PSYC 105 Test 2

35. Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? A. Writing the name of a misbehaving student on the chalkboard B. Taking away recess and giving study hall to a student who didn't finish his homework C. Not letting a misbehaving student go to recess D. Giving a gold star to a student who does good work.

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This is the area in the ear that sound waves/vibrations get transferred into neuronal impulses...

Cochlea

When dealing with light the wavelength or frequency determines?

Color (hue)

A binocular cue that allows for depth perception by comparing images from 2 eyeballs is?

Retinal Disparity

In Pavlov's experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response.

Salivation

Process by which our sensory receptors take in stimulus energy from our environment.

Sensation

I have just walked into a very smelly house. After a while I do not notice the smell as bad or at all. What process makes this possible?

Sensory Adaptation

The taste buds and the olfactory receptor cells often work together to determine taste and smell respectively. This is called?

Sensory Interaction

What is the procedure uses reinforcement to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response?

Shaping

Generalization is a reaction to _____.

Similarities

An inability to store and/or retrieve new information in long-term memory is characteristic

anterograde amnesia

What is a reinforcer?

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

perception

Skinner box is also known as..

operant chamber

Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement.

opposite

According to the work of Loftus and others in the area of eyewitness testimony... (A) eyewitnesses are likely to repress traumatic information (B) eyewitnesses are strongly influenced by decay theory (C) eyewitnesses are not easily misled (D) eyewitnesses can be misled when they are asked misleading questions.

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Although short-term memory stores information in terms of physical qualities, long-term memory stores information in terms of (A) acoustic codes (B) semantic codes (C) attitudes (D) all of the above

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Classical conditioning usually works best if which of the following occurs? (A) The conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented just after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (B) The CS is presented just before the UCS (C) The CS is presented many hours after the UCS (D) All of the above are equally effective

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How is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning? A. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is presented whether or not the subject responds B. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is paired and presented with an unconditioned stimulus C. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is presented before the subject responds D. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is presented only when the subject responds

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In operant conditioning, what is the tendency for a response to happen only when a particular stimulus is present? (A) Stimulus generalization (B) Shaping (C) Response acquisition (D) Stimulus discrimination

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Oscar is unable to remember anything about the car accident and for a few minutes after, probably because his head hit the dashboard very hard, which left him dazed and confused. Oscar's inability to remember the car accident was caused by his inability to _____ information about the car accident. (A) store (B) retrieve (C) encode

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The theory of forgetting that suggests that the conscious mind pushes information into the unconscious is called (A) decay (B) schema theory (C) interference (D) repression

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This morning I was trying to recall the name of a famous psychologist of the past. I knew that his name began with an "F" and was one syllable long. So I started listing possible names: "Fruit, Frolt, Fred, Freed, Frod, Froud." All of a sudden, it hit me, "Freud"! This difficulty shows that I was having problems with the ___ of a memory. (A) encoding (B) retrieval (C) storing

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What kind of reinforcement should you use if you want a response to last without reinforcement long after it's been learned through operant conditioning? (A) Continuous (B) Random (C) Either A and B (D) Neither A nor B

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When processing verbal information, semantic encoding is a type of processing involving the information's A) sound. (B) physical structure. (C) meaning. (D) feeling.

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Which characteristic of long-term memory facilitates the retrieval of information? (A) unlimited capacity (B) the organization of material (C) the chunking of information (D) the ability of long-term memory to store procedural information

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Which of the following is a way of testing retrieval of long-term memories? (A) recall (B) recognition (C) relearning (D) all of the above

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The best description for UCS is..

A stimulus that automatically elicits a response

For classical conditioning, which of the following statement is true? A. the CS must be a reliable predictor of the UCS B. There must be a higher probability that the UCS will occur when the CS has been presented than when it has not C. Both statements are correct D. Neither of the two statements is correct

Both statements are correct

In dealing with light, the wavelength's amplitude determines the

Brightness (intensity)

Reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses.

Fixed ratio

Students get a grade for a quiz that's given once a week. What is this an example of?

