PSYC 1100 - UNIT 2 NOTES

Define heritability

A measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be -accounted for by genetic factors.

_____ carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles. a) Sensory neurons b) Purkinje neurons c) Motor neurons d) Interneurons

c) motor neurons

A split-brain procedure involves surgeons severing the _____ to alleviate the severity of seizures.

corpus callosum

When Taylor stepped on a piece of broken glass at the beach, she initially felt a sudden stinging pain, which was transmitted by: a) B-alpha fibres. b) D fibres. c) C fibres. d) A-delta fibres.

d) A-delta fibres.

Raven is studying narcissism in families and finds that this ability has a heritability index of 0.20. This means that _____ make(s) a significant contribution to this trait compared to other influences.

environment

Ceclia recently was in a car accident and afterward developed an inability to produce language. She most likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe.

temporal

Each neuron has only one: a) dendrite. b) synapse. c) axon. d) terminal button.

c) axon

Complexity is to frequency, as _____ is to pitch.

timbre

Rather than increase food prices, manufacturers sometimes imperceptibly decrease the amount of food in a package. Sticky Foods wants to raise the price of peanut butter but still sell each jar for $2.89. The current jar contains 16 oz. of peanut butter. Assume the Weber fraction for felt weight is 0.05. The smallest jar that will feel the same as the 16 oz. jar to most people will contain _____ oz.

15.2

Define DNA methylation

Adding a methyl group to DNA.

Define histone modification

Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA.

Marcus lost his pinky in a fishing accident. If his brain demonstrates plasticity following the amputation, which is likely to occur?

Brain areas adjacent to those responsible for his pinky will take over different functions.

Define epigenetic marks

Chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off.

Dr. Lee is doing a study on perception and wants to measure brain activity for cortical structures that are on the outer area of the brain. He cannot afford to use equipment that gives good resolution but really only needs information about action potentials as an indicator of activity. Dr. Lee decides to use a(n) _____.

EEG

Dr. Rodriguez studies brain wave patterns that occur when people are dreaming. To do so, he attaches a device, abbreviated as _____, to the outside of people's skulls to measure electrical activity in the brain during the dreams.

EEG

If James has trouble sleeping and wants to have doctors measure his brain activity while he is asleep, the doctors will most likely use a technique abbreviated as _____ to do so.

EEG

Define epigenetics

Environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed, or the degree to which they are expressed, without altering the basic DNA sequences that constitute the genes themselves.

When thinking about the heritability index, which statement is FALSE? a)Heritability is an abstract concept. b)Heritability is dependent on the environment. c) Heritability reveals which interventions will and will not work for particular people. d) Heritability works at the level of the group, not the individual.

Heritability reveals which interventions will and will not work for particular people.

_____ involves adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA.

Histone modification

Caroline is having trouble seeing the color yellow. Caroline is likely suffering problems with the _____ cones in her eyes.

M

Juanita thinks she is having a stroke. Based on knowledge about image resolution, the method of structural image known as _____ would be the best for diagnosing a stroke.

MRI

Juan is studying the prefrontal cortex and wants to determine if there is a causal relationship between damage to this area and personality change. Brain scanning methods only allow him to establish correlational relationships. However, a method abbreviated as _____ will allow him to turn off areas of the prefrontal cortex, mimicking damage to this area.

TMS

In a vision science laboratory, a monkey is viewing simple visual stimuli on a screen while an electrode records activity from a cell in its brain. On one trial, a bar slanted at a 60-degree angle appears on the screen. The cell begins responding actively. The cell is probably located in area _____.

V1

_____ is the dimension of mind perception that refers to the ability for self-control, planning, memory, or thought. a) Agency b) Transience c) Intentionality d) Experience

a) Agency

Which statement about heritability is true? a) Heritability is dependent upon the environment. b) Heritability is fate. c) Heritability tells about differences in an individual. d) Heritability tells about specific genes that contribute to a trait.

a) Heritability is dependent upon the environment.

Karen goes to a hypnotist, and during hypnosis. recovers a memory from her childhood. According to the text: a) Karen fabricated the memory to satisfy the suggestions of the hypnotist. b) the memory probably was something painful that Karen suppressed. c) the memory was something Karen had just forgotten about. d) the memory comes from a story that Karen's friend told her.

a) Karen fabricated the memory to satisfy the suggestions of the hypnotist.

Which did researchers learn from Phineas Gage's accident? a) The frontal lobe is involved in emotional regulation, planning, and decision making. b) Brain damage always leads to a non-functional state of living. c) Speech production and comprehension are related to different brain areas. d) The different brain hemispheres have independent functions.

a) The frontal lobe is involved in emotional regulation, planning, and decision making.

Which person is LEAST likely to be hypnotizable? a) a person who does not believe they can be hypnotized b) a person who becomes easily absorbed at the movies c) a person who has a very vivid imagination d) a person who believes they can be hypnotized

a) a person who does not believe they can be hypnotized

Research on many wine drinkers demonstrated that: a) a wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste. b) a wine's price has no effect on its perceived taste. c) a wine's price has a bottom-up influence on its perceived taste. d) a wine's price has no top-down influence on its perceived taste.

a) a wine's price has a top-down influence on its perceived taste.

Benny's S-cones are not functional. Benny is likely to have trouble perceiving: a) blue. b) yellow. c) red. d) all colors.

a) blue.

Visual acuity refers to the ability to see fine details, and so reflects the operation of photoreceptors called: a) cones. b) rods. c) ganglion cells. d) foveae.

a) cones.

Demetrius is hypnotized and the hypnotist asks him questions. Demetrius is not likely to show outstanding accuracy because of the hypnotism, but he is likely to show high levels of _____ in her responses. a) confidence b) discomfort c) doubt d) uncertainty

a) confidence

In a dichotic listening study, participants heard different messages in each ear but were asked to focus on and repeat one message. The results of this study did NOT suggest that participants: a) could focus on one statement, but can recall details from both. b) could successfully focus on one statement and notice little of the second message. c) are so focused on one statement that they do not hear the other switch languages. d) are oblivious to most changes but notice the speaker of the unattended statement switch from male to female.

a) could focus on one statement, but can recall details from both.

