Psyc 105 Unit 2 Exam

To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario?

A mnemonic device

Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?

Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.

Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______.

linear perspective

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ______ for fastening the seat belt.

negative reinforcement

Immanuel can see few children flying a kite on top of a building at a distance. As the kite flies farther up into the sky it looks like it is getting smaller and smaller. However, Immanuel knows the kite is not shrinking due to his brain's ability to maintain _______.

perceptual constancy

When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development.

preoperational

Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________.

social learning

In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:

the addition of a stimulus.

Which of the following is true about dementia?

Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage?

Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter:

are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions.

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________.

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

circadian rhythm

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:

conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory.

episodic

Robert asks Thomas if he heard a knock at the door, and Thomas says that he did not. Robert, swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it, but there is no one there. Signal detection theorists would label Robert's perception that someone knocked at the door as a _______.

false alarm

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

false memory.

With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that:

sleep changes throughout the night.

Which of the following is the most widely used depressant?

Alcohol

Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens.

As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle.

How do psychologists define learning?

Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?

Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

Giving a child a "time-out" from a play session for throwing tantrums

Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma?

Glasgow Coma Scale

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

Growth of new neurons

Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply?

Mia is in REM sleep.

Which of the following statements is true about pruning? -Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. -Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. -Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections. -Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

The cocktail party effect

Which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night?

The rods

What are the two aspects of consciousness?

Wakefulness and awareness

Yasmin no longer senses the sound of air conditioner as she sits in the classroom. She has stopped attending to its stimulation because she sits in the same classroom every day. Psychologists call this experience _______.

sensory adaptation

Transduction can be defined as:

the conversion of physical into neural information.

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:

the serial position effect.

Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks:

theory of mind.

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories