PSYC 1101 Final

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peripheral nervous system autonomic nervous system

what systems are your glands and internal organs communicate with brain and spinal?

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has passed

Where are memories stored?

in the specific brain regions engaged during the perception, processing, and analysis of the material being learned

temporal

The ___ lobe is involved with auditory processing.

frontal

The ___ lobe is involved with planning, critical thinking, and movement.

Which researcher(s) conducted the studies that identified the human sexual response cycle?

Masters and Johnson

parietal

The ___ lobe is involved with processing pressure, touch, and spatial relations.

occipital

The ___ lobe is involved with visual processing.

peripheral

The ___ nervous system encompasses every body part other than the brain and spinal cord.

autonomic

The ___ nervous system regulates the body's glands (like sweat glands) and internal organs (like the heart).

Define memory:

The acquisition storage, and retrieval of skills and knowledge

Retrieval

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed. (page 250)

reinforcer potency

The amount of time a person, when free to do anything engages in a specific behavior

ovaries

female gonads

Zygote

fertilized egg; also, the single diploid cell that results from the union of two haploid gametes.

Place in order from earliest to latest Freud's stages of psychosexual personality development

1. oral2. anal3. phallic4. latent5. genital

(Q004) Why does a blind spot exist in our visual field?

No rods or cones exist on the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the retina.

Lacee is reading about ways in which research studies are evaluated, and the topic she is currently reviewing is external validity. If she were to summarize external validity using a single question, what would she ask?

"Can the results of this research be generalized to other people, settings, or situations?"

Your friend from psychology class says, "I just don't understand. The teacher keeps talking about positive punishment, but I don't see how punishment can be a good thing." Which of the following would be the best way for you to respond?

"Positive does not mean good, it means that something is presented, and in this case, it is an unpleasant stimulus."

psychoanalytic

"Tell me about your dreams."

cognitive

"Tell me how you arrived at your decision."

behaviorism

"Tell me what you did in response to the change in plans."

"What am I being asked to accept?"

(Q001) When Claire reads an article on the Internet that suggests that exercise can improve memory, she does not automatically accept the article's conclusions. If she is using her critical thinking skills, which of the following questions would she ask herself first? "What am I being asked to accept?" "Does this article make sense?" You Answered "What is the expertise of the people who wrote the article?" "Do I have better memory after working out?"

"What am I being asked to accept?"

(Q003) George is watching a television commercial for a "miracle cure" for baldness. "Our independent research shows that this new ointment will grow hair in as little as 30 minutes," the announcer brags. Since George has learned to be skeptical of unusual claims, which question would he most likely ask about this product?

"What evidence exists to support the claim?"

Place the developmental stages of learning to walk in chronological order

1. raise head 2. roll over 3. sit up 4. crawl 5. stand without support 5. walking without help

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner

behaviorism

George is watching a television commercial for a "miracle cure" for baldness. "Our independent research shows that this new ointment will grow hair in as little as 30 minutes," the announcer brags. Since George has learned to be skeptical of unusual claims, which question would he most likely ask about this product? "What am I being asked to accept?" "Has anyone ever ordered the product?" "What evidence exists to support the claim?" "Do I want this product enough to investigate it?"

"What evidence exists to support the claim?"

"The whole is more than the sum of its parts"

(Gestalt Psychology)`

framing

- A professor gives extra credit for homework turned in rather than deducting points if it is not turned in -A dating app CEO, hoping to get venture capital funding, says that his site is used by 20 percent of San Francisco singles

What is a script?

- A script is a schema that guides a sequence of behaviors - help perceive, organize, process and use information - Contain information on the objects, events and rules of behavior that are relevant within different situations

Identify the ways in which socialization plays a role in the development of guilt.

- As children get older, the degree to which they feel guilt becomes almost entirely dependent on their social environment.- Guilt arises from the capacity to empathize.

Behaviorism

- Emphasizes the study of observable environmental effects on behavior; was a backlash to the introspectionist/structuralist idea of studying unobservable mental effects - The mind, behaviorists argued, is like a "black box". The contentscannot be observed scientifically. Thus, we should concentrateour efforts on understanding the relationships between stimulusand response.

Which of the following facts support the trichromatic theory of color vision?

- People who are color blind are missing a photopigment sensitive to specific wavelengths of light (long or short). -We can create yellow light by combining red light and green light in equal amounts -The eye contains three types of cone cells, activated by short, medium, and long wavelengths

Brain Structures Involved in Memory?

- Prefrontal cortex, working memory - Temporal lobe, declarative memory - Hippocampus, spatial memory - Amygdala, fear learning - Cerebellum, motor action learning and memory

Which of the following are the effects of central nervous system stimulants, such as Ritalin, on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

- They make children happier and more socially adept.- They increase attention and ability to concentrate.- They decrease distractibility and overactivity.

Characteristics of Long-Term Memory?

- Trade-off between capacity and accessibility: Large capacity, low accessibility - Composed of networks of associations: Joining related concepts and segregating unrelated concepts

slow path

- confirms the existence of a threat- information is sent from the thalamus through the visual cortex to the amygdala- causes us to reassess a loud sound as fireworks

fast path

- information is sent directly from the thalamus to the amygdala- prepares us to respond to a threat- causes us to jump if we hear a loud sound like an explosive

Zhenghan notices a strong correlation between whether a person is a freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior in college and the number of credit hours that he or she has registered for. As their years in college increase, students tend to register for fewer credit hours. Based on this information, the correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is closest to _______. -.20 +.20 -.70 +.70

-.70

When your cell phone is sitting on the table near you, it may appear turned off, but it is actually powered up and waiting to receive a signal. Similarly, a neuron that is not active actually has an electrical charge (or, the resting potential) of about ______________.

-70 milivolts

Which of the following effects might she exhibit?

-Audrey can move her tongue and lips but struggles to form words.-When Audrey is able to say a word, she is unable to combine it with another word.-Audrey can understand everything that is said to her but has trouble repeating what has been said. phonics advantage produces more proficient readers whole language advantage -better for motivating students to read-more natural and in line with how children learn to talk Which of the following claims of linguistic relativity theory have been supported by research? -Language influences how people think about quantities.-Language influences how people think about time and space.-Sexist language can influence how people think about men and women.

Which of the following statements about the influence of adaptation and cognition on classical or operant conditioning are accurate?

-Certain pairings of stimuli, such as taste and illness, are more likely to become associated because they are evolutionarily adaptive. -Animals seem to be biologically prepared to fear specific objects that signal potential dangers. -The strength of an association between the CS and the US is determined by how well the CS predicts the US.

Throughout high school, a boy's parents make all his decisions for him. When he goes off to college and his peers ask him what he likes to do, he doesn't even know how to answer. Which of the following psychosocial conflicts is he experiencing?

1. role confusion 2. idenity crisis

Tom awoke from the strangest dream. He remembers vivid emotions, sights, and even smells, but the content was very scattered and illogical. Why might this be so?

-Frontal cortices are somewhat deactivated during sleep, which contributes to illogical aspects of dreaming. -The limbic regions of the brain are active during sleep, which could be the source of the emotional content of Tom's dream -Neurons were randomly firing, and Tom's sleeping mind attempted to make sense of the chaotic neural activity.

Identify the reasons why it is difficult to treat antisocial personality disorder

-People with APD try to manipulate their therapists. -Therapy rarely produces changes in behavior. -Psychotropic medicines are generally unhelpful in treating the disorder. -Clients lie, do not care about other people's feelings, and do not consider the future

Which of the following statements about using applied behavioral analysis to treat children with autism are accurate?

-Prolonged treatment leads to a gain in IQ.-Other children in the family may feel neglected when so much attention is paid to their sibling with autism.-This treatment uses operant conditioning principles to encourage very specific desired behaviors.

anchoring

-The real estate agent describes an apartment as "spacious, modern, well located, overlooks a highway, fixer-upper kitchen." -The clerk first shows the shopper the most expensive suit, and then shows him a nice belt, which is less expensive by comparison

Which of the following are the basic taste sensations? Correct Answer(s)

-bitter -sweet -sour -salty -umami

Which of the following perceptual constancies does the brain recognize, despite the angle, distance, or illumination of how the object is viewed?

-color -shape -size -lightness

Place the treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorders in order from most effective to least effective

-exposure and response prevention therapy coupled with tricyclic antidepressants-exposure and response prevention therapy alone-tricyclic antidepressants alone-placebo

Place in order the steps involved for sound waves to create a perception of the sound in the brain.

1. sound waves enter the auditory canal 2. the eardrum vibrates 3. the hammer, anvil, and stirrup transfer vibration to the oval window 4. pressure waves in the cochlea stimulate hair cells 5. information is carried by the auditory nerve to the thalamus

Which of the following are characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder?

1. they may exhibit repetitive behavior that can at times be harmful 2. they focus on trivial details rather than social aspects of their surroundings 3. they do not make eye contact or use their eyes to direct other's attention 4. they show severe impairments in both verbal and nonverbal communication

examples of habituation

1. Owen got glasses a year ago. He wears them daily but has stopped noticing them 2. Meena got a mild sunburn, but a couple of hours later she didn't notice the pain anymore

examples of sensitization

1. Wes liked very scary movies. After an especially scary scene, he felt a tap on his shoulder and nearly jumped out of his seat 2. Lexi was outside when a loud clap of thunder occurred very close by. When her friend called her name immediately afterward, she was quite startled

Latané and Darley conducted a study in which foul-smelling smoke started coming through heating vents in a room where participants were filling out a questionnaire. Place the participants in order based on how likely they were to go for help within six minutes, from most to least likely

1. a participant who were alone2. a participant who was with two other naive participants3. a participant who was with two calm confederates

Place in order the steps involved for flavors on the tongue to create a perception in the brain.

1. chemical substances in food dissolve in saliva 2. taste receptors are stimulated 3. the frontal lobe perceives taste 4. signals are sent to the thalamus

Place the stages of a child's speech development in their normal order

1. cooing2. babbling3. words4. telgraphic speech5. sentences

Demetrius, a 10-year-old, is taking the original Stanford-Binet intelligence test. If he consistently answers questions correctly at the level of a 12-year-old, then according to Wilhelm Stern's original scoring method, Demetrius's intelligence quotient is 100. 110. 80. 120.

120.

Not one but both of Daniel's parents have schizophrenia. What is the approximate lifetime risk that Daniel himself will develop the disorder? 0% 25% 50% 75%

50%

During a memory test, Diamond listens as a list of numbers is read to her. When the list is done she has to repeat the numbers from memory. Each time she correctly recalls all of the numbers, another number is added to the list. If Diamond has an average capacity of short-term storage, she should remember about __________ (plus or minus 2) numbers before she starts making errors.

