to want to change themselves than do individuals in their sixties. b. There is a negative correlation between participants' age and their self-reported desire to change. c. There is little to no correlation between participants' age and their self-reported desire to change. d. Parents report that their children want to change more often than their children report wanting to change.
c. There is little to no correlation between participants' age and their self-reported desire to change.
What is a key strength of longitudinal personality development studies? a. They are easy and quick to complete. b. They are not affected by attrition. c. They are not biased by the cohort effect. d. They are typically high powered with many thousand participants.
c. They are not biased by the cohort effect.
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that accuracy matters? a. When we understand people better, we have better relationships with them. b. We can't escape personality judgment; friends and others will form impressions of us. c. Your reputation doesn't matter much for your well-being and happiness. d. Personality judgments matter for things like promotion at our jobs.
c. Your reputation doesn't matter much for your well-being and happiness.
According to the text, what is the best approach to test construction? a. the rational method b. the empirical method c. a combination of all three approaches d. the factor analytic method
c. a combination of all three approaches
Johnny just lost his job. What change in personality is he likely to undergo? a. an increase in emotional stability b. an increase in conscientiousness c. a decrease in agreeableness d. a decrease in extraversion
c. a decrease in agreeableness
According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do. a. situationism b. a weak situation c. a strong situation d. an unstructured conversation
c. a strong situation
According to Drew Westen, all of the following studies might be described as psychoanalytic research EXCEPT a study a. to determine the impact of early child-rearing practices on adult personality characteristics. b. about the impact of sexual and aggressive wishes on behavior. c. about genetic contributions to infant attachment. d. about self-deception and self-defensive thought.
c. about genetic contributions to infant attachment.
Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life stories, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent. a. mindfully b. positivity c. absolutely d. smart
c. absolutely
Individuals in which age group are likely to have the greatest amount of stability in their personality traits? a. adolescents b. school- age children c. adults between the ages of 50 and 70 d. young adults between the ages of 20 and 30
c. adults between the ages of 50 and 70
What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would MOST likely be remembered? a. the most recently observed typical behavior b. behaviors that are observed every day c. an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative d. only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance's personality
c. an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
Two-year-old Jonathan knows he is not allowed to have a second piece of candy. When his mother is distracted, he takes another piece out of the candy jar, just to see if he can get away with it. Jonathan is in the ________ stage of development. a. latency b. oral c. anal d. phallic
c. anal
John was bullied a lot in grade school. Given this early experience, which of the following behaviors is John MOST likely to exhibit later in life? a. laziness and irresponsibility b. self-confidence and resilience c. anxiety and disorganized thoughts d. depression and apathy
c. anxiety and disorganized thoughts
The basic approaches or paradigms of personality psychology a. can be combined to create One Big Theory. b. are in competition with each other to offer the best explanation of personality. c. are useful because one approach cannot sufficiently explain all of personality. d. are not useful because they are too limited.
c. are useful because one approach cannot sufficiently explain all of personality.
Which type of parenting style produces children who are the MOST psychologically healthy? a. permissive b. authoritarian c. authoritative d. ambivalent
c. authoritative
In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argues that a. traits are the only factors that influence human behavior. b. personality traits transcend the immediate situation and moment, and they provide the most consistent guide to a person's actions. c. behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits. d. situations do not reliably predict consistent behavioral trends.
c. behavior is too inconsistent to predict using broad personality traits.
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm. a. phenomenological b. psychoanalytic c. behaviorist d. trait
c. behaviorist
Stephen's apartment is exceptionally neat and clean, whereas Mary Anne's house is always messy. According to Freud, a. Stephen is an oral character, and Mary Anne has regressed to the latency period. b. both Stephen and Mary Anne have developed fixations in the phallic stage. c. both Stephen and Mary Anne are anal character types. d. Stephen is an anal character, and Mary Anne is an oral character.
c. both Stephen and Mary Anne are anal character types.
What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have a. definitional truth. b. causal truth. c. causal force. d. phenomenological force.
c. causal force.
With accumulated evidence from personality and developmental psychology we can conclude that personality ________ and ________ over the life course. a. is self-reported; peer-reported b. is subjective; objective c. changes; is stable d. is positive; negative
c. changes; is stable
Advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically a. claimed that approaches cannot be compared with each other. b. proudly asserted that they have deliberately limited what they have chosen to look at. c. claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining. d. admitted that other approaches have their good points.
c. claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining.
Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. Others typically perceive them as a. warm and friendly. b. sensitive and intelligent. c. cold and aloof. d. shy.
c. cold and aloof.
In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________. a. accuracy; consistency b. consistency; dependability c. consistency; accuracy d. stability; dependability
c. consistency; accuracy
The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of a. procedural judgment. b. constructivist accuracy. c. convergent validation. d. moderator variables.
c. convergent validation.
The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________ studies. a. case b. archival c. correlational d. experimental
c. correlational
According to the text, some researchers propose that openness to experience is related to ________, while others claim it is related to ________. a. athleticism; religiosity b. liking rock music; liking classical music c. creativity; intelligence d. drug use; conservativeness
c. creativity; intelligence
According to Melanie Klein, the ________ position refers to a child's desire to worship and protect the good parts of an object because he or she fears losing them. a. constructive b. paranoid c. depressive d. enhancing
c. depressive
To obtain S data, a psychologist can a. look up information in public records. b. observe the subject directly. c. develop a questionnaire. d. recruit informants.
c. develop a questionnaire.
The id is present a. after the resolution of the oral stage. b. after the resolution of the anal stage. c. during the oral stage of development. d. after the resolution of the phallic stage.
c. during the oral stage of development.
Research suggests that women who follow ________ reported being content and satisfied with life 20 years after graduation. a. neither the Feminine Social Clock nor the Masculine Social Clock b. the Feminine Social Clock c. either the Feminine Social Clock or Masculine Social Clock d. the Masculine Social Clock
c. either the Feminine Social Clock or Masculine Social Clock
If you were to fully develop a personality test without even looking at the item content, you would be using the ________ method of test construction. a. rational b. projective c. empirical d. factor analytic
c. empirical
Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one MOST responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior? a. self-esteem b. leadership/authority c. entitlement/exploitativeness d. self-sufficiency
c. entitlement/exploitativeness
A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach. a. single-trait b. typological c. essential-trait d. many-trait
c. essential-trait
Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as a. recency effects. b. opportunistic fallacies. c. expectancy effects. d. consequential reputations.
c. expectancy effects.
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem? a. case study b. correlational c. experimental d. repeated measures
c. experimental (correlational was wrong)
The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to a. identify and measure individual differences in ability and behavior. b. prevent or treat psychological personality disorders. c. explain whole, functioning persons and real-life concerns. d. determine the effect of the social environment on behavior.
c. explain whole, functioning persons and real-life concerns.
Participants in a recent study were shown and then asked to judge composite faces from targets who scored extremely low or extremely high on personality dimensions. Which two traits had the highest levels of accuracy for both female and male targets? a. agreeableness and neuroticism b. neuroticism and openness c. extraversion and agreeableness d. extraversion and neuroticism
c. extraversion and agreeableness
Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called plasticity. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor? a. neuroticism and agreeableness b. openness and neuroticism c. extraversion and openness d. conscientiousness and extraversion
c. extraversion and openness
Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best? a. computer-mediated interviews b. telephone interviews c. face-to-face interviews d. written responses to open-ended questions
c. face-to-face interviews
Throughout his childhood, George developed the basic anxiety of being alone and helpless. According to Horney's theory, as an adult, George has most likely developed a neurotic need for all of the following EXCEPT a. finding a partner who will solve all of his problems. b. being loved by everybody. c. feeling accepted and secure with one's self. d. being independent of everybody.
c. feeling accepted and secure with one's self.
Leaving a disproportionate amount of libido behind at a childhood stage of development is called a. regression. b. transference. c. fixation. d. the secondary process.
c. fixation.
In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex, he or she must a. have developed narcissistic tendencies as a child. b. actually have some disability that makes him or her inferior to others. c. have feelings of inferiority as a child. d. have a particularly strong superego.
c. have feelings of inferiority as a child.
According to Winnicott, a niffle is transitional because it a. enables a child to put on a false self. b. is an object that is personified by children. c. helps the child shift from a time when adults constantly took care of him or her. d. is useful when moving from place to place.
c. helps the child shift from a time when adults constantly took care of him or her.
As a child, Brett always had a lot of energy at his parent's social gatherings. As an adult, he makes a point to talk to everyone attending a party. This is an example of a. personal-environment transactions. b. temperament. c. heterotypic continuity. d. cumulative continuity.
c. heterotypic continuity.
How were all of the behavioral measurements in the studies reviewed in Mischel's influential book collected? a. from self-reported narrative accounts b. from peer-reported accounts c. in laboratory settings d. from real-life observations
c. in laboratory settings
In terms of personality judgment, according to the text, which of the following is assessed in the process of convergent validation? a. first impressions b. critical realism c. interjudge agreement d. constructivism
c. interjudge agreement
Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work a. provides the first published defense of trait theory against the situationist critique. b. was the first to outline the Five Factor Model of personality. c. is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction. d. provides the most cogent argument for why trait theory and psychodynamic theory should be integrated.
c. is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction.
When asked what his definition of mental health was, Freud eloquently said it is the ability to a. get married and have children. b. engage in therapy and change behavior. c. love and work. d. think and learn.
c. love and work
A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a(n) ________ approach. a. essential-trait b. typological c. many-trait d. single-trait
c. many-trait
Over the last 10 years, Angelica has become more agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable. What principle best describes Angelica's development? a. plasticity b. cumulative continuity c. maturity d. social investment
c. maturity
Personality development is the a. cross-situational consistency of a trait. b. change in social status of an individual over time. c. mean level change of a trait over time. d. rank-order change of a trait across individuals.
c. mean level change of a trait over time.