In a typical psychophysical experiment, the absolute threshold is a (n) _____ variable; in a graph, a measure of absolute threshold appears on the _____-axis. a) dependent; y b) independent; y c) dependent; x d) independent; x

a) dependent; y

Which demonstrates the appropriate order of forebrain development from the least to the most complex? a) frogs, birds, cats, humans b) birds, humans, frogs, cats c) cats, humans, birds, frogs d) humans, frogs, birds, cats

a) frogs, birds, cats, humans

Which behaviour BEST illustrates physical dependence? a) getting a headache after not taking a drug for 3 days. b) feeling nausea after administering a drug c) feeling calm after administering a drug d) feeling annoyed when trying to stop taking a drug

a) getting a headache after not taking a drug for 3 days.

A high-frequency sound is one that is _____, whereas a high-amplitude sound is one that is _____. a) high-pitched; loud b) resonant; loud c) high-pitched; resonant d) loud; high-pitched

a) high-pitched; loud

As the number of cycles per second of a sound wave increases, we experience a _____ sound. a) higher pitched b) louder c) lower pitched d) softer

a) higher pitched

The _____ the damage to the spinal cord, the _____ the prognosis for sensation and movement throughout the body. a) higher; worse b) lower; worse c) higher; better d) more complete; better

a) higher; worse

A perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined is termed a(n): a) illusory conjunction. b) grouping rule. c) Gestalt principle. d) perceptual constancy.

a) illusory conjunction.

Area V1 contains neurons responding to specific: a) line orientations. b) colors. c) depth cues. d) motion velocities.

a) line orientations.

From which of the following states of consciousness is it NOT possible to recover? a) locked-in syndome b) vegetative state c) minimal consciousness d) coma

a) locked-in syndome

The _____ ear is to transmission as the _____ ear is to transduction. a) middle; inner b) middle; outer c) outer; inner d) inner; middle

a) middle; inner

Tony is a hypnotist and is performing a show in front of a student audience. He calls some students up on stage to hypnotize them, and first asks them if they become captivated and involved when watching movies. Those who respond "yes" are _____ to be hypnotized compared to those who respond "no." a) more likely b) equally likely c) less likely d) not at all likely

a) more likely

According to a study by Robert Stickgold, if people are kept up all night after learning a difficult task, they will show: a) no learning for the task. b) learning similar to those who get sleep. c) moderate learning that is worse than those who got sleep. d) better learning than those who got sleep.

a) no learning for the task.

Area A1 neurons respond well to simple tones, whereas neurons in subsequent auditory areas process sounds of increasing complexity. Based on this information, it seems likely that area A1 neurons contribute to a person's perception of _____, whereas neurons in secondary auditory cortices help people perceive _____. a) pitch; timbre b) pitch; loudness c) timbre; pitch d) loudness; pitch

a) pitch; timbre

Tammy, who has been hypnotized before, volunteered to be hypnotized in a classroom demonstration. Her professor told her that she will forget that she was asked to do jumping jacks while she was under hypnosis. When asked afterwards if she remembered what she was asked to do while hypnotized, she could not remember. This is an example of; a) posthypnotic amnesia b) anterograde amnesia c) hypnotic analgesia d) hypermnesia

a) posthypnotic amnesia

Dr. Lockhart varies the amount of sweetener dissolved in a cup of black coffee. Participants rate the sweetness of the coffee. Dr. Lockhart's investigation is an example of _____, and the dependent variable is _____. a) psychophysics; sweetness ratings b) introspection; amount of sweetener c) introspection; sweetness ratings d) psychophysics; amount of sweetener

a) psychophysics; sweetness ratings

Which animal has the most developed cerebral cortex? a) rat b) eagle c) alligator d) parrot

a) rat

Suppose a retinal ganglion cell increases its rate of firing when L-cones in a certain part of the retina become active. The retinal ganglion cell is probably a _____ cell. Long-wavelength light is probably stimulating the cell's _____. a) red-green; receptive field b) blue-yellow; receptive field c) blue-yellow; opponency zone d) red-green; opponency zone

a) red-green; receptive field

General anaesthetics induce unconsciousness by reducing neural activity in the: a) reticular formation b) olfactory bulb c) corpus callosum d) limbic system

a) reticular formation

Brain damage is LEAST likely to affect: a) sensation. b) transduction. c) perception. d) cognition.

a) sensation.

Which sequence best orders the information processing activities described in the text, from first to last? a) sensation; transduction; perception b) transduction; perception; sensation c) sensation; perception; transduction d) transduction; sensation; perception

a) sensation; transduction; perception

Francisco sometimes has an experience upon waking during which he has the feeling of pressure on his chest and he cannot move. He has likely been diagnosed with: a) sleep paralysis. b) insomnia. c) night terrors. d) somnambulism.

a) sleep paralysis.

The actor Christopher Reeve died from complications related to: a) spinal cord injury. b) Alzheimer's disease. c) multiple sclerosis. d) Parkinson's disease.

a) spinal cord injury.

Some psychologists argue that wetness = cold + pressure. The notion that an experience such as wetness may be reduced to more basic sensations is most consistent with the _____ approach in psychology's history. a) structuralist b) psychodynamic c) functionalist d) Gestalt

a) structuralist

Which is a contributing factor to drug abuse? a) the immediate satisfaction of drugs b) the ability to delay gratification c) physical dependence after one use d) the aversive side effects of drug use

a) the immediate satisfaction of drugs

Which perceptual quality is correctly matched with the sound wave characteristic that it reflects? a) timbre--the mix of wave forms in the sound wave b) pitch--the shape of the sound wave c) loudness--the wavelength of the sound wave d) pitch--the height of the sound wave

a) timbre--the mix of wave forms in the sound wave

Which alternative correctly matches a concept with an example? a) transduction--mechanical pressure in the ear is converted into neural signals when certain hair cells bend. b) perception---certain nerve endings in the skin respond to sustained pressure. c) sensation--Dr. Wilder investigates the relationship between the temperature of water and observers' perception of its warmth. d) psychophysics--Diane interprets changes in mechanical pressure in the air as the opening notes to the national anthem.

a) transduction--mechanical pressure in the ear is converted into neural signals when certain hair cells bend.