In terms of learning, what is the main cause of superstitious behavior?

: receiving chance reinforcement

convergence

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object

Schachter-Singer theory

A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion.

James-Lange theory

A bodily response leads to emotion.

Retrograde amnesia

A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information. (page 276)

anterograde amnesia

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories. (page 276)

convergence

A cue of binocular depth perception; when a person views a nearby object, the eye muscles turn the eyes inward. (page 183)

sensory adaptation

A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation. (page 169)

amnesia

A deficit in long-term memory—resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma—in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information. (page 276)

binocular disparity

A depth cue; because of the distance between the two eyes, each eye receives a slightly different retinal image. (page 182)

Which of the following is an example of a schema? - A dog can bark and has four legs, a tail, and a snout. - Today's homework includes a paper, a problem set, and two chapters of reading. - Vegetables differ from chocolate in that most vegetables are very low in calories and not sweet. - Dogs can be taught to obey their owners. Most cats cannot.

A dog can bark and has four legs, a tail, and a snout.

categorization

A grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine?

A lack of dopamine leads to disturbances in motor functioning.

place coding

A mechanism for encoding high-frequency auditory stimuli in which the frequency of the sound wave is encoded by the location of the hair cells along the basilar membrane. (page 192)

temporal coding

A mechanism for encoding low-frequency auditory stimuli in which the firing rates of cochlear hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave. (page 192)

Short-term memory

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness. (page 258)

Sensory memory

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form. (page 256)

After many years of working, Seton has decided to go back to college, and he's a bit nervous about taking his first exam. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, why is Seton's nervousness a good thing? Because nervousness is correlated with intelligence, the more nervous Seton feels, the better he will perform on the exam. Nervousness is a sign of extrinsic motivation, which signals that Seton is on a path to success. Wanting to stop the nervousness is a type of incentive that will drive Seton to study harder. A moderate level of anxiety is associated with optimal performance on exams.

A moderate level of anxiety is associated with optimal performance on exams.

How do emotions affect the decision making in each scenario? Match the descriptions with their corresponding scenarios

A mother keeps her child away from a fan because the thought of the child's fingers near its rotating blades makes her cringe.somatic marker Correct label:somatic marker An investor's gamble on a technology stock pays off, but she is not as elated as she thought she would be.affective forecasting Correct label:affective forecasting A music critic gives a band a rave review because he had a very enjoyable lunch earlier in the day.affect-as-information Correct label:affect-as-information

sound wave

A pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time; it produces the percept of a sound. (page 188)

Amnesia

A profound impairment of memory function as the result of brain injury

behaviorist cultural

A psychologist is interested in how people interact with each other while playing a virtual simulation of life called Second Life. In this simulation, each user creates an avatar and interacts with other people's avatars. Users may be from all different cultures. If the study only examines the actions of avatars, not the players behind them, what subfields of psychology might be involved in this research?

NMDA Receptor?

A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation NMDA receptors are receptors for the neurotransmitter glutamate

What is a type of Schema?

A script

taking mental shortcuts ignoring evidence

A shopper buys a brand-name over-the-counter allergy medication because of past good results with it, and because it's what the shopper is used to buying. She makes the purchase even though she sees a cheaper generic version with the same exact same formulation of ingredients, and even though she recently saw a TV story about how generics are just as good as the brand-name products they imitate. Which of the following biases is the shopper falling victim to?

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

A smoker who does not notice the smell of smoke in his home.

frequency

A sound wave's frequency determines the pitch. Low pitch corresponds to lower frequencies and high pitch to higher ones.

Studies on multitasking have found a negative correlation between the number of tasks performed and performance and memory of those tasks. What would explains this?

Poor attention

He will verbally report seeing nothing. He can select the cup from among several objects with his left hand.

A split-brain patient is shown a picture of a cup in his left visual field. Which behaviors would be expected? He can select the cup from among several objects with his left hand. He will verbally describe the cup. He will verbally report seeing nothing. He can select the cup from among several objects with his right hand.

The Hebbian Rule

A synapse is strengthened if it is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires.

signal detection theory (SDT)

A theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgment—it is not an all-or-nothing process. (page 168)

olfactory epithelium

A thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell. (page 197)

eardrum

A thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate. (page 189)

Sensory Memory:

A trace of the sensory input is retained for a brief period. • High capacity and very short duration (up to a few seconds). • Easily accessible, but vulnerable

Source amnesia

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information. (page 280)

Cryptomnesia

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source. (page 280)

What would happen if a person was given a certain drug that prevented the process of reconsolidation for a 6 hour period? A) All memories would be disrupted out, causing a long-term amnesia. B) Memories of childhood would be wiped out, but more recent memories would remain intact. C) Memories recalled during the 6 hour period, or shortly before that, would be weakened or lost. D) No memories would be lost, since they will have already been consolidated into long-term memory. E) Memories formed during the 6-hour period would be strengthened.

A) All memories would be disrupted out, causing a long-term amnesia. B) Memories of childhood would be wiped out, but more recent memories would remain intact. C) Memories recalled during the 6 hour period, or shortly before that, would be weakened or lost. D) No memories would be lost, since they will have already been consolidated into long-term memory. E) Memories formed during the 6-hour period would be strengthened.

If long-term potentiation (LTP) really does play an important role in learning and memory, a drug that enhances LTP would have what effect on an animal's ability to learn? A) It would disrupt the ability of the animal to learn new information. B) It would increase the animal's ability to learn new information. C) It would cause an amnesia that would erase all memories from the animal. D) It would have no effect on memory.

A) It would disrupt the ability of the animal to learn new information. B) It would increase the animal's ability to learn new information. C) It would cause an amnesia that would erase all memories from the animal. D) It would have no effect on memory.

Nine-year-old Mario has been given a prescription for Ritalin. He is probably being treated for OCD. depression. ADHD. autism.

ADHD.

Richard is researching the biological underpinnings of the advertising notion that "sex sells." To investigate, while an fMRI monitors their subcortical brain activity, men and women view video advertisements that are highly erotic. Which of the following predictions best reflects the likely results of the study?

AMAB amygdala will be more active than AFAB

How do the Gestalt principles of proximity and similarity help explain our visual perceptions of crowds?

According to the principle of proximity, we tend to group objects that are close together. According to similarity, we tend to group objects that share aspects. So when we look at large gatherings, we tend to group the people rather than see them as individuals.

One of the first to be discovered, and most common rimary neurotransmitter for motor control Motor neurons and muscles Nicotine stimulates Memory and Alzheimer's

Acetylcholine

primary neurotransmitter for motor control Learning, memory, dreams Alzheimer's, botulism

Acetylcholine (ACh)

What is the main idea behind spreading activation models of memory?

Activating one node increases the likelihood that closely associated nodes will also be activated, making that information easier to retrieve.

Which of the following are results from twin and adoption personality studies?

Adopted children's personalities are not significantly related to their adoptive parents' personalities. The correlations of personality traits between identical (monozygotic) twins are higher than the correlations for fraternal (dizygotic) twins.

The scientific study of human behavior, broadly defined to include

Affect, Behavior and Cognition ("ABC") focus and analysis at the individual level systematic use of the scientific method

hindsight bias

After Shawna is dumped by her boyfriend, her friends list things he did that revealed the relationship was in big trouble, when in reality they had not seen the breakup coming

Which of the following examples indicate memory problems as a result of amnesia?

After Shohreh slipped on ice and hit her head, she did not remember what she did for the rest of the day. Sean barely escaped from a burning building where others died. The next day he could not remember how he'd ended up in the building in the first place

After nearly hitting a deer with her car, Nadia's heart began to race and her palms started sweating. Which of the following responses is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

After she noticed her racing heart and sweaty palms, Nadia concluded that she was scared.

After nearly hitting a deer with her car, Nadia's heart began to race, and her palms started sweating. Which of the following responses is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

After she noticed her racing heart and sweaty palms, Nadia concluded that she was scared.

(Q019) Which of the following examples illustrates the gate control theory of pain?

After stubbing his toe, Ronald rubs the toe and finds that it eases the pain a little.

peripheral somatic

Alicia is being tickled by her older sister. Which divisions of the nervous system are receiving the signals from her sister's fingers? somatic autonomic peripheral parasympathetic

Position relative to horizon

All else being equal, objects below the horizon that appear higher in the visual field are perceived as being farther away. Objects above the horizon that appear lower in the visual field are perceived as being farther away.

An action potential only occurs if the threshold is exceeded

All-or-None Law

Working memory

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use. (page 258)

structualism

An experience can be analyzed by looking at the individual pieces that make it up.

Seeing relationships that do not exist.

An extremely common reasoning error is the misperception that two events that happen at the same time must somehow be related

Ames box

An optical illusion in which there is a false perception of relative size given foreground and background patterns

Retrieval cue

Any stimulus that increases memory recall. (page 266)

Symbolic representations

Are abstract, with no resemblance to objectse.g., words; typically slower to be processed (requires decoding)

Several months of studying is recommended prior to taking the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test). Based on what you know about memory and recall, what would be the best strategy?

Assuming that one has learned the material and just needs to recall it, take as many practice MCATs as possible.

Several months of studying is recommended prior to taking the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Based on what you know about memory and recall, which is the best preparation strategy for the MCAT?

Assuming that one has learned the material and just needs to recall it, take as many practice MCATs as possible.

Caitlyn has been seeing a psychiatrist for the last six months, and this physician has suggested that the parents give her a low dose of either Adderall or Ritalin to help reduce her symptoms. He suggests that this can help decrease how excited and distractible she is at home and in the classroom. Which condition has Caitlyn most likely been diagnosed with?

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

Working Memory?

Attentive/ conscious processing occurs here. Information can enter from both sensory memory and LTM. • Small capacity and short duration (seconds, or minutes w/ active rehearsal). • Easily accessible, but vulnerable

Episodic memory?

Autobiographical memories A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences.

The ratio of someones weight to height is called

BMI

The ratio of one's weight to height is called

BMI.

(Q011) The text describes a study in which women drank either water or carrot juice during their pregnancy and while nursing. The first group of women drank carrot juice while pregnant and nursing; the second drank carrot juice while pregnant and water while nursing; the third drank water while pregnant and carrot juice while nursing; and the fourth drank only water during both periods. What do the findings of this study illustrate?

Babies preferred carrot juice if their mothers drank it during pregnancy or after pregnancy, while nursing.

Meryl is quite uncomfortable in social relationships. She looks, dresses, and acts strangely in a way that makes others feel uncomfortable. Which cluster of personality disorders is the best match for her behavior?

Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric behavior

Schemas?

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process and use information • Contain information on the objects, events and rules of behavior that are relevant within different situations Long-term memory composed of networks of associations

Which of the following statements about gene expression is true?