Manuel is discontented with economic and political systems as an adult. Recent research suggests that as a child, Manuel would have been described as a. egocentric. b. over-controlled. c. misbehaved. d. well-adjusted.
c. misbehaved.
Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called stability. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor? a. extraversion, openness, conscientiousness b. neuroticism, openness, agreeableness c. neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness d. extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness
c. neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness
Some psychologists maintain that your relationships with other people are based on the images of them that you hold in your mind. Psychologists who emphasize this idea are known as ________ theorists. a. Adlerian b. ego c. object relations d. Eriksonian
c. object relations
Political liberalism is associated with what trait? a. conscientiousness b. extraversion c. openness to experience d. neuroticism
c. openness to experience
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's major stages of psychosexual development? a. anal, oral, genital, phallic b. oral, anal, genital, phallic c. oral, anal, phallic, genital d. anal, oral, phallic, genital
c. oral, anal, phallic, genital
Research on intellectual and social expectancies demonstrates that a. other people's perceptions of your personality have little influence on your expectations. b. such judgments are rarely unbiased. c. other people's perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what you do. d. such judgments are always based on direct observation of behavior.
c. other people's perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what you do.
According to the text, one influential study manipulated a real dataset to show that listening to the Beatles song "When I'm 64" actually made people younger. What questionable research practice did these researchers use to get this result? a. publication bias b. null-hypothesis significance testing c. p-hacking d. open science
c. p-hacking
According to Freud, the physical focus of the phallic stage is the a. penis for boys and the vagina for girls. b. womb for boys and the penis for girls. c. penis for both boys and girls. d. anus for boys and the mouth for girls.
c. penis for both boys and girls.
A fundamental problem for the trait approach is that a. individual differences cannot be measured reliably. b. situations do not affect behavior. c. people are inconsistent. d. correlational methods do not clearly indicate effect size.
c. people are inconsistent.
The processes by which people respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible with their personalities are called a. personality-life-history transactions. b. cumulative personalities continuity. c. person-environment transactions. d. birth-order effects.
c. person-environment transactions.
Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic? a. personality processes b. personality development c. personality disorders d. None of the answer options is correct.
c. personality disorders
Which of the following characteristics seems to predict increased consistency of behavior? a. none of these attributes b. neuroticism c. preference for consistency d. high self-monitoring
c. preference for consistency
According to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely a. a cognitive bias to seek incongruent information. b. authoritarian personality traits. c. previous observations of behavioral tendencies. d. erroneous stereotypes about groups.
c. previous observations of behavioral tendencies.
According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a false self is to a. defend the superego from unconscious urges. b. motivate us to perform moral behavior. c. protect the true self by keeping it invisible. d. compensate for an inferiority complex.
c. protect the true self by keeping it invisible.
Jeff suspects that his roommate's sexist jokes may indicate that his roommate has some hidden, unconscious hostility toward women or that he feels very insecure around women. Jeff's analysis suggests a ________ approach to personality. a. behaviorist b. phenomenological c. psychoanalytic d. trait
c. psychoanalytic
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five? a. conscientiousness b. agreeableness c. psychoticism d. neuroticism
c. psychoticism
What marks the end of the latency stage? a. the start of formal education b. the selection of a career c. puberty d. marriage
c. puberty
In high school Jane was made fun of for being a geek. As an adult, she is a molecular biologist who now proudly wears the "geek" badge of honor. Jane's experience is an example of which of the principles of personality development? a. maturity principle b. identity development principle c. role continuity principle d. plasticity principle
c. role continuity principle
All the following exercises are used to help develop self-control EXCEPT a. reconsidering temptations. b. relaxing. c. self-affirmation. d. meditating.
c. self-affirmation.
Personality psychologists are currently debating whether young adults in the 21st century are more ________ than previous generations. a. depressed and anxious b. hardworking and diligent c. self-centered and narcissistic d. agreeable and happy
c. self-centered and narcissistic
According to the text, what is the psychological theme of the anal stage? a. dependency b. sexuality c. self-control d. trust
c. self-control
Attractive females are expected to be warm and friendly, and those females who are considered to be attractive are treated in such a manner that they indeed respond in warm and friendly ways. According to Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977), this effect is a type of a. sex discrimination. b. accuracy moderator. c. self-fulfilling prophecy. d. judgeability phenomena.
c. self-fulfilling prophecy.
In his book, Personality and Assessment, Mischel argued that behavior can be MOST accurately predicted from a. personality variables. b. goals. c. situations. d. motivations.
c. situations.
Adler felt that ________ was an important motivator of human thought and behavior. a. anxiety b. the collective unconscious c. social interest d. animus
c. social interest
According to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately? a. empathy b. creativity c. talkativeness d. moodiness
c. talkativeness
According to Adler, social interest is a. his personal measure of sociability. b. an interest in dominance. c. the desire to relate productively to others. d. the tendency to observe other people in their natural environments.
c. the desire to relate productively to others.