Which set contains a discrepant element? a) {decibel, wavelength, pitch} b) {complexity, timbre, resonance} c) {frequency, hertz, pitch} d) {amplitude, loudness, decibel}

a) {decibel, wavelength, pitch}

Which set does NOT contain a discrepant element? a) {outer ear; auditory canal; collection} b) {ossicles; transduction; middle ear} c) {middle ear; collection; pinna} d) {transmission; cochlea; inner ear}

a) {outer ear; auditory canal; collection}

Salif lives next to a landfill created from treated waste. Benteke notices the odor immediately each time he visits, but Salif appears not to notice the odor. Salif is demonstrating smell _____.

adaptation

The action potential is referred to as a(n) _____ event because stimulation below a threshold leads to no action potential and stimulation above it always produces one.

all-or-none

While Jamal eats, he always chews with his mouth closed. This requires that he breathe through his nose but Jamal does not have to focus on this because his _____ nervous system allows him to do it automatically.

autonomic

If a telephone system was analogous to a neuron, the telephone receiver would represent the dendrites, the switchboard would represent the soma, and the telephone line would represent the _____.

axon

Which correlation coefficient is a consumer psychologist most likely to find between the length of time participants touch an item and the amount they say they would be willing to pay for it? a) -0.39 b) 0.31 c) -0.85 d) 0.05

b) 0.31

Amber is expecting an important telephone call. She steps into the shower before leaving for school. Amber feels as if she is straining her ears so that she can hear the phone above the noise of the water. In light of signal detection theory, which statement is probably most accurate concerning Amber's perception of the phone's ring during her shower? a) Amber's absolute threshold is lower than during other showers. b) Amber's response bias differs from her response bias during other showers. c) Amber's sensitivity is higher than during other showers. d) Amber is more likely to commit a miss than during other showers.

b) Amber's response bias differs from her response bias during other showers.

Braden is a strict vegan. He is always on the alert because restaurant meals advertised as vegetarian sometimes contain beef broth. Oftentimes, he is convinced that a dish contains an offending ingredient even when it does not. Which alternative best expresses this example in signal detection terms? a) Braden is extremely sensitive, resulting in many hits. b) Braden has a liberal response bias, yielding many false alarms. c) Braden has a conservative response bias, leading to many misses. d) Braden is extremely sensitive, yielding many false alarms.

b) Braden has a liberal response bias, yielding many false alarms.

With respect to potential differences between olfaction and the other senses, which statement is FALSE? a) Olfaction is the only sense linked directly to the forebrain. b) Olfaction is the only sense with connections to the thalamus. c) Olfaction is the least understood of the senses. d) Olfaction is more closely tied to emotion than the other senses.

b) Olfaction is the only sense with connections to the thalamus.

Which statement represents a bottom-up aspect of gate-control theory? a) Pain may be suppressed with drugs that mimic endorphin activity. b) Pain may be gated at the skin receptors by rubbing the injured area. c) Subjective pain intensity may vary among ethnic groups. d) The midbrain may send inhibitory signals to the spinal cord that prevent further pain signals from reaching the brain.

b) Pain may be gated at the skin receptors by rubbing the injured area.

Which question pertains to psychological drug dependence? a) Is the drug addiction incurable? b) Will drug users crave the drug if they stop? c) Will stopping drug use make users sick? d) Can taking too much of a drug cause injury and death?

b) Will drug users crave the drug if they stop?

Based solely on this information, which person is MOST likely to suffer from somnambulism? a) an 18-year old b) a 6-year old c) an 11-year old d) a 75-year old

b) a 6-year old

Based on what researchers learned from Phineas Gage's accident, a person with general damage to the frontal lobe would likely develop: a) an inability to feel fear. b) a dramatic change in personality. c) trouble understanding language. d) problems in visual perception.

b) a dramatic change in personality.

The smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called a) proportional magnitude. b) absolute threshold. c) just noticeable difference. d) Weber's law.

b) absolute threshold.

Amber is drunk and her friends dare her to kiss a guy across the bar. Instead of thinking about the potential consequences of the action, Amber makes a quick decision to complete the dare. This behaviour is consistent with the: a) alcohol expectancy theory. b) alcohol myopia theory. c) alcohol addiction theory. d) alcohol impulse theory.

b) alcohol myopia theory.

Psychoactive drugs typically: a) cause addiction after the first use. b) are pleasant, which reinforces their repeated usage. c) do not lead to addiction. d) are unpleasant, which does not encourage their repeated usage.

b) are pleasant, which reinforces their repeated usage.

Sensation and perception: a) are identical. b) are two distinct activities. c) are independent of each other. d) are opposing processes.

b) are two distinct activities.

A researcher asked participants to report the time at which they consciously made a decision to throw a ball, while simultaneously monitoring their brain activity. The researcher is MOST likely to find that the participants': a) conscious decision occurs long before their brain shows activity. b) brain shows activity before their conscious decision to act. c) conscious decision occurs right before their brain shows activity. d) conscious decision and their brain activity occur at the same time.

b) brain shows activity before their conscious decision to act.

It is inventory week at Elise's job, and she has been working extra hours for five nights in a row to try and meet the deadline. This extra work has been cutting into her sleep time, and she has been sleeping only about 5 hours a night. On the last day of inventory, Elise is MOST likely to demonstrate: a) excitement b) clumsiness c) decreased hunger d) mental acuity

b) clumsiness

Light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see a) motion. b) colours. c) depth. d) shadows.

b) colours.

