PSYC 101 Ch. 2 (ALL)

A mental shortcut or "rule of thumb" is referred to as a(n) __________ by psychologists. algorithm heuristic intuition deliberation

b

Because carefully controlled studies generate more trustworthy results, the high internal validity of these studies can lead to further studies. high external validity. correlation of causation. lack of falsifiability.

b

Bruno is asked to estimate which California city occupies a greater area: San Francisco or San Jose. "San Francisco is a big city," he muses, "whereas San Jose is out in the suburbs. San Francisco must be bigger." In actuality, San Francisco occupies about 48 square miles, compared to San Jose's 180 square miles. Bruno was mislead because he relied on System 2 thinking. a heuristic. an algorithm. hegemony.

b

Dr. Ingo Larsen is testing the effectiveness of a new memory-enhancing study technique. He greets each participant at the door and escorts them into either the control group (that receives the old memory technique) or the experimental group (that receives the new memory technique). He then conducts the experiment and analyzes the results. This is all quite problematic, because of the potential presence of rival hypotheses. experimenter expectancy effects. sharpening and leveling. nocebo outcomes.

b

Freda is reading a journal article in psychology, and sees that a statistically significant outcome would have occurred by chance alone only 5 out of 100 times. This statement would be summarized in the journal article as px 5 = 100. p < 0.05. p= 5%. p> 0.05.

b

In the popular media (as opposed to scientific journals), research results can be presented in a misleading way because reporters have the tendency to exaggerate the gist or central message of the study. This is called leveling. sharpening. dumbing down. oversimplifying.

b

One primary purpose of sending research articles to peer reviewers prior to publication is to give those with opposing views equal time for rebuttal. identify flaws in the research. give everyone an equal chance to publish her or his research. maintain leadership among experts in the field.

b

Questionnaires fall into which category of measurement tools? interrater reliability measures self-report measures test-retest measures validity measures

b

Questions such as, "What is the average level of extraversion in this sample?" call for the use of which kind of statistics? deterministic descriptive inferential influential

b

The APA Ethical Principles for Human Research state: "A contact [person] who can answer questions about the research and the participant's rights should be provided." This statement is most relevant in which of the following aspects of ethical research? protection from harm and discomfort informed consent expectation of privacy deception and debriefing

b

The process of soliciting feedback from qualified experts in a research area prior to publishing the results of a research study is called editorial correction. peer review. professional critique. vetting for publication.

b

We say that a result has practical significance if it is not statistically significant. makes a difference in the real world. results from manipulating a single variable. would occur by chance less than 5 times in 100.

b

What shameful experiment was conducted over the course of 40 years to determine what would happen if syphilis was left to run its course in unsuspecting "subjects" (at a time when a cure for the disease was already available)? the Milgram experiment the Tuskegee study the Syphilis study the Vivisection experiment

b

When evaluating a story about psychology research, we should generally place more confidence in a reputable science journal than a popular magazine. Which phrase encapsulates that idea? You get what you pay for. Consider the source. There are two sides to every story. Every cloud has a silver lining.

b

Which term refers to the type of descriptive statistic that tells us where the scores tend to cluster in a set of measurements? measure of range central tendency variability standard deviation

b

Analytical thinking is __________ compared to intuitive thinking. slow painful heuristic immediate

a

Clarice has just designed a questionnaire to measure stress in children. She wants to make sure that it truly measures stress and not something like anxiety, fear, or frustration. She is wanting to make sure her measure is valid. rigorous. able to be replicated. reliable.

a

Jorge's classmate arrived late to class and threw her backpack down as she slid into her seat in the third row. Jorge immediately assumed that his classmate was irresponsible and had slept late after a night of partying. Jorge relied on __________ to reach his conclusion. Jorge later found out that his classmate was late because her appointment at the hospital for her cancer treatments had started late. System 1 thinking analytical thinking System 2 thinking reflective thinking

a

Mark Twain referred to three kinds of untruths: "Lies, damned lies, and statistics," because statistics sometimes can be used to mislead people. statisticians are generally unethical. inferential statistics are generally wrong. descriptive statistics are generally wrong.

a

Megan wanted to get a measure of the amount of variability in her set of data, so she subtracted the lowest score from the highest score. Megan computed the range. inferential. standard of deviation. integral.

a

Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman refers to intuitive thinking as System 1. What type of thinking does Kahneman refer to as System 2? analytical descriptive speculative impressionistic

a

The APA Ethical Principles for Human Research indicate that psychologists must take reasonable steps to avoid harming participants. use human subjects instead of nonhuman animals whenever possible. use deceptive techniques. ensure accurate data collection.

a

To be sure that we are not fooled by popular media reports about psychology research, we should be on the lookout for sharpening and leveling. dumbing down. deliberate deception. the placebo effect.

a

When we perceive a reliable association between two events (although none exists), such as the presence of rainy weather and arthritis flare-ups, we are experiencing the phenomenon called illusory correlation. ethical mirage. statistical anomaly. invalid assumption.