According to Freud, the internal structure of the mind consists of a. the oral, anal, and phallic stages. b. libido and Thanatos. c. the id, ego, and superego. d. psychic energy and psychic conflict.
c. the id, ego, and superego.
According to the lexical hypothesis, a. the trait honesty-humility should be added to the Big Five personality traits. b. traits can only be identified in an experimental setting. c. the most important aspects of human life are labeled and will exist in many languages. d. personality does not have a significant influence on behavior.
c. the most important aspects of human life are labeled and will exist in many languages.
In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated a. the good target moderator of accuracy. b. that formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance. c. the power of expectancies. d. the accuracy of lay judgments of personality.
c. the power of expectancies.
The psychoanalytic explanation for the behavior of the governor who paid for prostitutes yet supported anticrime initiatives would be that a. the causes of his behavior lie in the psychic conflict of his mind. b. his behavior is inconsistent and difficult to predict. c. the power of the situation caused his behavior. d. he decided to get a prostitute of his own free will.
c. the power of the situation caused his behavior. (wrong)
Longitudinal studies survey ________, whereas cross-sectional studies survey ________. a. younger participants; older participants b. older participants; younger participants c. the same people over time; people at different ages d. people at different ages; the sample people over time
c. the same people over time; people at different ages
According to the principles on enhancing reliability described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward a. lumber tariffs. b. outgroup members. c. the self (like self-esteem). d. casual sexual encounters.
c. the self (like self-esteem). (wrong)
What might be an effect of expectancies in real life? a. to create new behavioral tendencies b. to enhance reputations c. to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies d. to diminish or punish existing behavioral tendencies
c. to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies
Generally speaking, what is the function of a parapraxis? a. a means to present explanations in their simplest form b. to help one talk through psychological issues c. to manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior d. to comfort, guide, and support the patient through the difficult healing process
c. to manifest unconscious conflict in one's behavior
The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree. a. typological; trait b. essential-trait; single-trait c. trait; typological d. constructivist; critical realist
c. trait; typological
Jimmy is a 5-year-old boy. When his parents leave him with a babysitter, he latches onto his stuffed animal, Tim. In the terminology of the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, Tim is a(n) a. ego object. b. institutional object. c. transitional object. d. archetype.
c. transitional object.
Eduardo has a reoccurring dream about showing up to his final exam without wearing any clothes. Freud would say which level of consciousness is causing the dream? a. the ego b. preconscious mind c. unconscious mind d. conscious mind
c. unconscious mind
Which of the following MOST closely represents a focal topic of the psychoanalytic approach to personality? a. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences b. discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics c. understanding mental conflicts d. applying principles of behaviorism and social observation
c. understanding mental conflicts
Which of the following MOST closely represents a focal topic of the biological approach to personality? a. applying principles of behaviorism and social observation b. measuring and conceptualizing individual differences c. understanding the heritability of behavior and personality d. understanding mental conflicts
c. understanding the heritability of behavior and personality
Joe developed a fixation in the phallic stage. When he experiences a great deal of stress at work, Joe will likely become a. overcontrolled and anxious. b. disorganized. c. uninterested in sex. d. dependent and passive.
c. uninterested in sex.
If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item a. is empirically derived. b. would be very informative about personality. c. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences. d. was developed using the rational method of test construction.
c. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences.
According to Kluckhohn and Murray, "Every man is in certain respects (a) like all other men, (b) like some other men, (c) like no other man." Which section of this quote MOST closely reflects what trait psychologists study? a. "like all other men" b. "like no other man" c. All of the answer options are correct. d. "like some other men"
d. "like some other men"
The Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) is a recording device worn in participants' pockets that records samples of audio the participant hears throughout the day. The EAR collects what type of data? a. L data b. I data c. S data d. B data
d. B data
Which definition best describes the meaning of a cross-situational consistency coefficient of r = .70? a. Behaviors in one situation weakly predict behaviors in another situation. b. Behavior is the mediator between personality and the situation. c. Behaviors in one situation are the opposite of behaviors in a different situation. d. Behaviors in one situation strongly predict behaviors in another situation.
d. Behaviors in one situation strongly predict behaviors in another situation.
Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately? a. At a party on Friday, Susan will talk to at least 10 people. b. Mary will smile at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow. c. None of the answer options is correct; each of these behaviors would be equally easy to predict. d. David will generally be on time for work most days next week.
d. David will generally be on time for work most days next week.
What does Funder mean when he says that personality is coherent? a. Clinical psychology is the most dominant subfield. b. Strengths are often weaknesses and vice versa. c. The personality of one person depends on the personality of those around him or her. d. Each aspect of one's personality depends on the other parts.
d. Each aspect of one's personality depends on the other parts.
Which statement best summarizes Freud and modern psychoanalytic thinking about mental energy? a. Freud believed that the mind's processing ability was limited, whereas modern psychoanalysts believe that mental energy is limited. b. Freud and his current followers believed that mental energy could be precisely quantified through the process of psychoanalysis. c. Both Freud and modern psychologists believed that mental energy is limited. d. Freud believed that mental energy was limited, whereas modern psychologists believe that it is the mind's ability to process information that is limited.
d. Freud believed that mental energy was limited, whereas modern psychologists believe that it is the mind's ability to process information that is limited.