A researcher uses fMRI to scan areas in participants' brains while they inspect ambiguous figures such as the Rubin vase. In this study, the _____ variable is the brain's _____ activity. a) independent; metabolic b) dependent; metabolic c) dependent; electrical d) independent; electrical

b) dependent; metabolic

A year ago, Tyree drank about one cup of coffee per day. Now, he needs four cups of coffee to receive the same effect. Tyree is experiencing: a) drug withdrawal. b) drug tolerance. c) drug sensitization. d) drug addiction.

b) drug tolerance.

Mary tries a psychoactive drug once. It is MOST likely that she will: a) not enjoy the experience but will try it again. b) enjoy the experience and try it again. c) immediately become addicted to the drug. d) hate the experience and never try the drug again.

b) enjoy the experience and try it again.

Research suggests that if Karin reaches to pick something up: a) she consciously decided to do so, which caused her brain to execute the decision. b) her conscious awareness of deciding to reach occurred because of her brain activity. c) she made the conscious decision to do so at the same time her brain activated. d) she did so without any conscious awareness.

b) her conscious awareness of deciding to reach occurred because of her brain activity.

A person asked to rate a dog in terms of the dimensions of mind perception would MOST likely rate it _____ in experience and _____ in agency. a) low; high b) high; low c) high; high d) low; low

b) high; low

The olfactory bulb sends outputs to the parts of the brain responsible for basic drives, emotions, and memories. These brain structures are the _____, respectively. a) hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus b) hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus c) hypothalamus, cerebellum, and hippocampus d) thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

b) hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

Damage to Broca's area would cause: a) problems with speech comprehension. b) inability to produce language. c) deficits forming new memories. d) difficulty processing emotions.

b) inability to produce language.

In a psychophysical experiment, observers first view an adapting stimulus in which small dots on a computer screen all move steadily toward the right. They then view a test stimulus in which they have to determine whether a patch of dots is stationary or moving. According to the text, the adapting stimulus probably will: a) decrease the observers' absolute threshold for motion detection. b) increase the observers' absolute threshold for motion detection. c) have little or no effect on observers' absolute threshold for motion detection. d) increase the observers' sensitivity to the motion stimulus.

b) increase the observers' absolute threshold for motion detection.

When a neuron is at rest, there is a high concentration of _____ ions INSIDE the cell relative to the outside. a) positively charged protein b) positively charged potassium c) negatively charged chloride d) positively charged sodium

b) positively charged potassium

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____. a) perception; transduction b) sensation; perception c) perception; sensation d) sensation; transduction

b) sensation; perception

Kendra has been losing sleep lately and finds she often feels very sluggish and sensitive to pain. Kendra is probably deprived of: a) stage 1 sleep. b) slow-wave sleep. c) REM sleep. d) hypnopompic sleep.

b) slow-wave sleep.

Sensation involves ____________, whereas perception involves ____________. a) organization; coordination b) stimulation; interpretation c) identification; translation d) comprehension; information

b) stimulation; interpretation

A sound's resonance is most nearly synonymous with its: a) pitch. b) timbre. c) loudness. d) simplicity.

b) timbre.

Which set does NOT contain a discrepant element? a) {amplitude, hue, loudness} b) {wavelength, hue, pitch} c) {amplitude, brightness, pitch} d) {wavelength, brightness, pitch}

b) {wavelength, hue, pitch}

Mary lives with her identical twin Carrie, her older brother Larry, her parents Harry and Teri, and her grandfather Jerry. Consider the percentage of genes shared by Mary and Teri. This percentage is the same as those shared by: a) Mary and Carrie. b) Harry and Teri. c) Carrie and Larry. d) Mary and Jerry.

c) Carrie and Larry.

Which statement best describes the path of optic nerve impulses in the brain? a) Impulses from the left eye travel to the right side of the brain; impulses from the right eye travel to the left side of the brain. b) Impulses from the left eye travel to the left side of the brain; impulses from the right eye travel to the right side of the brain. c) Impulses from the left half of each eye travel to the right side of the brain; impulses from the right half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain. d) Impulses from the left half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain; impulses from the right half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain.

c) Impulses from the left half of each eye travel to the right side of the brain; impulses from the right half of each eye travel to the left side of the brain.

Which alternative best captures the relationship between pictorial and monocular depth cues? a) Monocular and pictorial cues provide conflicting depth information. b) Pictorial and monocular cues are different categories of depth cues. c) Monocular cues are synonymous with pictorial depth cues. d) Monocular cues are effective when viewed with one eye, whereas pictorial cues are binocular.

c) Monocular cues are synonymous with pictorial depth cues.

Which did researchers learn from Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke's patients? a) Brain damage always leads to a non-functional state of living. b) The frontal lobe is involved in emotional regulation, planning, and decision making. c) Speech production and comprehension are related to different brain areas. d) The different brain hemispheres have independent functions.

c) Speech production and comprehension are related to different brain areas.

Which statement about chromosomes is NOT true? a) Humans inherit one chromosome of each pair from a mother and one from a father. b) Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. c) The chromosomes that humans inherit from their parents are determined. d) Chromosomes consist of strands of DNA wound around each other.

c) The chromosomes that humans inherit from their parents are determined.