a

Which group at every major American research college and university reviews all research carefully to protect participants against abuses? institutional review board investigative review bureau investigative research board institutional research bureau

a

Which of the following best summarizes the benefits of using nonhuman animals in research? Without nonhuman animal research, we'd know relatively little about the physiology of the brain. Rats experience depression the same way humans do. Very few nonhuman animals are used in medical and psychological research each year. Doing research on nonhuman animals is less complicated than doing research on humans.

a

A central issue in considering medical and psychological research using nonhuman animals is balancing the advances gained through such experimentation against the backlash of animal rights activists. possibly negative publicity focused on the research center. the costs in death and suffering they produce for the test subjects. the exorbitant financial costs of animal research.

c

Arno did a study to demonstrate the relationship between age and intellect. To best represent his data, Arno should use a distribution curve. truncated line graph. scatterplot. bar graph.

c

Dr. Rand conducts a study to determine the relationship between the hours of sleep a student gets the night before an exam and their actual performance on the exam. Dr. Rand graphs her data to make it easier to see the relationship between the two variables. She finds that the two variables are positively correlated. Her data is best represented by a graph with a line with no slope that runs parallel to the bottom axis of the graph. a line that runs perpendicular to the bottom axis of the graph. a line that slopes up from left to right. a line that slopes down from left to right.

c

One important aspect of a research study that peer reviewers consider is whether the study considers alternate explanations. This is called rendering external validity. diminishing internal validity. ruling out rival hypotheses. generating counterfactuals.

c

Research involving nonhuman animals can generate strong, often negative, feelings among people. This is especially so when the research involves __________ procedures that cause physical harm to the nonhuman animal research participants. generative unplanned invasive exploratory

c

Sherri wants to design a self-report measure for her study of personality traits, but she knows she should be concerned that respondents might distort their answers, especially to paint themselves in a positive light. This tendency is known as __________. the mediator effect the halo effect a response set a legitimacy set

c

The authors accept the philosophical belief that science is __________; that is, neither good nor bad in itself. morally indefensible conscience-free value-neutral ethically static

c

The cases of facilitated communication and lobotomies demonstrate that good research design is important because intelligent, well-trained people __________. can be passively cruel in their pursuit of an outcome usually do not conduct experiments can be swayed into believing that a treatment is effective when it is not only seek confirmatory evidence of their beliefs

c

The media reports that new research shows cell phone usage is associated with tumor formation in the brain just above the ear. In the report, they describe the research findings and then publish interviews with three local cell phone distributors who voice concerns about how the study was conducted and who provided the primary funding for the study. This results in leveling. the placebo effect. pseudosymmetry. balanced reporting.

c

The only research designs that allow us the possibility of drawing cause-and-effect inferences are naturalistic designs. experimental designs. correlational designs. survey methods.

c

The story of how facilitated communication was debunked is a powerful illustration of the triumph of science over autism. affliction. pseudoscience. child abuse.

c

The two ingredients that make a research study an experiment are 1) random assignment of participants to conditions, and 2) __________. high inter-rater reliability external validity gained through real-world control manipulation of an independent variable manipulation of a dependent variable

c

When a politician makes the statement that the average tax return will be $5,000 for citizens of her state, we should be suspicious of her statistics. It would be more meaningful to report the __________ as a measure of central tendency. refund of an individual "typical" taxpayer highest and lowest refunds median or mode average of refunds in all similar states

c

Which term indicates applying mathematics to describe and analyze data? information research statistics science

c

Carlotta wants to determine if achievement is associated with a child's birth order in their family. It would be best if Carlotta conducted a(n) __________ study. experimental naturalistic case correlational

d

Dr. Sardonicus is designing a case study in order to demonstrate that a particular psychological phenomenon actually happens. Case studies can be useful in providing this kind of demonstration, also known as external validity. peer review. internal validity. existence proof.

d

If subjects' scores on a self-esteem scale are consistent over time, the scale has high __________ reliability. Meehl-determinant interrater interlocutor test-retest

d

In a study to test the effects of a new memory technique, students are given one of two different memory techniques to use for their next exam. Their scores on the next exam are used to determine the effectiveness of the two techniques. In this study, what is the dependent variable ? the first memory technique the students' GPAs the two memory techniques the students' scores on the next exam

d

Prior to participating in a study, Danielle received a form that describes what she is expected to do or encounter during the study. Danielle is participating in debriefing. institutional review. scientific method. informed consent.

d

The following scores are obtained when observing reaction time after participants consume alcohol. Data set: 2.4, 3.2, 1.8, 2.9, 10.9, and 3.1. What is the technical term for the 10.9 measure, which lies outside the range of the other scores? a skewer a variable the range an outlier

d

The two kinds of statistics used by psychologists are descriptive statistics and __________ statistics. ethical distributed variable inferential

d

The type of thinking that allows us to operate on "autopilot" and make snap decisions is called analogical. System 2. analytical. intuitive.

d

You are wanting to study how people respond to being frightened. You set up a scenario where people who are just turning the corner of the building are met with a realistic-looking snake toy. You record their behavior from the time they see the snake toy to when they finally calm down. This type of study is known as a(n) naturalistic observation. case study. self-report. experiment.

d

You want to design a study that will be high in internal validity and will allow you to infer causation. Which research design should you use? case studies naturalistic observation correlational design experimental design

d