Which statement is MOST true regarding the influence of Freud? a. Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis. b. Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful. c. Freud's ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support. d. Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.
d. Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.
Which of the following describes social psychologist Roger Brown's views on the importance of personality? a. He first believed situations were important but later changed his mind. b. He first believed traits were important but later changed his mind. c. He first believed situations were unimportant but later recognized their importance. d. He first believed traits were unimportant but later recognized their importance.
d. He first believed traits were unimportant but later recognized their importance.
What is one of personality psychology's biggest advantages over other areas of psychology? a. It created the One Big Theory to explain whole persons. b. It uses more rigorous methods. c. It focuses on the two most important aspects of the psychological triad. d. It appreciates the uniqueness of the individual.
d. It appreciates the uniqueness of the individual.
What is a strength of personality psychology? a. It uses pigeonholing. b. It treats all people as if they were the same. c. The basic approaches ignore areas they cannot explain. d. It is inclusive, interesting, and important.
d. It is inclusive, interesting, and important.
Which of the following statements does NOT apply to rationally constructed personality scales? a. The items must all be face-valid indicators of what the tester is trying to measure. b. Each item must mean the same thing to the person who fills out the form as it did to the psychologist who wrote it. c. The person who completes the form must be able and willing to report an accurate self-assessment. d. Items are selected with the aid of statistical analyses such as item response theory (IRT).
d. Items are selected with the aid of statistical analyses such as item response theory (IRT).
According to the text, why is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator particularly popular? a. It has strong psychometric properties. b. It is particularly good at predicting important life outcomes. c. It is free for researchers to use. d. Its vague questions give the impression that it offers deep insight.
d. Its vague questions give the impression that it offers deep insight.
Which of the following types of personality data is the MOST objective and verifiable? a. S b. B c. I d. L
d. L
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance. a. S b. I c. B d. L
d. L
The ________ is the most widely used personality inventory in the world. a. NEO b. CPI c. BFI d. MMPI
d. MMPI
Maria is in her late twenties and is a manager at an advertising company. According to the text, Maria is following the ________ Clock. a. Occupational Achievement b. Neither Social c. Feminine Social d. Masculine Social
d. Masculine Social
Is narcissism always a bad trait? a. No, narcissists sometimes act kindly toward others. b. No, narcissists are rigid in their ethical thinking. c. Yes, it is associated with negative outcomes like exploitativeness. d. No, narcissists are highly persuasive and often make competent leaders.
d. No, narcissists are highly persuasive and often make competent leaders.
Funder writes that there are good reasons why personality psychologists have distinct theories versus One Big Theory. Which is NOT one of those reasons? a. There is, for now, no accepted One Big Theory. b. There is a trade-off between breadth and depth in theories. c. Each theory offers a different perspective on personality. d. One Big Theory would undermine the smaller theories.
d. One Big Theory would undermine the smaller theories
What differentiates secondary process thinking from primary process thinking? a. Primary process thinking develops during the oral stage, whereas secondary process thinking develops during the phallic stage. b. Primary process thinking develops during the anal stage, whereas secondary process thinking develops during the phallic stage. c. Primary process thinking is rational, whereas secondary process thinking is impulsive. d. Primary process thinking is impulsive, whereas secondary process thinking is rational.
d. Primary process thinking is impulsive, whereas secondary process thinking is rational.
Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data. a. L b. B c. I d. S
d. S
To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personalities. This is an example of ________ data. a. B b. I c. L d. S
d. S
________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment. a. L b. B c. I d. S
d. S
A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data? a. S and L b. I and B c. L and B d. S and B
d. S and B
Which of the following conclusions does Funder draw about the role of persons versus situations in affecting behavior? a. Situations matter, but only under particular conditions, because people tend to be inconsistent. b. Situations have a minimal influence on behavior, because people tend to be consistent. c. Situations matter more than persons, because people tend to be inconsistent. d. Situations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consistent.
d. Situations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consistent.
Dr. Danvers recently ran a study in which participants' behavior was assessed in a series of different situations. Given what we know from the studies on behavioral consistency referenced in the text, what conclusions will Dr. Danvers likely draw from his study? a. Behavior is almost impossible to measure from lab observations. b. The individual's behavior is entirely dependent on the situation they are in. c. Personality is the only real predictor of behavior. d. Situations have influence on behavior, but individuals still tend to be consistent.
d. Situations have influence on behavior, but individuals still tend to be consistent.
What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)? a. Strangers' judgments are more accurate than acquaintances' judgments when the criterion is self-other agreement. b. Judgments made by acquaintances who have known the target for 5 years are as valid as judgments made by parents and acquaintances who have known the target for 20 years. c. Strangers' judgments, based on a 5-minute videotape of the target's behavior, demonstrated these judges' ability to generalize to situations and contexts that were very different from the videotaped interactions. d. The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not.
d. The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data? a. They have causal force. b. They are based on large amounts of information. c. They include common sense. d. They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.
d. They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.