Martha believes that dreams have a meaning deeper than their surface story. Her view is inconsistent with the _____ and consistent with the _____. a) activation-synthesis model; random theory of dreams b) Freudian theory of dreams; random theory of dreams c) activation-synthesis model; Freudian theory of dreams d) Freudian theory of dreams; activation-synthesis model

c) activation-synthesis model; Freudian theory of dreams

It is a busy morning at the coffee shop. "I asked for a caramel shot; there's none in this coffee!" demands one impatient customer. "This coffee's caffeinated, and I cannot tolerate caffeine," barks another. "You are right. I'm sorry. Here is a tall with a caramel shot," the harried barista apologizes to the first customer. "All right, I will pour you another," she tells the second customer, even though she knows the woman's coffee really was decaffeinated. In signal detection terms, the first customer's remark reflects a _____. The second customer's statement indicates a _____. a) correct rejection; hit b) miss; correct rejection c) correct rejection; false alarm d) correct rejection; miss

c) correct rejection; false alarm

Marissa is undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan and she is showing activation of the default network. She is MOST likely: a) working on mathematical problems. b) practicing thought suppression. c) daydreaming about her date later in the evening. d) watching a visual presentation.

c) daydreaming about her date later in the evening.

Mr. Peyton has suffered parietal lobe damage. Mr. Peyton is likely to: a) have trouble recognizing objects, reflecting optic ataxia. b) have trouble recognizing objects, reflecting agnosia. c) display illusory conjunctions, reflecting impaired feature binding. d) display illusory conjunctions, reflecting optic ataxia.

c) display illusory conjunctions, reflecting impaired feature binding.

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with pleasure and motivation? a) serotonin b) glutamate c) dopamine d) acetylcholine

c) dopamine

Which guides the development of the brain for both an individual and a species? a) dopamine b) the frontal lobe c) genes d) the X chromosome

c) genes

Cocaine is MOST likely to: a) lead to a reduction in pain. b) have a sedative and calming effect. c) increase alertness and energy. d) decrease confidence.

c) increase alertness and energy.

Michael Meaney's research with rats on the effect of having an affectionate mother (high LG) vs. a cold, unresponsive mother (low LG) found that those adults who had high LG mothers: a) had an increase in DNA methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (related to stress). b) had reduced expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. c) increased serotonin in the hippocampus which reduced the stress response. d) had decreased serotonin in the hippocampus.

c) increased serotonin in the hippocampus which reduced the stress response.

Dreams are considered altered states of consciousness because they: a) are often not easy to remember. b) occur when people are unconscious. c) involve a radical transformation of experience. d) are associated with a unique type of brain activity.

c) involve a radical transformation of experience.

After his accident, Phineas Gage suffered from impairments in all of these behaviours EXCEPT: a) emotion regulation. b) decision making. c) language comprehension. d) planning.

c) language comprehension.

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. Maria apparently has a _____ threshold than does Jennifer. a) smaller difference b) lower absolute c) larger difference d) higher absolute

c) larger difference

The amplitude of a sound wave corresponds to the human perception of: a) pitch. b) rhythm. c) loudness. d) timbre.

c) loudness.

Which of the following is not a function of a neuron? a) processing information b) communicating with other neurons c) nutritional provision d) sending messages to body organs and muscles

c) nutritional provision

In the initial processing stage in the olfactory system, odorants bind to: a) olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on all of the olfactory bulbs in the glomerulus. b) glomeruli; in turn, the glomeruli converge on the olfactory bulbs on olfactory receptor neurons. c) olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. d) glomeruli; in turn, the glomeruli converge on olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory bulb.

c) olfactory receptor neurons; in turn, the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons converge on glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.

The process of organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation is called: a) synesthesia. b) transduction. c) perception. d) sensation.

c) perception.

Dr. Breiland examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and a person's perception of color. Which term most accurately describes Dr. Breiland's field of study? a) experimental psychology b) sensation c) psychophysics d) perception

c) psychophysics

The light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball is called the: a) lens. b) fovea. c) retina. d) iris.

c) retina.

The world of light outside the body is linked to the world of vision inside the central nervous system by the a) cornea. b) lens. c) retina. d) optic nerve.

c) retina.

Research suggests that: a) unconscious zombies do exist. b) the mind interfaces with the brain via the pineal gland. c) the brain directs the mind. d) people think about an action and then the brain directs the body to perform the action.

c) the brain directs the mind.

Jarmilla dreamt that she was driving a shiny red sports car and that she was pulled over by the police, but the officer was her best friend. Her psychoanalyst interpreted this as meaning that Jarmilla feels her friend is holding her back. In this case, _____ represents manifest content and _____ represents latent content. a) the analyst; the interpretation b) the interpretation; the dream content c) the dream content; the interpretation d) the interpretation; the analyst

c) the dream content; the interpretation

A researcher uses fMRI to trace activity in two distinct regions of participants' temporal lobes as they view a series of faces displayed on a computer screen. For each face, the researcher computes a difference score by subtracting the overall level of activity in the second temporal lobe area from the overall level of activity in the first temporal lobe area. According to the text, the greater the average difference score: a) the greater the support for both modular and distributed-representation views. b) the greater the support for the distributed-representation view. c) the greater the support for the modular view. d) the lesser the support for either modular or distributed-representation views.

c) the greater the support for the modular view.

Professor Ortez is a philosopher and has been thinking about how difficult it is to know for sure that someone else is really conscious and not just saying that they are conscious. Psychologists refer to this as: a) the mind/body problem. b) phenomenology. c) the problem of other minds. d) the mystery of consciousness.

c) the problem of other minds.

Ted is graduating in a few weeks and is a very clumsy person. He is very nervous that he is going to trip when receiving his diploma, and this is all that he thinks about. Ted is trying very hard to stop thinking about tripping, because he knows that thinking about it might increase the likelihood of actually tripping. Ted's attempt to prevent the thought of tripping is referred to by psychologists as: a) rebound effect. b) avoidance. c) thought suppression. d) self-control.

c) thought suppression.

Complexity is to frequency, as _____ is to pitch. a) intensity b) loudness c) timbre d) purity

c) timbre

Margie recently suffered a stroke and now has paralysis in her left hand. If she wants to increase the likelihood that other areas of her brain will take over for the brain area previously allocated to her hand, she might try to do _____ exercise.

cardiovascular

Janey hears her phone ring. With her right hand, she searches for her phone from a book bag on the passenger seat. Janey's ability to localize the sound of her phone depends on activity in the _____ portion of the temporal lobe.

caudal

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals within the brain. Based on their location, these would be a component of the _____ nervous system.

central

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals within the brain. Based on their location, these would be a component of the:

central nervous system.

