PSYC 101 - EXAM #1 & #2 RC's

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

A. Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? A. examination of anatomy and physiology B. exculpation C. Extrospection D. Interviews

A. Examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology? A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior B. It is easy to disprove theories developed by evolutionary psychologists C. It places too much emphasis on genetic factors in determining human behavior D. There are no female evolutionary psychologists

A. It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness? A. Jemma, competing in a marathon B. Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head C. Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep D. Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night

A. Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. William James

A. John Watson

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS? A. above average birth weight B. hyperthermia C. premature birth D. smoking in the home

A. above average birth weight

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research?

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Remembering _____ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie taste even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the phone C. What the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip

B.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she is from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there

B.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for going it B. Jeong observes Browyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Job wants to avoid being fires, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smile sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

B.

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait? A. Greg eats a cupcake B. Ida is charming C. James has blue eyes D. Marsha has three children

B. Ida is charming

Peer reviewers _____. A. are similar to magazine editors B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings C. work for the authors of scientific articles D. work for the journals that publish scientific research findings

B. help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid? A. coffee B. methadone C. methamphetamine D. nicotine

B. methadone

Why is psychology considered a social science?

Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influences by our interactions with others.

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

C.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy C. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late D. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

C. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late

Which of the following defines hypothesis? A. idea that proves a theory B. means of explaining social phenomena C. Tentative explanation D. Way of looking at the world

C. Tentative Explanation

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? A. scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times B. Structuralism was parsimonious C. The process was highly subjective D. Wilhelm Wundt falsifies his results

C. The process was highly subjective

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States? A. European psychology is not as rigorous as American psychology B. The proponents were Nazis C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology D. The theories were not based on measurable data.

C. The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

A sample that _____ is most likely to yield generalizable results. A. has at least 20 participants B. has at least 200 participants C. is large and randomly selected D. is small and specifically selected

C. is large and randomly selected

Which of the following defines hypothesis? A. idea that proves a theory B. means of explaining social phenomena C. tentative explanation D. Way of looking at the world

C. tentative explanation

To maximize learning, a _____ should be present on a(n) _____ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of the room B. Determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish is he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

D.

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

D.

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Explicit memory

William James was the ______.

First American psychologist

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a _____, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Flashbulb memory

Research on _____ subjects must always involve _____.

Human; obtaining informed consent

The empirical method of study is based on _____.

Observation

Sleepwalking is also referred to as _____.

Somnambulism

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes _____.

The placebo effect

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as _____.

The scientific method

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the _____ content.

latent

Behaviorists study ______.

learned behavior

According to Albert Bandura, _____

learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

A theta wave is a type of _____.

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

In a _____ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

mid- and top-level management

Cataplexy is a symptom associate with _____.

narcolepsy

A negative correlation means _____.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) _____ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of _____.

parasomnias

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because _____.

participants were not allowed to seek available treatment

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that _____.

people in hypnotic states are performing the social role of the hypnotized person.

Behaviorists all focus on _____.

physiological responses that result in action

Trephination is the _____.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

_____ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as _____ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Cocaine is considered a _____ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by _____.

studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by _____.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study _____.

the mind and behavior

A(n) _____ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _____.

thoughts and their relationship to our experience and our actions

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Individuals undergoing hypnosis _____.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors.

A _____ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.

veterinarian

_____ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Remembering _____ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

The ______ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) _____ rhythm.

circadian

The scientific process is _____, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

_____ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

confirmation bias

A(n) _____ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

The _____ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

Melatonin release is stimulated by _____ and inhibited by _____.

darkness; light

The _____ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Alcohol is considered a _____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Ethics need to be considered when _____ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is _____.

detailed information

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is _____.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Sleep apnea is defined by _____.

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) _____.

experiment

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered_____.

explicit memory

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines _____ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) _____.

illusory correlation

The _____ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

The sleep debt is the result of _____.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

_____ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

inter-rater reliability

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of _____ stimuli.

internal

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

- Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall - Implicit memories are those that are not part of out consciousness

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage _____ sleep.

1

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

People may not intend to distort facts, but A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combing them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

A.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on _______ and early childhood experiences.

a person's unconscious

_____ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

The _____ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Critical thinking is ______.

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Encoding information occurs through _____.

automatic processing and effortful processing

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the _____ include food, water, and shelter.

basic survival needs

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is _____.

between -1 and +1

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ______.

biopsychologist