Most neo-Freudians differ from Freud in three major respects. Which of the following is NOT one of these differences? a. Sexuality is less emphasized by neo-Freudians. b. Conscious processes are emphasized more by neo-Freudians. c. They describe interpersonal relationships as the source of psychological health. d. They emphasize a more scientific approach than Freud did.
d. They emphasize a more scientific approach than Freud did.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that older people believe their personalities are more consistent than those of younger people? a. Their social roles are more stable. b. They are more mature. c. They have more responsibilities. d. They have more wealth accumulated.
d. They have more wealth accumulated.
Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment? a. You tend to get into arguments, and you throw tantrums frequently. b. One of your friends describes you as an extravert. c. You describe yourself as intelligent, but you score low on an IQ test. d. You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious.
d. You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious.
What is another more common name for a parapraxis? a. libido b. Oedipus complex c. the "talking cure" d. a "Freudian slip"
d. a "Freudian slip"
Which method of objective test construction involves comparing item responses between two independently identified groups of people? a. the empirical method b. the rational method c. the factor analytic method d. a combination of all three approaches
d. a combination of all three approaches (wrong). this time i choose a... combination and empirical are wrong, still don't know the answer
Which of the following is the strongest situation using the psychological definition of a strong situation? a. an unstructured job interview b. a party c. free time on a Saturday afternoon d. a funeral
d. a funeral
The trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach a. are all part of the One Big Theory (OBT). b. all address the biological basis of human psychology. c. are irreconcilable and contradictory views of human psychology. d. address different sets of questions about human psychology.
d. address different sets of questions about human psychology.
According to a study investigating personality change among young Germans, those who completed community service increased in ________ at a higher rate than those who entered into the military. a. extraversion b. emotional stability c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness
d. agreeableness
Data are a. clues to personality. b. always ambiguous. c. how researchers can "see" personality. d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 a. as an example of a medium effect size. b. by using a Binomial Effect Size Display. c. as an example of a large effect size. d. as an example of a very small effect size.
d. as an example of a very small effect size.
The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was designed to a. assess individuals with psychological disorders. b. identify the Big Five personality factors. c. assess Jung's psychological types. d. assess normal individuals.
d. assess normal individuals.
Paul is always concerned about how he appears to others and thus wears a carefully chosen public "face" in every situation. According to Jung, Paul has a. created a false archetype. b. effectively mediated the tension between the animus and anima. c. overcompensated for his sense of inferiority. d. become obsessed with his persona.
d. become obsessed with his persona.
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm. a. phenomenological b. trait c. psychoanalytic d. behaviorist
d. behaviorist
According to the text, one of the nonpsychometric functions of projective tests is to a. reduce confusion among client and therapist. b. increase the billable hours of clinical psychologists. c. diagnose psychiatric disorders. d. break the ice between client and therapist.
d. break the ice between client and therapist.
Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of a. social interests. b. animus. c. anima. d. collective unconscious.
d. collective unconscious.
Ajay has just begun his first professional job. Ajay will MOST likely display an increase in which trait? a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. agreeableness d. conscientiousness
d. conscientiousness
Which of the following attributes were MOST consistently related to being a good judge of personality in earlier studies investigating accurate personality judgment? a. agreeableness and intelligence b. extraversion and conscientiousness c. extraversion and openness d. conscientiousness and intelligence
d. conscientiousness and intelligence
Integrity tests administered in employment screening provide good measures of a. drug use on the job. b. intelligence. c. sociability. d. conscientiousness.
d. conscientiousness.
The Binomial Effect Size Display is a method for illustrating the size of a. reliability coefficients. b. p-values. c. validity coefficients. d. correlation coefficients.
d. correlation coefficients.
What psychological theme is related to the oral stage? a. control b. jealousy c. morality d. dependency
d. dependency
Maria realizes that it is easy for her to talk to people at parties and that she is therefore high in extraversion. To what component of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) does this realization speak? a. observation b. relevance c. utilization d. detection
d. detection
In Erikson's scheme, we progress from one crisis to another according to a. processes of physical maturation. b. the successful repression of inappropriate id impulses. c. the physical location of libido at each stage. d. developmental tasks at different times of life.
d. developmental tasks at different times of life.
The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ________ than on ________. a. stereotypes; expectancies b. a manufactured reputation; direct behavioral observation c. expectancies; the target's self-judgments d. direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
d. direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
Historically, personality psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of personality variables, whereas social psychologists have concentrated on ________ to evaluate the effects of situational variables. a. statistical significance; effect size b. standard deviations; variance c. variance; standard deviations d. effect size; statistical significance
d. effect size; statistical significance
Which of the following approaches to test construction is the MOST atheoretical? a. rational b. content validation c. factor analytic d. empirical
d. empirical
A key theme of object relations theory is that a. unconscious processes determine the conflict among one's objects. b. we are often able to overcome early maladaptive relationships and form mature love relationships. c. every relationship is either pleasurable or frustrating. d. every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration.
d. every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration.
Because Jesse's teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school's achievement test than any other student. Jesse's enhanced performance is likely due to the a. recency effect. b. self-serving bias. c. judgment bias. d. expectancy effect.
d. expectancy effect.
A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data. a. L b. projective c. experience sampling d. experimental B
d. experimental B
According to Melanie Klein, a child who idealizes a parent also a. desires to have all of that parent's traits. b. feels ambivalent toward that parent. c. feels unconditional love toward that parent. d. feels hatred toward that parent.
d. feels hatred toward that parent.
The therapeutic technique that involves instructing the patient to say whatever comes to mind is called a. repressed memory recovery. b. systematic regression. c. reaction formation. d. free association.
d. free association.
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should a. only use L data, which are the most reliable. b. use only one source of data and control for its limitations. c. not bother collecting data. d. gather as much data as possible.
d. gather as much data as possible.
According to Freud, individuals focus on enhancing society during the ________ stage. a. Oedipal b. phallic c. latency d. genital
d. genital
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness? a. educational level b. longevity c. avoidance of risks d. high IQ
d. high IQ
What additional trait(s) do some psychologists argue should be added to expand the Big Five to the Big Six? a. narcissism b. self-monitoring c. conscientiousness d. honesty-humility
d. honesty-humility
The technical meaning of reliability refers to a. whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest. b. whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct. c. whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure. d. how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument.
d. how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument.
According to Freud, the irrational and emotional part of the mind is the ________, and the rational part of the mind is the ________. a. superego; ego b. id; libido c. libido; Thanatos d. id; ego
d. id; ego
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to a. create projective tests. b. identify items that mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to the researcher. c. identify individuals who are attempting to lie or sabotage a test. d. identify groups of test items that seem to be alike.
d. identify groups of test items that seem to be alike.
Jamal is entering his freshman year of high school. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jamal is likely to face a(n) a. inferiority complex. b. struggle for intimacy. c. sense of shame and doubt. d. identity crisis.
d. identity crisis.
Freud's theory is often criticized for lacking all of the following EXCEPT a. operational definitions. b. disconfirmable hypotheses. c. the use of Occam's razor (i.e., less is more). d. in-depth observation and analysis of the individual.
d. in-depth observation and analysis of the individual.
According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________. a. theories; hypotheses b. reliable measures; valid measures c. measures; devices d. indicators; clues
d. indicators; clues
I data are a. self-judgments. b. direct observations of the subject in some predefined context. c. easily observable, real-life outcomes. d. judgments made by knowledgeable observers.
d. judgments made by knowledgeable observers.
The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to a. resolve contradictions in data. b. integrate diverse perspectives. c. expand the range of data you consider. d. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns.
d. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns.
Carlos is interested in understanding everything there is to know about a person, and he is developing a lengthy personality measure to achieve this. What approach is Carlos taking to study personality? a. typological b. essential-trait c. single-trait d. many-trait
d. many-trait
A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by a. refusing to aggregate items. b. constructing items with complicated words and phrases. c. using very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes. d. measuring something important instead of something trivial.
d. measuring something important instead of something trivial.
According to one survey, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change? a. agreeableness b. openness c. extraversion d. neuroticism
d. neuroticism
What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck? a. neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience b. positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint c. ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment d. neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism
d. neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism
Dr. Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices. Dr. Ders is MOST likely a therapist in the tradition of ________ theory. a. Eriksonian b. neo-Freudian c. Freudian d. object relations
d. object relations
The degree to which an individual expresses sophistication and creativity when telling a story accurately reflects how ________ he or she is. a. conscientious b. neurotic c. extraverted d. open to experience
d. open to experience
Personality trait measurements are typically made on a(n) ________ scale. a. quasi-nominal b. ratio c. nominal d. ordinal
d. ordinal
According to the text, which of the following can serve as a remedy for questionable research practices? a. open science b. closed science c. experimental study designs d. p-hacking
d. p-hacking (wrong)
The superego maintains its power through its ability to a. use psychic energy. b. produce dreams. c. produce fear. d. pass moral judgments.
d. pass moral judgments.
Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas. a. Freud's original case descriptions b. archival and field studies c. controlled experiments d. patient histories and introspection
d. patient histories and introspection
Freud's descriptions of the anal and oral character have found support in what modern area of psychology? a. cognitive psychology b. neuroscience c. social psychology d. personality psychology
d. personality psychology
What is another name for ego resiliency? a. extraversion b. self-control c. self-monitoring d. psychological adjustment
d. psychological adjustment
All of the following are among Roberts and colleagues' principles of personality development EXCEPT the ________ principle. a. cumulative continuity b. role continuity c. maturity d. rank-order reversal
d. rank-order reversal
Which of the following is NOT an open science practice? a. freely sharing data with other scientists b. reporting studies that failed and succeeded c. describing all aspects of all studies d. refraining from using deception in experimental studies
d. refraining from using deception in experimental studies
When she is scared, 25-year-old Maria becomes passive and dependent. Maria is experiencing a. libidinal restructuring. b. sublimation. c. transference. d. regression.
d. regression.