Eddie has been feeling very lethargic lately and the doctors think he may have a thyroid problem. They told him the problem could be originating in his brain or at the gland. If it is beginning in his brain, it is coming from his _____ nervous system, and if it is beginning in his gland, it is coming from his _____ nervous system.

central; peripheral

Robert was a professional hockey player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Robert has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Robert may be diagnosed with _____.

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A(n) _____ psychologist would conceptualize the perceptual experience as more than just the sum of its component parts. a) cultural b) evolutionary c) behavioural neuroscientist d) Gestalt

d) Gestalt

Which is NOT true about hypnosis and memory? a) Hypnosis can influence memory processes. b) Hypnosis can lead to forgetting upon suggestion. c) Hypnosis increases a person's confidence in false memories. d) Hypnosis allows recovery of memories forgotten when not hypnotized.

d) Hypnosis allows recovery of memories forgotten when not hypnotized.

Brandy is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home. Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Brandy suspected that her friend was probably high on: a) Valium. b) heroin. c) Xanax. d) MDMA. (Ecstasy).

d) MDMA. (Ecstasy).

Which is true of species as the forebrain shows more refinement and differentiation? a) Species get smaller as their forebrain shows more refinement. b) Species are all the same despite differences in forebrain refinement. c) Species become more basic and only perform simple functions. d) Species perform more complex functions.

d) Species perform more complex functions.

Sammy lost his balance and accidentally placed his hand on the hot wood stove to steady himself. What must occur in order for him to retract his hand? a) The signal will initially travel to the spinal cord and then the brain before a response occurs. b) The brain will signal a response without receiving the pain signal. c) The pain signal must travel to the brain and the brain must signal the response. d) The pain signal must travel to the spinal cord and a response will be generated.

d) The pain signal must travel to the spinal cord and a response will be generated.

How do split-brain patients function normally in the world even though their brain hemispheres do not communicate? a) They use a machine to help them register all information. b) They take medication to help their hemispheres communicate. c) They are very good at imitating normal behaviour. d) They adapt by moving their eyes to get information to both hemispheres.

d) They adapt by moving their eyes to get information to both hemispheres.

Which statement regarding bipolar cells is true? a) They are a type of interneuron. b) They have two axons. c) They are located in the cerebellum. d) They are involved in vision.

d) They are involved in vision.

Which person is MOST likely to be hypnotizable? a) a person who is easily distracted b) a person who does not believe they can be hypnotized c) a person who has a very dull imagination d) a person who becomes easily absorbed in movies

d) a person who becomes easily absorbed in movies

Which sound wave characteristic is correctly matched with the unit in which it is measured? a) amplitude--hertz b) frequency--decibel c) frequency--nanometers d) amplitude--decibel

d) amplitude--decibel

Sensation and perception: a) are two completely different and unrelated processes. b) feel like two distinct processes. c) are basically the same process. d) are related but separate processes.

d) are related but separate processes.

In which part of the brain is the primary visual cortex, where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene? a) the thalamus b) the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) c) the fovea d) area V1

d) area V1

After damage to the spinal cord, the amount of function that is lost is: a) less severe if it occurs higher in the spine. b) based only on the type of damage. c) impossible to predict. d) based on the localization of the damage.

d) based on the localization of the damage.

The study in which rats were given free access to cocaine demonstrated that: a) cocaine is enjoyable, but only slightly addictive. b) cocaine is not an addictive substance. c) cocaine has a low potential for addiction. d) cocaine is a highly addictive substance.

d) cocaine is a highly addictive substance.

According to the text, the most informative property of a sound wave is its: a) amplitude. b) complexity. c) purity. d) frequency.

d) frequency.

The length of a light wave determines its: a) brightness. b) acuity. c) saturation, or richness of colour. d) hue, or colour.

d) hue, or colour.

Lily has been angry all morning because she keeps thinking about how her sister borrowed her favorite shirt without asking. She is tired of feeling angry, so she is trying to change her state of mind and think about positive things. Lily is trying to exercise: a) thought suppression. b) self-control. c) ironic processes. d) mental control.

d) mental control.

Psychophysical methods are advantageous in studying perception because psychophysics: a) focuses on the different perceptual experiences of different people. b) emphasizes the subjective nature of visual perception. c) limits investigation to the physical properties of stimuli. d) offers a reasonably objective way to study perception.

d) offers a reasonably objective way to study perception.

When a neuron is at rest, there is a high concentration of _____ ions OUTSIDE the cell relative to the inside. a) positively charged potassium b) positively charged chloride c) negatively charged protein d) positively charged sodium

d) positively charged sodium

Lupe has decided to quit drinking. After three weeks, she has finally managed to get over the shakes and the feeling of nausea that came from quitting. Although these have subsided, she still has a desire to have a drink. This suggests that Lupe is: a) physically dependent on drinking alcohol. b) demonstrating drug tolerance. c) probably going to begin drinking again. d) psychologically dependent on drinking alcohol.

d) psychologically dependent on drinking alcohol.

Tamika has recently taken a new job as a registered nurse. She presently works the night shift from 11 PM to 7 AM. When she arrives at home after her shift, she has difficulty falling asleep, and when she does fall asleep, it is only for a few hours. This causes her to feel tired during work, and so her work is suffering. Which category of insomnia is Tamika demonstrating; a) primary insomnia b) secondary insomnia c) vocational insomnia d) self-induced insomnia

d) self-induced insomnia

Which is NOT a contributing factor to drug use? a) psychological dependence after repeated use b) a desire to achieve an altered state of consciousness c) an inability to delay gratification d) the aversive side effects of drugs

d) the aversive side effects of drugs

Jacob is studying the prefrontal cortex and wants to determine if there is a causal relationship between damage to this area and personality change. Brain scanning methods only allow him to establish correlational relationships. However, a method called _____ will allow him to turn off areas of the prefrontal cortex, mimicking damage to this area. a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c) positron emission tomography (PET) d) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

d) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system? a) representation b) identification c) propagation d) transduction

d) transduction

Intentionality refers to the idea that consciousness is _____ toward a specific object.

directed

The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye can serve as a depth cue termed binocular _____.

disparity

Increasing the electric signal beyond the threshold that initiates the action potential:

does not increase the strength of the action potential.

In vision, the _____ pathway includes not only the occipital and temporal lobes, but also the parietal lobes.

dorsal

The action potential refers to the point when a(n) _____ signal is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon.

electric

In terms of dimensions of mind perception, a frog would MOST likely score higher on the dimension of _____ compared to other mind perceptions.

experience

In order for an action potential to occur, the neuron must:

first be at the resting potential.

Chaz and Stephen are opera singers. Chaz is a baritone. Stephen is a tenor, so his voice is higher-pitched than Chaz's voice. With respect to their physical properties, the sound waves corresponding to Chaz's voice are lower in _____ than those corresponding to Stephen's voice.

frequency

Hertz is to decibel, as _____ is to amplitude.

frequency

Loudness is to amplitude, as pitch is to _____.

frequency

Tracy has the flu and is experiencing a fever, aches, and an upset stomach. The _____ theory of pain suggests that if Jane were to stub her toe on the way to the bathroom, she is likely to experience this event as more painful than if she were not already sick.

gate control

Although many humans might love to fly, human _____ has/have rendered this ability outside of the species' range of possible behaviours.

genes

Olfaction is to _____, as smell is to taste.

gustation

Following sensory adaptation, the absolute threshold is _____ than it is before adaptation.

higher

Tyler has been diagnosed with a disease that involves deterioration of the myelin sheath. After the disease progresses, he begins to have trouble with his coordination. This is caused by:

his neurons communicating slowly and inefficiently

Lately, Spencer has not been eating or drinking very much because he never feels hungry or thirsty. It is possible that Spencer is having a problem with the subcortical structure called the _____.

hypothalamus

A participant is shown a black "8" and a gold "6." When asked to describe the visual display, she responds that she saw a gold "8" and a black "6." This illustrates a(n) _____.

illusory conjunction

Compared to vertebrates, _____ do not have nervous systems with hierarchical organization.

invertebrates

Based on the theory of _____ processes of mental control, when one makes an attempt to keep something from mind, part of the mind is actually searching for that particular thing.

ironic

Carl Wernicke's patient, who had damage to an area in the upper temporal lobe, had a deficit in _____ comprehension but not in the ability to produce speech.

language

Paul Broca's patient, who had brain damage to a small part of the left frontal lobe, had a deficit in _____ production but not the ability to understand it.

language

Amad is a strict vegan. He is always on the alert because restaurant meals advertised as vegetarian sometimes contain beef broth. Oftentimes, he is convinced that a dish contains an offending ingredient even when it does not. In signal detection terms, Amad has a(n) _____ response bias.

liberal

Frank has been frustrated all day because he cannot stop thinking about the "B" he received on his final paper, especially because he feels he deserved an "A." Frank is tired of feeling frustrated, so he is trying to change his train of thought and think about the other good grades he received this semester. Frank is trying to exercise _____ control.

mental

Tom took a drug that caused him to have hallucinations. It is possible that he took a type of drug called _____, because this both increases and blocks the effects of neurotransmitters involved in visual pathways.

methamphetamine

DNA _____refers to adding a methyl group to DNA. This does not alter the basic DNA sequence but it switches off the methylated gene.

methylation

When Carlos plays basketball, his _____ neurons are responsible for his ability to dribble the ball and run down the court.

motor

If the axon of a neuron can be compared to a telephone line, then the _____ can be compared to the rubber coating around the wires.

myelin sheath

Renee suffers from a sleep disorder that runs in her family. Although her medication is working effectively, she still avoids driving cars, in case she suffers an attack of _____.

narcolepsy

The early use of cochlear implants has been associated with improved speech and language skills for deaf children. If this is true, researchers should find a(n) _____ correlation coefficient between the age of cochlear implantation and scores on the measure of language skills among deaf children.

negative

The absolute threshold for touch is _____ correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated.

negatively

Chan is very cognitively inclined and loves to challenge his mind with new tasks. The components of his brain that process information in these new tasks are his _____.

neurons

Fran's 4-year-old son woke up around 9 PM. He was crying and in a panic, but did not remember the episode when asked about it in the morning. It is likely that Fran's son experienced a(n) _____.

night terror

If a neuron receives stimulation, but this stimulation is just under the threshold for the neuron:

no action potential will occur.

Samantha gets nervous when she is home alone and always feels as though she is hearing things in her house. Samantha's increased awareness of her immediate environment is likely caused by the neurotransmitter _____.

norepinephrine

Paul is very shy and thinks it is because his parents never encouraged him to interact with others and make many friends. Paul's thoughts are consistent with the view of behaviour which emphasizes _____. This view suggests it is the environment that shapes people's behaviour.

nurture

David had just fallen asleep when his mother woke him. She found it easy to wake him up, meaning he was MOST likely in stage _____ of sleep.

one

Susan wants to learn about how the brain develops in individuals prenatally and over the lifespan. To investigate this, Susan should study the _____ of the brain.

ontogeny

During the resting potential, channels for potassium ions (K+) are _____, and channels for sodium (Na+) are generally _____.

open; closed

In an experiment, European-American and African-American college students plunge their forearms into freezing water. Participant are asked to keep their hand in the water as long as they can stand it. The length of time each participant keeps their hand in the water is taken as a measure of their pain tolerance. Because it specifies how pain tolerance will be measured, the length of time each participant keeps their hand in the water is a(n) _____ definition of the variable.