Fixed-interval reinforcement schedul

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A. Taking away dessert if a child doesn't finish his dinner B. Giving a child money for doing his chores C. Spanking a child for walking into the street D. Taking away privileges if a child doesn't finish his homework

Giving a child money for doing his chores

In terms of Figure and Ground what is considered to be the surroundings?

Ground

Proximity, Continuity and Closure are all forms of?

Grouping

36. Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? A. Hitting a dog that snaps B. Isolating a dog that snaps C. Jerking a choke collar on a dog that snaps D. Giving a treat to a dog that snaps

Isolating a dog that snaps

34. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A. Praising a dog for walking next to you B. Jerking a dog's collar when it pulls ahead C. Removing collar pressure on a dog's neck when it walks next to you D. Giving a dog a treat when it walks next to you

Jerking a dog's collar when it pulls ahead

If leaving your apartment removes you from an unpleasant environment, then the time you spend away from your apartment will increase referring to.. A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Negative punishment

Negative reinforcement

Every time your dog pees on the carpet, you smack him with a rolled-up newspaper. You do this every day for two weeks, several times a day. Are you punishing the dog? A. Yes B. No

No?????

A student sometimes got A's on his midterm exams last year when he used his green pen to write the exams. Now he always takes his lucky green pens to exams. How did the student's superstitious behavior arise? (A) Observational learning (B) Classical conditioning (C) Operant conditioning (D) None of the above

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is NOT part of the eye: Iris Pupil, Retina Stapes, Cornea?

Stapes

What is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus if it's the original conditioned stimulus?

Stimulus generalization

If a stimulus is below the absolute threshold it is said to be?

Subliminal

The sensory memory has all of the following characteristics except (A) Visual information lasts about a quarter of a second. (B) It holds an exact image of each sensory experience. (C) Auditory information lasts about 4 seconds. (D) The capacity is 7 ± 2 bits of information.

The capacity is 7 ± 2 bits of information.

The difference threshold is?

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.

T or F - Parallel Processing is the ability of the brain to process many aspects of a problem or visual scene at the same time, such as Color, Motion, Form and Depth?

True

These are the three basic steps to all sensory systems. Are they in the correct order? T or F Receive stimulus, Transform stimulus, Deliver stimulus (encode, store, retrieve)

True

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? (A) A little girl is spanked for grabbing her sister's hair. (B) Students in a classroom have their recess taken away until they can be quiet. (C) Young women wear clothes styled like those of a popular actress. (D) A piano student becomes proficient at a new piece of music.

Young women wear clothes styled like those of a popular actress.

What is a punishment?

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

When you get to the grocery store, you realize you left your shopping list at home. According to the serial position effect, the items on the list you are most likely recall are

beginning and end of list

One technique to help overcome the limited capacity of short-term memory is called

chunking

Which of the following suggests that forgetting is caused by a fading memory trace?

decay

The input of information into the memory system is called

encoding

The three fundamental mental processes of the memory system are

encoding, storing, and retrieving

Which of the following is not a stage in the information-processing model of memory? (A) short-term memory (B) long-term memory (C) episodic memory (D) sensory memory

episodic memory

You remember some specific football plays from the first half of last week's game; this is

episodic memory

The vivid recall of a negative emotional experience is called a

flashbulb memory

What reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training?

generalization

For an individual to experience observational learning, he or she must

imitate the behavior of a model.

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts is?

kinesthesis

The amplitude of a sound wave determines its?

loudness

Your rods would be most helpful if you were:

night fishing

Psychologist Albert Bandura is most closely associated with

observational learning

The type of remembering necessary to correctly answer this multiple choice question is

recognition

The phone number discussed in question 51 probably could have been remembered for a longer period if you had practiced

rehearsal

The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon appears to be caused by a problem in

retrieval

When the dog is trained to catch a ball, you can give the animal a food reinforcer each time it approaches the ball until finally the dog mouths and grabs the ball referring to..

shaping

Suppose that you call the information operator to find a friend's phone number. When you dial your friend's number, you get a busy signal. Later, when you start to dial the number again, you realize you have forgotten it. This experience probably occurred because the phone number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory

Working memory is a special function of

short-term memory

In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as touch and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret?

transduction

A scalloped response pattern, in which responses are slow at the beginning of a time period and then faster just before reinforcement happens, is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

variable interval