What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment? a. realism/accuracy/manipulation b. recall/activation/matching/detection c. recall/adjustment/manipulation d. relevance/availability/detection/utilization
d. relevance/availability/detection/utilization
Judgments other people make of your personality are known as your a. realistic accuracy model signal. b. self-concept. c. identity. d. reputation.
d. reputation.
What is another name for ego control? a. self-monitoring b. psychological adjustment c. emotional stability d. self-control
d. self-control
Which of the following is NOT a method for changing personality stated in the text? a. psychotherapy b. intervention programs c. life experiences d. self-monitoring
d. self-monitoring
Jenny spends most of her psychic energy trying to push her memory of a recent mugging out of conscious awareness. According to Freud, if Jenny tries to write a novel, she will find that a. nothing has changed, and her writing will proceed as well as it normally does. b. the repression has created additional psychic energy that will make her more creative. c. the repression has created additional energy for her to invest in other outlets. d. she has little psychic energy left to spend on her writing.
d. she has little psychic energy left to spend on her writing.
The ________ perspective indicates that, under the right circumstances, everyone can be rich, popular, and successful. a. interactionist b. pro-personality c. behaviorist d. situationist
d. situationist
Freud's greatest contribution to modern-day psychotherapy was a. unconditional positive regard. b. defense mechanisms. c. parapraxes. d. the "talking cure."
d. the "talking cure."
Which objective personality scale could be used to identify individuals who cannot read text? a. the MMPI Lie scale b. the PPI Illiterate Responder scale c. the F scale d. the CPI commonality scale
d. the CPI commonality scale
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures a. aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. b. prototypical images of women and men. c. the Big Five traits. d. the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking.
d. the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking.
Situationism is the position that a. situations are less important than personality traits in determining behavior. b. trait words are more than mere descriptions of situations. c. situations do not influence behavior. d. the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited.
d. the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited.
Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the textbook as a potential moderator of accuracy? a. the amount of information available to judges b. qualities of the target of the judgment c. qualities of personality judges d. the age of the target of the judgment
d. the age of the target of the judgment
One response to Mischel's critique asserts that a fair review of the research on the predictability of behavior from personality traits would likely indicate that a. the predictability of behavior from situations is worse than the predictability from personality. b. behavior can never be reliably predicted from personality variables. c. Mischel was right that personality traits are unpredictable from behavior. d. the predictability of behavior from personality traits is better than Mischel acknowledged.
d. the predictability of behavior from personality traits is better than Mischel acknowledged.
From the perspective of object relations theory, what is the purpose of psychotherapy? a. to help minimize use of defense mechanisms b. to enable an individual to come to terms with his or her phobias and irrational fears c. to encourage free expression of hate, anger, love, and fear d. to help minimize the difference between the true and false selves
d. to help minimize the difference between the true and false selves
Which of the following is the central reason why researchers use deception in their research? a. to test the causal relationship between two variables b. to increase generalizability of the results c. to ensure the study will be approved by the IRB d. to make the research realistic
d. to make the research realistic
In the factor analysis approach to personality, a "factor" can be best described as a personality a. type. b. item. c. theory. d. trait.
d. trait.
According to the text, narcissists seem to ________ the positive consequences of changing themselves. a. reject b. fully understand c. overestimate d. underestimate
d. underestimate
In general, neo-Freudians a. rarely practice psychoanalysis. b. are strict followers of Freudian ideas. c. represent the majority of psychologists working in universities today. d. use the same research methods Freud advocated.
d. use the same research methods Freud advocated.
Imagine that you are at a party, and your best friend introduces you to a guy named David. You and your friend talk to David for an hour, and you both notice the hostile comments that he repeatedly makes about his roommate. Later, you and your friend discuss your impressions of David, and you find that you disagree about him. Your friend thinks that David's comments were just good-natured joking and that he is a nice guy and a pretty funny fellow. You think that his comments were mean-spirited and that he is a hostile person. Your disagreement arises because you and your friend differ in the ________ stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment. a. availability b. detection c. judgment d. utilization
d. utilization
According to the theoretical model cited in the text, what is the correct order of steps necessary to accomplish self-regulated personality trait change? a. changing one's behavior, allowing the behaviors to become habitual, wanting to change, believing change is possible b. believing change is possible, wanting to change, asking for outside help, changing one's behavior c. changing one's behavior, asking for outside help, believing change is possible, wanting to change d. wanting to change, believing change is possible, self-regulating behavioral change, behavior change becoming habitual
d. wanting to change, believing change is possible, self-regulating behavioral change, behavior change becoming habitual
According to a recent study, what intervention can lead people to become more tolerant of stress and less defensive in general? a. practicing daily mindfulness activities b. attending a two-week acceptance training c. participating in one-on-one counseling sessions d. writing self-affirmation essays
d. writing self-affirmation essays