operational

Yu Lin is walking down the street by herself at night and thinks she hears footsteps behind her. Her sympathetic nervous system activates, but when she realizes the sound was just rustling leaves, her _____ nervous system will begin to calm her down.

parasympathetic

Frederika is participating in an experiment in a psychology laboratory. On each trial, she searches for a yellow diamond among yellow squares and blue diamonds. According to the text, Frederika's _____ lobe should be active.

parietal

Carmen is reading her psychology text. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _____.

perception

Bryan wants to learn about how the brain has evolved in humans. To investigate this, Bryan should study the _____ of the brain.

phylogeny

Nancy recently had a new baby, and is having difficulty in breastfeeding. When she visits the doctor to find out the problem, her doctor tells her that her _____ is not releasing enough of the hormone oxytocin.

pituitary gland

Chan lost his pinky in an unfortunate fishing incident. A few years after the accident, he had a brain scan and it demonstrated that areas of his brain that previously responded when he moved his pinky now responded when he moved his index finger. This change demonstrates the _____ of the brain.

plasticity

Craig has been driving a taxi in New York City for 25 years. A brain scan demonstrates that the areas of his brain involved in spatial navigation are twice as large as in normal adults. These differences demonstrate that the brain shows extreme:

plasticity

Juan lost his pinky in a boating accident. A few years after the accident, he had a brain scan and it demonstrated that areas of his brain that previously responded when he moved his pinky now respond when he moves his index finger. This change demonstrates the _____ of the brain.

plasticity

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is to computerized axial tomography (CT) scan as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is to _____.

positron emission tomography

When the neuron is at the resting potential, there is a high concentration of _____ ions inside the cell membrane and a high concentration of _____ ions outside the cell membrane.

potassium (K+); sodium (NA+)

Rita and Tom are trying to have a baby and are hoping for a girl. They are wondering if there is anything they can do to increase the chances of having a girl. According to the text, they cannot personally do anything to increase the chances, because which chromosomes are inherited is _____.

random

Jason is missing the long-wavelength cone type. Jason and others with this type of color blindness likely have trouble perceiving the color _____.

red

A person who incurs damage to the basal ganglia is likely to be impaired at:

riding a bicycle.

Adelaide notices a flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dim alley late at night. Adelaide's vision is driven mainly by her photoreceptors known as _____.

rods

Jon can focus on the television while ignoring a conversation with his father. This ability refers to the property of consciousness called _____.

selectivity

A chimpanzee that touches its own face to remove a mark when looking in a mirror is said to be demonstrating _____ consciousness.

self

Sofia is reading her psychology text. The stimulation of receptors in her retina is called _____.

sensation

Stimulation, registration, and detection are associated with the information processing activity of _____.

sensation

LaTonya is blind and often relies upon her sense of touch to gather information about the external world. When she touches someone's face to learn what they look like, her _____ neurons send the information to her brain.

sensory

MC: Howard was raised in a very stressful family situation in which he was abused by an alcoholic father and received very little attention from his mother. Tobias was raised in a loving family in which he was not exposed to situations that produced a great deal of stress. According to Michael Meaney's research cited in the text, Howard is likely to have a decrease in the neurotransmitter _____ in the hippocampus and an increase in DNA methylation of the _____. This will make it more difficult for him to handle stressful situations.

serotonin; glucocorticoid receptor gene

Tarik was raised in a very stressful family situation in which he was abused by an alcoholic father and received very little attention from his mother. Jarrell was raised in a loving family in which he was not exposed to situations that produced a great deal of stress. According to Michael Meaney's research cited in the text, Tarik may experience a decrease in the neurotransmitter _____ in the hippocampus and an increase in DNA methylation of _____. This will make it more difficult for him to handle stressful situations.

serotonin; glucocorticoid receptor gene

Miranda has a rare neurological problem in which some of her neurons are dying and others cannot organize information from various neurons. It is most likely that this disease is affecting the _____ of Miranda's neurons.

soma

When Jim reaches for his fork to take a bite of his pasta, he can consciously do so because he is utilizing the _____ nervous system.

somatic

Anya is having a baby and it is three and a half weeks since conception. At this stage, the _____ will have begun to form from the neural tube.

spinal cord

Randy lost his balance and accidentally placed his hand on the hot wood stove to steady himself. In order for Randy to retract his hand the pain signal must travel to the _____ and a response will be generated.

spinal cord

The benefit of using _____ brain imaging techniques is that they allow researchers to produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas.

structural

A person's _____ experience of the world and the mind is consciousness.

subjective

Shawntae arrived home at night and upon entering the house, her boyfriend jumped out from behind the door to scare her. She immediately reacted by screaming and punching him in the face. Shawntae reacted this way because of her _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

Lily floats a note across a river to Karen instead of directly passing it from her hand to Karen's hand. If this scenario is compared to communication between neurons, the river represents the:

synapse

Damage to the _____ could leave a person unable to navigate his or her way through a room.

tectum

When Juanita wakes up in the morning, she naturally turns toward the sun shining through the window. This behaviour is likely guided by an area of her midbrain called the _____.

tectum

The lateral geniculate nucleus is located in the brain's _____.

thalamus

Teresa is studying neuroscience and is in a class that covers the evolution of the brain. She has been assigned the task of looking at a brain and assigning it to a set of categories. The brain distinctly has different components: a hindbrain, a midbrain, and a forebrain. Based on this observation, Teresa should guess this brain fits well into the _____ group, because the central nervous system for this group is always organized into hierarchy.

vertebrate

The _____ brain is hierarchically organized, while the invertebrate brain is not.

vertebrate

A disorder called _____ involves difficulty recognizing objects by sight.

visual form agnosia

The dorsal stream of visual processing is to the ventral stream of visual processing as the "how" pathway is to the _____ pathway.

what