Even if you are born with a dominant gene, environmental factors may influence whether the trait is expressed.

exemplar model

Even though Josef had never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat—as opposed to a dog—since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory

renewed interest in cognition and physiology, the computer as a theoretical model of information-processing, advances in brain imaging. Focus on the importance of mental processes -what people think (attitudes, opinions, beliefs), and how people think (perceive, remember, decide, pay attention, process information etc.)

Cognitive Psychology (Piagetand others)

Schemas

Cognitive structures in long-term memory that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information. (page 263)

What is the primary difference between habituation and sensitization?

Habituation decreases a behavioral response whereas sensitization increases a behavioral response.

Analogical representations

Have some of the physical characteristics of objects e.g., images; typically faster to be processed (needs no decoding)

restructuring a problem

Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog

uniqueness of human experience, revolt against "dehumanization" of behavioral and psychoanalytic models -the drive to self-actualization

Humanistic Psychology (Rogers, Maslow, the 1950s)

Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identity versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, which of the following behaviors might we expect Abrahim to exhibit?

He considers changing his major every few months.

(Q008) What is the importance of the Human Connectome Project of 2010?

It began mapping out how different regions of the brain are connected and work together.

Which of the following factors may lead to the development of a dissociative disorder?

Children develop DID to cope with abuse by pretending it is happening to someone else. Most people diagnosed with DID are women who report being severely abused as children. A person may periodically enter a trancelike state to dissociate her mind from her body, and over time this state takes on its own identity.

Which phenomenon is difficult for behaviorism to explain?

Chimps seem to have an innate tendency to fish for insects using twigs without being taught how to do it.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to the organization of genetic material?

Chromosomes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Vikranth takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. That way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to remember a group of seven friends. What is the name for Vikranth's technique?

Chunking

Which of these stories is difficult for Maslow's hierarchy of needs to explain?

Clarissa has taken a pledge to spend the night alone under a downtown bridge in order to draw attention to the problem of homelessness in her community.

Sigmund Freud

He developed a theory in which unconscious mental forces could give rise to physical symptoms. To bring these forces to the surface, Freud relied on the analysis of patients' dreams and on a technique called free association.

When she was little, Melanie ate corn nuts right before riding a roller coaster. The ride made her motion sick, and she threw up. Since then, Melanie has never wanted to eat corn nuts, even though the corn nuts did not cause her to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play?

Classical conditioning

taste buds

Sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste. (page 194)

What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning trains the learner to do something without thinking about it. Operant conditioning trains the learner to do something in order to receive a reward.

Regulation of sleep and wakefulness Depression: SSRI drugs Hallucinogens stimulate (LSD, mescaline)

Serotonin

Which of these children is most likely to have autism spectrum disorder? Cliff seemed to be developing normally until about age 2, when he stopped making eye contact and responding to his name. Cathy gets bad grades, can't focus on her homework, and is always in trouble with the teacher for talking during class. Now that his class is learning multiplication, Ramon is struggling with math more than ever, although he performs at grade level in reading and writing. All of these children fit the description of autism spectrum disorder.

Cliff seemed to be developing normally until about age 2, when he stopped making eye contact and responding to his name.

Jack returned home late from a date, and his parents grounded him for a month. Robert also arrived home late, but his parents told him that as long as he comes home on time on subsequent dates, they will give him a higher allowance (though they will remove this increase if they see him come home late again). Neither set of parents always knows every time their teenager comes home late. Why would we expect Robert to be home on time more often on future dates?

Because Jack's punishment (being grounded) and reward (spending more time out late) are reinforced intermittently, his behavior (staying out late) is less vulnerable to extinction. Robert will receive continuous reinforcement for the desired behavior. As long as the reinforcement continues, he is more likely to comply with his parents' rules.

psychoanalytic

Behavior is influenced by conflicts in the unconscious mind.

cognitive

Behavior is influenced by people's ability to observe, remember, and analyze—not just by the rewards and punishments they have received.

the power of the environmentFocus only on observable behavior

Behaviorism (J.B. Watson, 1913)

(Q006) What does it mean to say, "Culture provides adaptive solutions"?

Behaviors considered "normal" in a culture today became "norms" because they solved problems in the past.

Behavioral Neuroscience, Behavior Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology -the role of physical processes and inheritance.

Biological Psychology:

How is blocking different from retrograde amnesia?

Blocking is the inability to recall information from long-term memory. Retrograde amnesia is damage to one's long-term memory.

Cannon-Bard theory

Bodily response and emotion are experienced separately and simultaneously

insight

Boris, an architect, takes a break from a problem he's been working on because he knows that sometimes he comes up with solutions to a difficult problem in an "aha" moment

These four patients have been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which patient is most likely to show improvement? Brandon, who lives in a correctional institution and attends therapy sessions with other patients Andre, who lives in a correctional institution and meets one-on-one with a therapist Taylor, who lives at home and attends therapy sessions with other patients Chuck, who lives at home and meets one-on-one with a therapist

Brandon, who lives in a correctional institution and attends therapy sessions with other patients

Match each stage of the general adaptation syndrome with the physiological changes that occur during that stage

Breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure go up, while resistance to infection briefly goes down.alarm stage Correct label:alarm stage Physiological and immune systems fail.exhaustion stage Correct label:exhaustion stage The immune system increases its activity in an attempt to fight off the stressors.resistance stage Correct label:resistance stage

speaking

Broca linked a loss of function in his patients to lesioned areas in the left hemisphere of their brains. What is the function of Broca's area? understanding language speaking personality dreaming

Language production largely takes place in which region of the left frontal cortex?

Broca's area

After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, balloons are the ______________ and her fear is the ______________.

CS CR

Identify the following qualities as belonging to either collectivist or individualist societies

Collectivistconformity to social normsconnections to family and social groupsobedience to authorityself-concepts determined by social rolesIndividualistdiversityself-concepts determined by being distinct from othersrights and freedomsself-expressionpursuit of personal success

(Q006) Japhet knows that while rods are spread throughout the retina, cones are concentrated around the fovea. Based on this knowledge, what might Japhet infer about visual perception?

Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field.

Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that..

Conditioning is how we adapt to our environments.

Identify Hans Selye's findings about how our bodies respond to stress

Correct Answer(s) In the short term, stress boosts the immune system. Our immediate reaction to stress is a fight-or-flight response. Our bodies eventually break down in response to long-term stress. Incorrect Answer(s) Our bodies strengthen weak organs in response to long-term stress.

A group of movie executives is deciding on whether or not to produce an action movie. Which of the following factors would contribute to groupthink and therefore the decision to produce a movie that most of the executives think is terrible?

Correct Answer(s) The company is under pressure from investors to produce a hit. The executives are hoping for a quick meeting with little discussion. Incorrect Answer(s) The president of the company, who really likes the action movie, waits until the end of the meeting to voice his opinion. One person plays the role of devil's advocate and tries to explore ways in which the movie might be a bad idea.

Which of the following can we expect from a couple who has been married for two years?

Correct Answer(s) They will have sex about half as frequently as they did in their first year of marriage. Their relationship is based on social support, friendship, and intimacy. Incorrect Answer(s) They will want to have sex as often as they can. Companionate love has given way to passionate love.

Which of the following examples reflect the diathesis-stress model's explanation of the onset of psychopathology?

Correct Answer(s) Undergoing stressful circumstances may cause someone to develop a disorder if he is already vulnerable. Individuals may have an underlying predisposition to psychological disorder, but this alone is not enough to cause the disorder. Either biological or situational factors can make someone vulnerable to developing a disorder. Incorrect Answer(s) If both of a child's parents are mentally ill, he will also become mentally ill. If someone loses his job and gets evicted from his home, he is at high risk for developing a psychological disorder.

Which of the following methods of diagnosing a psychological disorder are examples of evidence-based assessment?

Correct Answer(s) assessing clients for comorbid conditions that have been identified by research conducting a structured interview using standardized questions that are derived from DSM criteria Incorrect Answer(s) making assessments of a client based on informal clinical judgment administering projective tests to identify what type of treatment would be most helpful

Which of the following factors may put a person at risk for developing borderline personality disorder?

Correct Answer(s) being raised by unavailable or unreliable caretakers experiencing abuse or observing extreme violence being raised by caregivers who encouraged dependence Incorrect Answer(s) excessive self-confidence and a seeming lack of need for friends experiencing no physiological reaction to punishment

Which of the following factors lead to overall well-being, according to psychologist Martin Seligman?

Correct Answer(s) pleasure engagement meaning accomplishment good relationships Incorrect Answer(s) money good health

object constancy

Correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, color, and lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception. (page 186)

When Jorge first read the headline suggesting a research study found that eating pizza makes people angry, he was surprised. He could think of dozens of times when he had enjoyed a slice or two of the cheesy treat and had not felt angry. Which of the following important points about correlational research should Jorge keep in mind? Correlational research cannot be used to conclude causation. The variables that are explored in correlational research are unchanging, so it is impossible to identify whether emotions such as anger would change. There is no way to establish the emergence of a psychological construct (e.g., an emotion) in response to a physical event (e.g., eating certain foods). The research was experimental, but did not have adequate random assignment to the participant groups to support any true conclusions.

Correlational research cannot be used to conclude causation.

Alexander is under a lot of stress at work. Which of the following will not contribute to his well-being and ability to cope? He is single. He feels he can trust others. He is a member of a religious organization. He has many friends.

He is single.

Correlational research cannot be used to to conclude causation

Joaquin worked really hard to write his first history paper. He went to the library and took thorough notes about everything he read. But he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars, so, without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called..

Cryptomnesia

monocular depth cues

Cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone. (page 182)

binocular depth cues

Cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes. (page 182)

Your friend Sam is overweight, and his health is suffering. He wants to lose weight to prevent long-term health problems. Based on what you know about the causes of obesity, you make all of the following suggestions except which one? Cut back on food severely, then eat as much as you want once you've lost the weight. Reduce the portions you serve yourself at meals. Eat only one type of food at a meal. Shop at a market where the variety of tasty, high-calorie foods to purchase is small.

Cut back on food severely, then eat as much as you want once you've lost the weight.

Which of the following would reflect a situation where an unconscious process influenced a person's actions?

Dante unintentionally refers to his current girlfriend by his ex-wife's name during an argument.

What parts of memory were impacted by amnesia?

Declarative: Things you know that you can tell others Episodic: Remembering your first day of school Semantic: Knowing the capital of France

Mrs. Nieto always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She does not ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that _______ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future.

Deep

Elaine has not been able to find an effective treatment for her extreme obsessive-compulsive disorder. Treatment involving exposure and response prevention does not work. If you were her therapist, which of the following new treatment methods would you recommend that she try?

Deep brain stimulation

antennas, input devices

Dendrites

Which of the following is true about the functions of dendrites and axons?

Dendrites detect information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons transmit information.

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, what do older adults tend to do when searching for meaning in later life?

Devote more time to close friends. Spend time reflecting and sharing memories with their family. Focus on positive experiences they have had, rather than negative ones.

Using fMRI research, what have psychologists been able to discover about the way the brain processes conscious experiences?

Different types of sensory experiences are processed in different regions of the brain.

Schizophrenia - overactivity Parkinson's - deficit Pleasurable emotions Cocaine and amphetamines

Dopamine

What is the relationship between dopamine and operant conditioning?

Dopamine release sets the value of a reinforcer

A friend who consumed too many Bloody Mary drinks no longer likes beverages that taste like tomato. Why?

Drinking excessive alcohol made the person ill and led to a conditioned taste aversion.

Amaya has been diagnosed with major depression and is not responding to conventional treatments. Which of the following might be an effective alternative therapeutic approach? ECT group therapy rebirthing rational-emotive therapy

ECT

(Q017) Kaitlyn has three favorite perfumes. One perfume has a floral scent, one has a citrus scent, and one is musky. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for how the receptors in her olfactory epithelium transduce these three smells for interpretation by the brain?

Each perfume stimulates a unique pattern of several types of receptors, and each pattern is interpreted by the brain. Sec 5.E

Characteristics of working memory?

Easily accessible Volatile: Contents can be corrupted or lost easily, unless rehearsed Capacity: Memory span, 7 -/+ chunks of information

Which of the following are characteristics of sensory memory?

Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory. Iconic memory is visual sensory memory. Each sense contributes to sensory memory. Senses are availale as a brief memory trace.

(Q001) Which of the following would be an example of a behavior, within the definition of psychology?

Eli becomes frustrated with the game he is playing on his tablet and turns it off before stomping out of the room.

Which of the following would be an example of a behavior, within the definition of psychology?

Eli becomes frustrated with the game he is playing on his tablet and turns it off before stomping out of the room.

Yesterday you taught your dog a new trick. If the dog is to perform this trick tomorrow, which sequence will have to occur?

Encode, store, and retrieve.

Morris Water Maze?

Environmental cues in room provide information that permits animals to orient themselves in space and learn the location of a hidden platform.

energy

Epinephrine

mono-amines: energy

Epinephrine

anchoring

Evaluating current information, usually numerical data, to be either negative or positive by comparing it to previously provided information

Gestalt

Experiences should not be broken down into their constituent parts.

seeking cause and effect by manipulating variables, ooking for causal relationships

Experimental method

Wilhelm Wundt

Experimental psychology began with ___ who gathered objective data on people's reaction times and subjective data from people describing their experiences

focus on environmental contingenciesCognitive behaviorism -what do we learn? (not just behavioral responses, but expectations, beliefs, etc.)and Social learning -(we also learn from observing others, and what happens to them).

Extended by B.F. Skinner, from 1930's

Relative size

Far-off objects project a smaller retinal image than close objects do

(Q020) Which of the following is the correct pathway for processing the sensation of picking up a snowball with your bare hand?

Haptic receptors in the skin's outer layer receive the cold input. Then axons carry the information to spinal or cranial nerves, into the thalamus, and finally to the primary somatosensory cortex. Sec 5.F

Which of the following scenarios does not describe someone with an anxiety disorder? Jared is terrified of clowns. Even a photograph of a clown makes his heart pound loudly in his chest. Rod has had several panic attacks recently, and each time he feels extremely fearful. For the past week, Sly has been operating on very little sleep, although he is in a great mood. Just last night he went to the store and bought a new at-home theater and several new video games. Mandy is always alert for problems and hazards. Yesterday she was very concerned about a forecasted snowstorm, and today her upset stomach makes her worried that she has a terminal disease.

For the past week, Sly has been operating on very little sleep, although he is in a great mood. Just last night he went to the store and bought a new at-home theater and several new video games.

Decisions based on heuristics such as...?

Framing, anchoring, representative heuristics, paradox of choice

focus on the adaptive functions of consciousness.

Functionalism (William James)

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter Restrains some behaviors Huntington's disease, epilepsy Important in anxiety Don't mix tranquilizers, alcohol, barbiturates

GABA

major inhibitory neurotransmitter Anxiety, alcohol, epilepsy

GABA

Identify the following statements about stereotypes as either true

Gender roles are examples of stereotypes. Like scripts, they can be helpful. They can limit opportunities.

When Ibrahim was six years old, he became terrified when the family's parrot flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he's been afraid of all birds. Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of..

Generalization

Semantic memory?

Generalized memory of facts a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Heuristics

Generally accurate shortcuts ("rules of thumb" or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thought necessary to make a decision

(Q006) Samuel notices that when he sits down to put together a 500-piece jigsaw puzzle, he can't tell what the final picture is from the scattered pieces. Several hours later, Samuel finishes assembling the pieces and sees that he's created the picture of a beautiful vase of flowers. This tendency to be unable to see the whole just by looking at the parts is a theme of the ______________ school of thought in psychology.

Gestalt

Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler

Gestalt

Samuel notices that when he sits down to put together a 500-piece jigsaw puzzle, he can't tell what the final picture is from the scattered pieces. Several hours later, Samuel finishes assembling the pieces and sees that he's created the picture of a beautiful vase of flowers. This tendency to be unable to see the whole just by looking at the parts is a theme of the ______________ school of thought in psychology.

Gestalt

(Q006) Which school of thought in psychology suggests that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its parts?

Gestalt psychology

Which school of thought in psychology suggests that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its parts?

Gestalt psychology

Which school of thought in psychology suggests that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its parts? structuralism behaviorism functionalism Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology

provide support for the neurons (nourishment, waste removal, a structure for neural development). The myelin sheath that covers the axons of some neurons is made of glial cell. Glial cells may also have other important functions that are currently being investigated.

Glial cells

major excitatory neurotransmitter, enhances action potentials Learning and memory

Glutamate

depends on how big the pebble was and how hard you threw it in the water

Graded potential

Grayson is a young child with autism. Which of these symptoms is he least likely to demonstrate? Grayson smells and tastes each of his toys repeatedly. Grayson vocalizes, but not usually because he wants to communicate. Grayson pinches himself repeatedly, which leaves bruises on his arms and legs. Grayson disrupts others by being overly talkative.

Grayson disrupts others by being overly talkative.

According to one study, parental warmth is associated with greater feelings of guilt in children. This finding suggests which of the following? Warm parenting is not effective parenting. Guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships. Guilt can be a tool for manipulation. Guilt is a genetic trait.

Guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships.

Neil appears to think quite highly of himself. He believes the world would be a better place if he was in charge of it, and he does not like to be challenged. He takes insults very seriously and will defend himself readily. According to what we know about the drawbacks of high self-esteem, we should be concerned about which of the following? He has low self-esteem that he is hiding from others. He may become violent if he thinks others are treating him disrespectfully. He may commit suicide. He will ultimately suffer a devastating blow to his self-image.

He may become violent if he thinks others are treating him disrespectfully.

Jaco is going through an ugly divorce and is under an incredible amount of stress. If Jaco employs coping strategies the way most people do, what would you expect him to do? He would use a combination of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies. He would use emotion-focused strategies first and then switch to problem-focused strategies. He would use problem-focused strategies first and then switch to emotion-focused strategies. He would begin to exercise more and to drink more alcohol.

He would use a combination of emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies.

vDr. Rickles adheres to the humanistic perspective on personality. Which of the following correctly states what his general view of people might be? He would view people as basically bad and generally incapable of growth. He would view people as basically good but generally incapable of growth. He would view people as basically good and capable of growth. He would view people as basically bad but capable of growth

He would view people as basically good and capable of growth.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about Cyril, who is a "supertaster"?

He's more likely to feel more pain when eating spicy foods

audition

Hearing; the sense of sound perception. (page 188)

(Q014) While pregnant with her son Henry, Shana had an almost unquenchable thirst for apple juice, even though this was a beverage she had not previously enjoyed. She drank several glasses of it every day of her pregnancy. What would we expect to see in Henry's taste preferences for apple juice, now that he is a toddler?

Henry will probably have a preference for apple juice.

While pregnant with her son Henry, Shana had an almost unquenchable thirst for apple juice, even though this was a beverage she had not previously enjoyed. She drank several glasses of it every day of her pregnancy. What would we expect to see in Henry's taste preferences for apple juice, now that he is a toddler?

Henry will probably have a preference for apple juice.

Jenna knows that Johnny doesn't treat her right. She also knows she can do better. But for some reason, she keeps dating Johnny anyway. Which of these is true about Jenna? Her attitude toward Johnny is simple. Her attitude toward Johnny is complex. Her attitude toward Johnny is accessible. Her attitude toward Johnny is inaccessible.

Her attitude toward Johnny is complex.

Rena is pregnant and also drinks a lot of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the below is the most likely impact it will have on her child?

Her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs

Rena is pregnant, and she is also a heavy consumer of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely impact drinking will have on her child?

Her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs.

Decisions are based on..?

Heuristics

Marco was born with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Which symptom(s) will he most likely experience?

His penis will be underdeveloped and his testes will remain inside of his body.

Marco was born with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Which symptom(s) will he most likely experience?

His penis will remain undeveloped, and his testes remain in his body

Which of the following physical changes occur during puberty?

Hormone levels increase. Height and weight increase. Secondary sex characteristics develop. Primary sex characteristics develop

(Q013) Dr. Tucker is a developmental psychologist. Which of the following research questions is she LEAST likely to pursue?

How do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior in young adults?

Dr. Tucker is a developmental psychologist. Which of the following research questions is she LEAST likely to pursue?

How do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior in young adults?

Dr. Tucker is a developmental psychologist. Which of the following research questions is she LEAST likely to pursue? How do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior in young adults? How do children learn to speak? When do infants learn that objects out of sight still exist? Do video games help older adults maintain mental abilities as they age?

How do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior in young adults?

What would be the most appropriate question to ask a person whose expertise is in the field of behavioral genetics?

How do genes and the environment interact to influence psychological activity?

top-down processing

How knowledge, expectations, or past experiences shape the interpretation of sensory information. (page 164)

Your text describes a study by Loftus et al. in which one group of participants watched a video of a red car approaching a stop sign and the other group watched a video of a red car approaching a yield sign. After viewing the tapes, both groups were asked if another car passed the red car while it was stopped at the stop sign. Some participants who saw the yield sign claimed they saw the car at the stop sign. What are the implications of this study?

How questions are phrased can influence people's answers. Police officers, attorneys, and researchers must ask questions carefully to avoid suggestibility bias.

framing

Hui-Feng buys a messenger bag marked down from $89 to $69 after passing up a chance last month to buy it for $65

Coleman has an IQ of 130 and tends to do very well in school. This suggests that which of the following is true about IQ tests as measures of intelligence? IQ tests are valid. IQ tests are reliable. IQ tests are consistent. IQ tests are unbiased.

IQ tests are valid.

Geraldine has been diagnosed with a panic disorder. Each time she has a panic attack she fears she will die. She is seeing Dr. Jarrod, a cognitive-behavioral therapist. Dr. Jarrod will most likely attempt to

Identify her fears as maladaptive and train her in a relaxation technique

sending instructions from the brain to the eye muscles, in order to direct a person's gaze at a moving object sending instructions from the brain to the hand about how tightly to grasp a delicate object, such as an egg

Identify the functions that would be performed by either motor neurons sending information to the brain about muscular pain from prolonged exertion sending instructions from the brain to the hand about how tightly to grasp a delicate object, such as an egg sending instructions from the brain to the eye muscles, in order to direct a person's gaze at a moving object sending information to the brain about the discomfort on a person's skin from walking on hot sand at the beach

sending information to the brain about the discomfort on a person's skin from walking on hot sand at the beach sending information to the brain about muscular pain from prolonged exertion

Identify the functions that would be performed by either sensory neurons sending information to the brain about muscular pain from prolonged exertion sending instructions from the brain to the hand about how tightly to grasp a delicate object, such as an egg sending instructions from the brain to the eye muscles, in order to direct a person's gaze at a moving object sending information to the brain about the discomfort on a person's skin from walking on hot sand at the beach

Identify the following as either idiographic or nomothetic approaches to evaluating personality

Idiographic focus on individual lives interested in traits that make people stand out Nomothetic compare people by measuring how they rate themselves focus on common traits the five-factor theory is an example

Dr. Grodner is conducting an experiment on age-related changes in memory. He is comparing how well retirees and high school students perform on a memory task. In order to conveniently schedule research participants, he has the retirees come to the lab during the day, since they have no work commitments. The high school students come to the lab in the evening, after they are finished with school and other activities. What is the problematic confound in this study? It is unfair to compare older adults to young adults, because older adults sometimes experience memory problems. Dr. Grodner has not operationally defined memory for the purposes of his study. If memory turns out to vary by time of day, it is problematic that the retirees participate in the study in the morning and the highschool students at night. Older adults have a lot more memories than young adults.

If memory turns out to vary by time of day, it is problematic that the retirees participate in the study in the morning and the highschool students at night.

Austin and Hallie just witnessed a serious accident where a cyclist crashed while riding through the park. The couple was shocked that none of the nearby people in the crowded park rushed over to help. According to the psychologists who first described the phenomenon of bystander apathy, which factor should increase the chances of the victim receiving help from others? If the victim is female, she is more likely to receive help from bystanders. If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim. If the members of the crowd are able to remain anonymous, they are more likely to try to help the victim. If the victim is a priest or a nun, he or she is more likely to receive help from bystanders.

If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim.

In a parent-and-infant swimming class, parents blow air on their child's face and then blow bubbles in the water. Subsequently, the infant blows bubbles in the water. The infants are engaging in what?

Imitation

Maria witnesses a crime and is asked to identify the suspect in a lineup of five people. Maria is not sure she can recognize any of them, but her heart starts racing and she starts sweating when she sees the last person in the lineup. Maria must have a(n) __________ memory of the suspect, but she has no __________ memory of the suspect.

Implicit Explicit

Sadie the dog salivates when her owner's alarm clock goes off because her owner always feeds her shortly thereafter. Sadie is using..

Implicit memory because Sadie's salivation is an unconscious reaction to the alarm clock.

mono-amines: emotions, impulse control, dreaming

Serotonin

What is the basic difference between positive and negative reinforcements?

In positive reinforcement, something is added. In negative reinforcement, something is removed.

How does operant conditioning differ from vicarious conditioning?

In vicarious conditioning, a learner learns a behavior from watching others. In operant conditioning, a learner receives a reward for performing a desired behavior.

Downside of schemas?

Inaccuracies in one's schemas, or the application of schemas too broadly, can lead to • negative stereotypes based on gender, race, etc. • faulty assumptions, inaccurate perceptions, and false memories

Identify how weight is perceived in industrialized countries and in developing countries

Industrialized Countries Overweight is associated with lower socioeconomic status. Overweight is viewed as less attractive. Thinness is preferred among upper classes. Developing Countries

How is the processing of olfactory information different from the other senses?

Information about smell does not go through the thalamus. Instead, it goes directly to the olfactory bulb.

After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with a solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of ______________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement.

Insight

Retroactive interference

Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information. (page 274)

local circuit neurons

Interneurons

Which of the following are characteristics of working memory?

It has a limited memory span. It is an active processing system. Information is available for 20 to 30 seconds. Information is maintained through rehearsal.

When watching for a friend, you mistakenly wave to someone who looks like your friend but is not. In signal detection terms, what type of outcome is this?

It is a false alarm, because you detected a signal that was not really present.

(Q008) Researchers working on the Human Genome Project are trying to map the basic human genetic code. How is this advancing the field of psychology?

It is helping psychologists understand the extent to which specific genes affect our behavior, thoughts, and feelings, and consider methods involving genetic manipulation in treating conditions like mental illness and dementia.

Researchers working on the Human Genome Project are trying to map the basic human genetic code. How is this advancing the field of psychology?

Researchers working on the Human Genome Project are trying to map the basic human genetic code. How is this advancing the field of psychology? It is helping psychologists understand the extent to which specific genes affect our behavior, thoughts, and feelings, and consider methods involving genetic manipulation in treating conditions like mental illness and dementia. It is helping scientists understand the degree to which the human thought process remains similar to those of early humans, such as Neanderthals, and even primates. It is helping researchers understand how subconscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings influence behavior. It is helping researchers understand how cultures evolve.

functionalism

It is important to understand how the mind has adapted to perform certain tasks that allow us to survive.

(Q011) Which of the following is a reason why some who are deaf object to the use of a cochlear implant?

It is seen as being used to wipe out deaf culture.

Which of the following is a reason why some who are deaf object to the use of a cochlear implant?

It is seen as being used to wipe out deaf culture.

Which of the following statements about ethical research is false? It is unethical to observe people in public without their knowledge. Research participants' information must be protected and made available only to the few people who need it. Researchers cannot ask participants to expose themselves to unnecessary risk or discomfort as part of a study. Research involving human subjects must be reviewed and approved by a board of experts before the study can begin.

It is unethical to observe people in public without their knowledge.

The saying "you can't teach an old dog new tricks" is sometimes used to suggest that older adults cannot learn new skills or abilities. What does neuroscience have to say about the accuracy of this claim?

It is untrue; while brain plasticity decreases with age, even those who are very old can grow new neurons and establish new connections between neurons.

Domenica hates that she blushes at the slightest sign of embarrassment. However, blushing may serve which of the following purposes? It offers a type of biological, nonverbal apology. It makes embarrassment feel even worse, which reaffirms wrongdoing. It brings blood flow to the head, which increases arousal and helps the blusher avoid future mistakes. It makes the blusher look more like a child so he or she is easier to forgive.

It offers a type of biological, nonverbal apology.

Which of the following is or are true about working memory?

Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about working memory?

Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them.

Jamie wants to persuade her parents to let her go to Europe with her school choir. Which statement about persuasion is most accurate? Jamie will be more persuasive if she delivers a strictly one-sided argument. Jamie will be more persuasive if she addresses her parents when they are unable to pay attention to her arguments. Jamie will be more successful if her arguments are memorable. Jamie will be more successful if she prevents her parents from thinking too deeply about her arguments.

Jamie will be more successful if her arguments are memorable.

Match the terms with their corresponding examples. foot in the door door in the face low-balling

Jan refused to buy a $20 package of wrapping paper from the student fund-raiser, but then agreed to buy a $5 bar of chocolate.door in the face Correct label:door in the face A person signed a petition for her town to build a youth center. The next week, the same person agreed to help raise funds for the building.foot in the door Correct label:foot in the door After a man decides to buy a plane ticket for $300, he finds that the final amount including taxes and fees is $365, but he still goes ahead with the purchase.low-balling Correct label:low-balling

Place the scenarios in order, from earlier to later moral development

Janet took the toy because she wanted it Tim followed the rule to walk in the hallway even when the teacher wasn't present Susan trespassed on state property to save the kitten

pituitary gland levels of growth hormones

Jason is in middle school and below normal height for his age. Which of the following might a doctor check? levels of growth hormones adrenal gland levels of testosterone pituitary gland

Jeffrey was diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 8. Which of the following statement is most likely to be true of Jeffrey?

Jeffrey may disrupt their peers by failing to notice social rules

Jenna is a very difficult child. In the privacy of her home, she routinely argues with and disobeys her mother. However, when she is in church on Sunday, she does not. In this example, which of the following is true?

Jennas home is a weak situation, Jennas church is a strong situation

Jenny thinks she is fat and refuses to eat despite being severely underweight. Fatima periodically eats three entire pizzas then uses laxatives to remove all the food from her system. Which of the following is true? Jenny is anorexic, and Fatima is bulimic. Jenny is bulimic, and Fatima is anorexic. Jenny is normal, and Fatima is bulimic. Jenny is anorexic, and Fatima is normal.

Jenny is anorexic, and Fatima is bulimic.

Jenny has been a New York City taxi driver for 30 years. Mel is a nonprofessional driver in a small town. Based on Maguire and colleagues' 2003 research, if you compared the hippocampi of these two women, what would you expect to find?

Jenny's hippocampus would be larger than Mel's.

Among the following, who most likely has a Type A personality? Gerry, who is relaxed and easygoing Jerome, who is aggressive and competitive Jessie, who is a deep thinker and a puzzle solver Jack, who is depressive and lonely

Jerome, who is aggressive and competitive

Which of these scenarios explains how mere exposure has shaped Jess's attitude toward edamame?

Jess didn't initially like edamame, but they keep showing up at mealtime, and now Jess no longer minds them

Which of these scenarios explains how mere exposure has shaped Jess's attitude toward edamame?

Jess didn't initially like the tiny green beans, but they keep showing up at mealtime, and Jess no longer minds eating them.

(Q001) Jess is skating in a Roller Derby bout. The referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In a process called perception,

Jess's brain processes the signals and knows that they mean "stop skating."

Jess is skating in a roller derby bout. A referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In the process called perception,

Jess's brain processes thew signals and c onstructs a representation of the whistle, which means "Stop skating!"

Which of these stories is difficult to explain according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Jose has taken a pledge to spend the night alone under a downtown bridge in order to draw attention to the problem of homelessness in his community.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Jose is allergic to flowers and takes an antihistamine pill that stops his runny nose, so he will take the pill in the future when he has allergies. The negative aspect is the removal of the runny nose, the reinforcement is to take the pill

create subgoals

José has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, then review them, then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion

Match the types of problem-solving strategies with their examples. restructuring a problem working backward create subgoals

José has a large research paper to write. He plans to first procure research articles, then review them, then write a summary of each one, and then write his conclusion.create subgoals Correct label:create subgoals Chao is looking for a dog sitter, but no one can cover all the times required. He then puts together a schedule for three different people to help with the dog.restructuring a problem Correct label:restructuring a problem When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop.working backward Correct label:working backward

Judy and Mike have just rated themselves on five-factor theory personality traits. According to research on sex differences in personality, which of the following statements correctly reflects the probable results? Mike will rate himself as more assertive and more neurotic than Judy. Judy will rate herself as more assertive and more neurotic than Mike. Mike will rate himself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Judy. Judy will rate herself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Mike.

Judy will rate herself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Mike.

How does LTP support Hebb's contention that neurons that fire together wire together?

LTP shows that memory results from a strengthening of synaptic connections.

Performance of normal vs. hippocampectomized rats?

Lack of hippocampus impairs performance paths followed by normal and lesioned rats were different. Lesioned rats moved in hectic patterns

Which of the following are components of Chomsky's theory on language development?

Language is governed by a universal grammar.People automatically move beyond the surface structure of sentences to access the deeper meaning.Humans have an innate knowledge of linguistic elements and relations.

Why does latent learning challenge traditional operant theories?

Latent learning takes place without reinforcement.

Explicit learning?

Learning facts and information of which we can be aware (what we normally think of as memory)

Procedural learning?

Learning how to control the body in order to respond appropriately

Conditioning?

Learning the relationship between stimuli (classical conditioning), or between behaviors and outcomes (operant conditioning)

Lily and Pat are both feeling stressed out. Lily has a horrible boss and Pat just lost his job. Lily considers herself a very spiritual person and attends church regularly, while Pat is not at all spiritual or religious. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Lily may cope better than Pat because she is religious

Lily will probably cope better than Pat because she is religious.

Which of these scenarios best describes someone with agoraphobia?

Martin hasn't left the house since he had a panic attack in an elevator. The thought of being trapped somewhere is overwhelming, and he feels safest in his home.

Match each term with the situation that illustrates it. reciprocity transitivity outgroup ingroup

Lily, a self-described science nerd, assumes that all the athletes in her chemistry class hate the teacher for being so tough.outgroup Correct label:outgroup Michael greets Tom with the words "Any friend of Sonny's is a friend of mine."transitivity Correct label:transitivity Jerome prefers hanging out with the rest of his debate team to being with other friends.ingroup Correct label:ingroup Milo gives Ophelia a glowing letter of reference, thinking he will probably need her to do the same for him someday.reciprocity Correct label:reciprocity

biological constraints

Limitations on learning that result from biological factors rather than from experience.

confirmation bias

Louis considers himself in good shape. He thinks of his days as a college athlete and his abstinence from junk food, and doesn't pay attention to how his clothes are getting tighter.

Which frequencies are best encoded by temporal coding, and which frequencies are best encoded by place coding?

Low frequencies are best encoded by temporal coding, which is based on the firing rates of hair cells in response to sound waves. High frequencies are best encoded by place coding, which is based on the location of hair cells along the basilar membrane.

Split-brain patient G.C. is in line at a coffee shop when he witnesses a woman in his right visual field about to trip over an electrical cord on the floor. What happens next?

Luckily, because the incident is taking place in his right visual field, G.C. is able to warn the woman about the cord before she trips.

Lynn wasn't sure which job candidate to hire, since they all had a handful of strengths and weaknesses. After choosing Dennis, however, she experienced postdecisional dissonance. In other words, what might have happened?

Lynn became glad she had chosen Dennis, who had some notable strengths. When she thought about the other candidates, their weaknesses were at the front of her mind.

Sarah is conducting research on the function of part of the brain. For each participant, she first gets a high-resolution image of his or her brain structure using a(n) _______. Based on the image, she locates the region she is interested in, and then she temporarily interrupts brain activity in the region by using a strong magnet in the form of a(n) _______.

MRI, TMS

Identify each source of stress as either a major life stressor or a daily hassle

Major Life Stressor getting married being named in a lawsuit Daily Hassle living in crowded conditions chronic overwork

Which person is NOT demonstrating a primary emotion?

Marie is ashamed that she yelled at her daughter and made her cry

Which person is NOT demonstrating a primary emotion?

Marie is ashamed that she yelled at her daughter and made her cry.

In which of the following examples is a person experiencing a state of altered consciousness?

Marion is in a coma after falling two stories and striking her head on the pavement.

phenotype

Mark's __ is his observable characteristics, which are determined by a combination of his genetic makeup and environmental influences

Based on research, identify the statements about married people as either true or false

Married men report more sexual satisfaction than single men do. Married women report more emotional satisfaction than single women do. Married men and women live longer than their single counterparts.

Your friend Alexa is worried that advertisers are using subliminal perception to manipulate the public. You want to help her demystify this issue. Which of the following statements about subliminal perception is the least accurate? Group of answer choices

Material presented subliminally has a noticeable effect on complex thinking and actions.

psychological response

Maternal stress, tension, and anxiety; increased heart rate and shortness of breath

overcoming functional fixedness

Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever

Unpleasant memories are difficult to expunge because..

Memories are stored in multiple areas of the brain.

Why is it difficult to expunge memories, even unpleasant ones?

Memories are stored in multiple areas of the brain.

Implicit learning?

Memory about perceptual and motor procedures of which we are unaware

Source misattribution

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory. (page 280)

Semantic memory

Memory for knowledge of facts independent of personal experience. (page 272)

During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, males enter a refractory period. Which of the following happens during this period? Responses vary, and men may have one, two, or even three orgasms. Men are temporarily unable to maintain an erection or have an orgasm. Pulse rate, breathing, and blood pressure increase. The penis begins to become erect.

Men are temporarily unable to maintain an erection or have an orgasm.

According to the consolidated theory of why sleep is important, which of these activities would be a bad idea?

Meredith's idea to pull an all-nighter studying for her Chinese exam

overcoming a mental set

Michael keeps looking for his keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them

During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The observers all cringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves—they were able to feel the pain of the fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, the action of ______________ might underpin the observers' behavior.

Mirror neurons

identify each response to stress as more typical of either men or women

More Typical of Men unchanging oxytocin levels during social stress fight or flight More Typical of Women

Motor Learning?

Motor learning relies primarily on the cerebellum and basal ganglia

Which statement is best supported by Bandura's famous research using a Bobo doll?

My children may be learning to be violent when they watch violent wrestling television shows.

Nadja is resilient and possesses a very positive outlook on life. Seamus is not resilient and possesses a very negative outlook on life. Both are presently facing the prospect of losing their jobs and are stressed. According to the broaden-and-build theory, which of the following is correct? Nadja will probably be less likely than Seamus to consider novel solutions to her problem. Nadja will probably be more likely than Seamus to consider novel solutions to her problem. Seamus will have a more accurate assessment of the problem since he is not focused on the "silver lining" (potentially positive) aspects of it. Nadja will have a more accurate assessment of the problem since she is focused on the "silver lining" (potentially positive) aspects of it.

Nadja will probably be more likely than Seamus to consider novel solutions to her problem.

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and negative punishment?

Negative punishment involves taking away something the learner wants, to discourage him from repeating the behavior. Negative reinforcement entails removing an undesired condition after the learner demonstrates the desired behavior.

After getting badly sunburned, the next time Stanley heads out for a day at the beach, he slathers on sunscreen. In this case, Stanley's use of sunscreen has likely been acquired by way of..

Negative reinforcement

Five-year-old Nelson gets a brief shock when he sticks his toy in the electrical outlet in his bedroom. He runs away from the outlet and won't go near it again. Which statement best describes Nelson's learning encounter?

Nelson had an experience that will affect his behavior.

A neuron at rest is like a battery. If there's enough stimulation, there's a brief change in the neuron's electrical charge (an action potential) that moves along the axon. This neural impulse (electrical current) is an all-or-none event that happens only when stimulation reaches a threshold level.Some neurons are covered with myelin, which speeds up neural transmission via the nodes of Ranvier.

Neural impulse:

Reconsolidation

Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval. (page 250)

send messages through the nervous system via an electro-chemical process. Afferent (sensory) neurons bring messages in from the environment, efferent (motor) neurons send messages to muscles, interneurons create local circuits whereby neurons interact with one another and can modify neural messages.

Neurons

are chemicals stored in the vesicles at the end of the axon. Upon electrical stimulation the vesicles release their neurotransmitters into the synapse.

Neurotransmitters

This drug is an acetylcholine agonist

Nicotine

William decides that he will not obtain informed consent from the participants in his research. He justifies this decision by saying, "They are getting college credit for their psychology class for participating, so informed consent is no longer required in my study." Is William's reasoning correct?

No, because all participants must be given the chance to provide informed consent regardless of whether they will be compensated.

Does the available evidence support the existence of ESP?

No. Although there is some debate among psychologists, the evidence is currently not strong enough to demonstrate that ESP is real.

Which of these scenarios is an example of normative influence on behavior? Emily noticed a number of cars slowing down and pulling over to the side of the road, so she pulled over too, in case an emergency vehicle needed to pass. Outside her window, people walking on the street were all wearing coats and hats, so Emily made sure to dress warmly too. Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either. Emily pulled up to the mall parking lot late in the evening and saw a lot of people headed out of the doors. She assumed the mall was already closed, so she headed home.

Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either.

Which story most strongly suggests that emotions have a biological basis? Little Lily cries every time she skins her knee or bumps her head, but her twin brother Ty is stoic, even when his mom pours peroxide on his cuts and scrapes. Nolan grins widely and pumps his fist in the air after winning a chess tournament, even though he is blind and has never seen what a winner's body language looks like. Even at her father's funeral, Karen can't help laughing at a funny story about her dad wearing a gorilla suit to work. As soon as the wine glass slipped from his hand, Mike felt guilty for the stain he was about to make on Becca's couch.

Nolan grins widely and pumps his fist in the air after winning a chess tournament, even though he is blind and has never seen what a winner's body language looks like.

Important to bodily and psychological arousal Released by amphetamine Cocaine has effect

Norepinephrine

mono-amines: arousal, vigilance

Norepinephrine

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter mow the lawn. Later, your younger daughter attempts to mow the lawn. According to the principles of ______________, your older daughter has acted as a ______________.

Observational learning Model

motion aftereffects

Occur when you gaze at a moving image for a long time and then look at a stationary scene

anchoring

Of two job applicants, Ramsey hires the one who made a better first impression, even though her interview answers were not as good as those of the other applicant

hypothalamus

On hot summer days, Devon relies on what brain structure to monitor his thirst and the need to drink more water? hypothalamus thalamus cerebellum

reuptake autoreception enzyme deactivation

Once a neurotransmitter has finished binding with the postsynaptic receptor site, which of the following occur at the end of the transmission? reuptake enzyme deactivation hyperpolarization autoreception depolarization

affective forecasting

One may attach too much importance to how a certain outcome would make him feel.

framing

One may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described.

anchoring

One may be subject to manipulation by others based on the order in which choices are presented.

availability

One may make a hasty decision based on information frequently heard or seen, without gathering more information that may be more accurate

Are afterimages best explained by trichromatic theory or opponent-process theory? How so?

Opponent-process theory best explains afterimages. According to this theory, staring at one color causes receptor fatigue. Looking elsewhere then leads unfatigued receptors for the "opposing" color to produce an afterimage.

Which of the following statements support the need to belong theory?

Our ancestors who lived in groups were more likely to survive and pass on their genes. The need for companionship is a fundamental motive, like hunger.

Why is it difficult to conclude that there is a causal relationship between exposure to media violence and aggression in real life?

Outside the laboratory, researchers cannot randomly assign people to experience different kinds of media, and they cannot ethically risk increasing people's aggression.

A 9-year-old girl is taught that she is expected to obey her parents and other authority figures. She is also taught that she should conform to expectations including the traditional gender roles of her culture. Where does this girl most likely live?

Pakistan

Which of the following are some challenges with cross-cultural personality studies that rely on self-reports?

People from Eastern cultures might answer a question about their family or group, whereas people from Western cultures might answer about themselves. People rate themselves in comparison with others of their culture, which can make it difficult to discern patterns relating to the whole group. Different types of people may go to university in other countries, so convenience samples are different.

Why do inaccurate flashbulb memories stay consistent over time?

People keep repeating the inaccurate version and become confident in it

mental shortcut

People often follow simple rules, called heuristics, to make decisions.

Ignoring evidence (confirmation bias)

People show a strong tendency to place great importance on evidence that supports their beliefs.

bottom-up processing

Perception based on the physical features of the stimulus. (page 164)

vestibular sense

Perception of balance determined by receptors in the inner ear. (page 189)

kinesthetic sense

Perception of the positions in space and movements of our bodies and our limbs. (page 199)

(Q016) Which of the following is true about pheromones?

Pheromones are received and transduced by the olfactory system. Section 5.E

ou see a newspaper headline that claims eating pizza is deadly. However, when you read the original scientific article cited in the news, you notice that investigators only found a correlation between pizza consumption and death over a 10-year period. Given what you know about correlation, how would you explain this relationship? Pizza consumption causes death, but the mechanisms for this cannot be understood from a correlational study. Pizza consumption causes death, but the correlation is very weak at best because the period of study was only 10 years long. Pizza consumption and death are related somehow, but a correlational study cannot reveal any kind of causal relationship. It is more likely that being closer to the end of one's life causes pizza consumption, because older people have eaten much more pizza over the course of their lifetime.

Pizza consumption and death are related somehow, but a correlational study cannot reveal any kind of causal relationship.

Dendrites receive chemical signals. When more excitatory than inhibitory signals are received, the cell depolarizes. An action potential is set off and travels through the cell and down the axon. The action potential excites the terminal buttons to release their chemicals into the synaptic cleft.

Place in order the events that occur when a neuron fires. Dendrites receive chemical signals. An action potential is set off and travels through the cell and down the axon. The action potential excites the terminal buttons to release their chemicals into the synaptic cleft. When more excitatory than inhibitory signals are received, the cell depolarizes.

(Q009) On a train ride to visit her grandmother, Louisa is given the opportunity to sit in the engineering car, where she can look out over the train tracks. She notices that the tracks look as if they are getting closer together as they move into the distance, but she also knows that this is really just an example of the ______________ illusion.

Ponzo

On a train ride to visit her grandmother, Louisa is given the opportunity to sit in the engineering car, where she can look out over the train tracks. She notices that the tracks look as if they are getting closer together as they move into the distance, but she also knows that this is really just an example of the ______________ illusion.

Ponzo

how do positive and negative punishment differ

Positive punishment involves adding an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decrease future responses. Negative punishment includes taking away a certain reinforcing item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ

Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior. Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior

After suffering trauma to his brain, Jack experienced profound alterations in his personality. Prior to his accident, he was a prudent, responsible employee, but following the accident, he became childlike in mental capacity, impulsive, and unable to control his emotions. Jack's injuries were most likely located in which area of his brain?

Prefrontal cortex

Dion was hiking in the woods when he spotted a snake. He abruptly turned around, without thinking about it, and returned to the parking area. Biological ______________ can partially explain Dion's behavior.

Preparedness

After driving a stick shift for the last six years, Emilio purchased a car with an automatic transmission. While driving the new car, he instictively reaches for the clutch with his left foot, even though there is no clutch. Emilio's tendency to let previous learning intrude upon more recent information is called ______________ interference.

Proactive interference This occurs when previously learned information obstructs the immediate recall of more recently learned information. Emilio's older memories (driving a stick shift) are interfering as he tries to employ new memories (driving an automatic transmission)

Luisa loves to go swimming. While swimming, she sometimes thinks about the temperature of the water in Fahrenheit and how to convert it to Celsius. Luisa's memory of how to swim is __________, and her memory of how to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius is __________.

Procedural Semantic

Consolidation?

Process by which immediate memories become lasting (long-term) memories

Betsy is a high-powered attorney and is under considerable stress for prolonged periods of time. Her sister Bernice is an organic farmer and leads a very quiet, relatively stress-free life. Unlike Bernice, who never seems to get sick, Betsy is constantly catching colds. Which of the following does the above scenario best illustrate? Stress can lead to negative responses like drinking and overeating, which cause health problems. The immune system is weak during the alarm and resistance stages of stress response. Urban life is more stressful than rural life. Prolonged periods of stress weaken the immune system.

Prolonged periods of stress weaken the immune system.

the power of the unconscious.

Psychoanalysis (Freud, 1900)

A health psychologist studying why someone is obese would seek to answer a range of questions. Based on the biopsychosocial model of health, identify the following questions as addressing either psychological or social factors

Psychological Factors What behaviors lead to overeating? How does the person think about food and eating? Social Factors Does the person's family have set times that they eat, and what emphasis do they place on food at family holidays? Does the person have a group of friends who always eat together?

Which of the following is the best example of sensitization?

Rachel did not pay any attention to the beeping from her refrigerator door alarm until she realized that it meant the door was left open and the cold air was escaping. Now when she hears the door alarm she runs to the kitchen to close the refrigerator door.

They are more similar than fraternal twins raised together. They may be more alike than identical twins raised together. They share many personality and behavioral traits.

Ralph and Harry are identical twins who were raised apart and reunited as adults. Which of the following statements are accurate? They are more similar than fraternal twins raised together. They share many personality and behavioral traits. They are no more similar than fraternal twins raised apart. They may be more alike than identical twins raised together.

Jonah tells his friend about his run-in with a wild moose while camping. When he tells his mom about it the next day, he remembers the story a little differently. The memory probably changed slightly when it was..

Reconsolidated

Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every two weeks. He decides to cram for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the law of effect, the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been..

Reduced

Prospective memory

Remembering to do something at some future time. (page 267)

(Q005) Which philosopher is credited with posing the concept of dualism, which suggests that the mind and body are separate yet intertwined entities?

René Descartes

Which philosopher is credited with posing the concept of dualism, which suggests that the mind and body are separate yet intertwined entities?

René Descartes

Identify the following characteristics as belonging to either restrained eaters, who are prone to excessive eating and are often on diets, or unrestrained eaters

Restrained Eaters Binge eating is triggered by the perception that one has broken one's diet. In a 2011 study, drinking a milkshake caused increased interest in food afterward. Deciding when and what to eat relies on mental control. Unrestrained Eaters

cones

Retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in color perception. (page 173)

rods

Retinal cells that respond to low levels of light and result in black-and-white perception. (page 173)

Objects, words, images, or other stimuli that remind us of something we forgot are called..

Retrieval cues

Pete taught Introductory Psychology last term and is teaching it again this term. When he runs into one of his students from last term, he does not remember her name. He can only remember names of his students from this term. Pete's inability to remember his students' names from the last term is most likely due to..

Retroactive interference

Retrograde vs Anterograde amnesia?

Retrograde -> loss of previously formed memories Anterograde -> inability to form new memories

recycling the neural transmitters by taking them back to the their vesicle to be reused again

Reuptake

Shaping is..

Rewarding behavior anywhere close to the desired behavior at first, and then progressively rewarding behavior closer to the desired behavior.

Richard and Kathy have been best friends for years. When it comes to predicting what each other will do in certain situations, which of the following statements is most correct? Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than an acquaintance can. Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can. Richard may be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can. Richard will know how Kathy feels about something, but will not be able to predict her response to a given situation.

Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can.

Why do people often rub parts of their bodies that are injured?

Rubbing activates sensory receptors that can close the pain gate, reducing the experience of pain.

Winston always seems to have a cold. Bethany seldom gets colds or the flu, but she has been diagnosed with hypertension. Russell seldom sees his doctor aside from regular exams and when he has sports-related injuries. Based on this information, who has the most positive outlook in life?

Russel

Russell

Which of these is an example of classical conditioning influencing eating habits?

Sarah always feels hungry shortly after she leaves work, which is also dinner time

Which of these is an example of classical conditioning influencing eating habits?

Sarah always feels hungry shortly after she leaves work, which is also dinner time.

Which of these is an example of classical conditioning influencing eating habits?

Sarah always feels hungry shortly after she leaves work—right in time for dinner.

Kendra is studying abroad and realizes that, compared with the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently. Perhaps her preexisting _______ are affecting the way she encodes experiences.

Schemas

The more specific an attitude is, the more predictive of a behavior it is. Which scenario best exemplifies this? Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his kids than his attitude toward parenthood in general. Sean's attitude toward parenthood in general predicts whether he will spank his children more accurately than any specific attitude. Sean's attitude toward spanking is not very meaningful until Sean has his own children. Sean's past experience with being spanked as a child is more predictive of whether he will spank his own children than his attitudes toward spanking.

Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his kids than his attitude toward parenthood in general.

Joy and Shawn have a good marriage, but they disagree about food. They buy two different loaves of bread each week—one white and one wheat—so that they each have the bread they like best. Which of these is the most likely cause of their different preferences? Shawn and Joy's bodies produce different amounts of leptin and ghrelin, which influence specific cravings. Shawn and Joy have different levels of glucose in their bloodstream, which can influence what type of bread they crave. Shawn and Joy ate different types of bread as children, and they still each prefer to eat the bread most familiar to them. all of the answer options are correct

Shawn and Joy ate different types of bread as children, and they still each prefer to eat the bread most familiar to them.

Bee was asked to write a paper comparing her personality with her brother's personality using the trait approach. In her paper, Bee might have explained which of the following? She is more influenced by her environment than her brother is. Her brother is less self-actualized. She demonstrates more neuroticism than her brother. Her brother's personality traits change when he is stressed.

She demonstrates more neuroticism than her brother.

Sandra is currently struggling with an anxiety disorder. According to the diathesis-stress model, which of these could reasonably be Sandra's diathesis? She is currently going through a divorce. She experienced a traumatic accident as a child. She is struggling to pay her bills each month. She is being bullied by a coworker.

She experienced a traumatic accident as a child.

Connie, who has struggled for several months with a heroin addiction, is experiencing withdrawal. What specific symptom(s) of withdrawal might she be experiencing?

She feels anxiety, nausea, and tremors.

At a nightclub, Sasha goes to the restroom where she quickly ingests a small amount of cocaine. What experience would you expect Sasha to have after consuming the stimulant? Group of answer choices

She has a wave of confidence, then feels alert, energetic, and social.

Nicola has been playing roller derby for several months now, but she hasn't seen many improvements in her skills lately. She is at the rink three nights a week, but she's starting to feel that there's no point to practicing so hard—it isn't paying off. Given what you know, which of these statements can you conclude about Nicola? She has extrinsic motivation. She has intrinsic motivation. She has low self-efficacy. She has low self-actualization.

She has low self-efficacy.

Hannah has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer. She was given only six months to live and is very stressed. If Hannah uses emotion-focused coping to deal with her stress, what would you expect her to do? She may search for a new, experimental treatment and attempt to beat the disease. She would gather a team of cancer experts to get their best opinion prior to exploring treatment options. She would begin to get her affairs in order and prepare for death. She may attempt to distance herself from the problem by ignoring the diagnosis and continuing to live her life the way she always has.

She may attempt to distance herself from the problem by ignoring the diagnosis and continuing to live her life the way she always has.

She suggests that her patients with memory problems use computer games to practice memory-related tasks.

(Q007) Dr. Tucker incorporates principles from behaviorism into her therapy practice when she thinks it may be effective in helping her patients. Which of the following is an example of how Dr. Tucker might use her knowledge of behaviorism to help people with psychological problems?

She teaches patients how to use relaxation techniques when facing feared situations.

Dr. Tucker incorporates principles from behaviorism into her therapy practice when she thinks it may be effective in helping her patients. Which of the following is an example of how Dr. Tucker might use her knowledge of behaviorism to help people with psychological problems? She uses new drugs that have been developed to operate on the behavior centers of the brain. She teaches patients how to use relaxation techniques when facing feared situations. She suggests that her patients with memory problems use computer games to practice memory-related tasks. She helps trauma victims improve their psychological health by discussing their childhood experiences in detail.

She teaches patients how to use relaxation techniques when facing feared situations.

Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles. Given that she is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, what pattern of behavior can we generally expect from her?

She would likely be more productive than someone paid by the hour.

According to the notion of general intelligence, if Cici is very good at math, how would you expect her to do in other subjects, such as writing? She would perform worse at writing than math. She would perform better at writing than math. She would perform relatively as well in writing as she does in math. Since they are two completely different subjects, it's not possible to say.

She would perform relatively as well in writing as she does in math.

Scientists have revised their model of memory, to replace short-term memory with working memory. What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory?

Short-term memory was defined as a temporary storage unit for verbal information. Rehearsed information was remembered and the rest forgotten. Working memory is defined as including active information processing for all kinds of information.

Scientists have revised their model of memory, replacing short-term memory with working memory. What is the difference between working memory and short-term memory?

While you are shopping at a department store, a pushy clerk tries to sell you a perfume supposedly laced with human pheromones. "When people smell this," she says, "they won't be able to resist you!" Which of the following is the most scientifically informed reaction to her claim?

Tell the clerk that human beings cannot smell pheromones because they do not have a detectable odor, and walk out without a new bottle of perfume.

Jacqueline has just moved from Kansas to Illinois to attend college. She is having a lot of trouble settling in, but some people in her dorm seem friendly and helpful. Research concerning social support suggests which of the following? The more Jacqueline reaches out to them, the more likely her friends are to help her. Jacqueline should not rely on her friends and should be on her own when possible. Simply knowing that she has friends who care about her will reduce Jacqueline's stress. Having friends will have no effect on Jacqueline's stress or coping.

Simply knowing that she has friends who care about her will reduce Jacqueline's stress.

Chapter 7 schema for memories

Slides 14-18

In one study, participants were shown pictures of appetizing food while in an fMRI scanner. Some of the participants showed higher levels of activity in the brain's reward regions after seeing the pictures, and they were ones who ended up gaining more weight over the next six months. What do these experimental results indicate?

Some people are more vulnerable than others to processing cues related to food.

In one study, people were shown pictures of appetizing food while in an fMRI scanner. Some participants showed higher levels of activity in the brain's reward regions after seeing the food pictures, and that group of participants ended up gaining more weight over the next six months. What do these experimental results indicate?

Some people are more vulnerable than others to processing cues related to food.

Why are repressed memories controversial?

Some therapeutic methods, such as hypnosis, involve a high level of suggestibility. Suggestibility can create false memories.

(Q008) Merlin is growing older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well, but also can use cues to locate where a sound comes from. How is Merlin's owl capable of locating the source of a sound?

Sounds reach the closer ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the source's location.

According to this type of theory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches.

Spreading activation models

finding an analogy

Stacia travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule

(Q001) As Stacie drives on a main road, she approaches a traffic light that turns from red to green. In a process called transduction,

Stacie's sensory receptors translate the light into signals for the brain

Pippy is playing a joke on her brother. Every time he turns on the television with the remote control, she screams "BOO!" at him as loudly as she can. When she repeatedly pairs the remote control with the scream she is in which stage of classical conditioning?

Stage 2—presenting the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

Stephanie's ears perked up when she overheard her name from across the room. She had been in the middle of a conversation, but she still took note. How would filter theory explain this?

Stimuli that evoke emotions or provide important information readily capture our awareness, which is what happened in this case when Stephanie heard her name.

study the building blocks of consciousness

Structuralism (Titchener)

Psychologists know that the brain rewires itself throughout life. Which of the following is true about how this occurs?

The "rewiring" is really a change in the strength of existing connections, rather than the elimination of some or the growth of others

cerebral cortex

The ___ ___ enables us to comprehend ourselves, other people, and the outside world.

pituitary gland

The ___ ___ governs the release of hormones, including growth hormones.

basal ganglia

The ___ ____ are involved in moving and planning motor activity.

sympathetic

The ___ division of the nervous system activates the body for action and arousal.

parasympathetic

The ___ division of the nervous system calms down the body to return to normal.

hippocampus

The ___ functions in learning and memory, especially the formation of new memories.

left

The ___ hemisphere's propensity to construct a world that makes sense is called the interpreter. This term means that this hemisphere is interpreting what the page 95 right hemisphere has done with only the information that is available to it

Identify each event as either a sympathetic nervous system response or a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress

Sympathetic Nervous System increased heart rate release of epinephrine and norepinephrine increased respiration increased blood pressure HPA Axis activation of pituitary gland release of cortisol increase of glucose in bloodstream

Maurice is taking a personality test in which he is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about what is happening in the image. He is taking which of the following tests? EAR Rorschach TAT NEO

TAT

After using this drug, Joey felt the effects of all three classes of drugs: stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens - he felt uplifted and social, he was relaxed, and he experienced vivid taste sensations. Which drug do you think he used?

THC

After using this drug, Joey felt the effects of all three classes of drugs: stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens. He felt uplifted and social, while being relaxed and experiencing vivid taste sensations. Which drug do you think he used?

THC

(Q005) Which scenario would be most relevant to interpersonal behavior researchers, who work at the social level of analysis?

Tawny's boyfriend does not treat her very well, but every time she tries to break up with him, he successfully persuades her to give him another chance.

Which scenario would be most relevant to interpersonal behavior researchers, who work at the social level of analysis?

Tawny's boyfriend does not treat her very well, but every time she tries to break up with him, he successfully persuades her to give him another chance.

Which scenario would be most relevant to interpersonal behavior researchers, who work at the social level of analysis? Mike and his twin both struggle with depression, even though they are different in almost every other way. Kojo's son just turned 3 and is able to use language more and more each day, but he still tends to call all large animals "horsey," even if they are cows or giraffes. Charlotte suffered a stroke last year, and although she recovered fairly well, one side of her body is partly paralyzed, which has interfered with her ability to resume her favorite pastime: playing tennis with friends. Tawny's boyfriend does not treat her very well, but every time she tries to break up with him, he successfully persuades her to give him another chance.

Tawny's boyfriend does not treat her very well, but every time she tries to break up with him, he successfully persuades her to give him another chance.

(Q016) While you are shopping at a department store, a pushy clerk tries to sell you a perfume supposedly laced with human pheromones. "When people smell this," she says, "they won't be able to resist you!" Which of the following is the most scientifically informed reaction to her claim?

Tell the clerk that human beings cannot smell pheromones because they do not have a detectable odor, and walk out without a new bottle of perfume.

(Q004) Stuart takes a hearing test with an audiologist. The audiologist plays tones of decreasing volume and asks Stuart to raise his hand when he hears a tone. Which of the following would be an example of a "miss" in signal detection theory?

The audiologist plays a tone, and Stuart does not raise his hand.

Stuart takes a hearing test with an audiologist. The audiologist plays tones of decreasing volume and asks Stuart to raise his hand when he hears a tone. Which of the following would be an example of a "miss" in signal detection theory?

The audiologist plays a tone, and Stuart does not raise his hand.

Which of the following are measures of central tendency of the first psychology exam in a semester?

The average score on the exam was an 85. The median score on the exam was an 80. The most frequently occurring exam score was an 82.

olfactory bulb

The brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes. (page 198)

fovea

The center of the retina, where cones are densely packed. (page 173)

Which of the following offer support for Chomsky's theory on language acquisition?

The children of parents who speak a pidgin language tend to turn the language into a creole.Young children learn language more quickly than behavior-learning theory would predict.The timetable of language acquisition is the same for hearing babies who learn to speak and deaf babies who learn to sign.

Why might it be easier for addicts to abstain in a clinic than in their own neighborhood?

The clinic will most likely present the ad

Why might it be easier for addicts to abstain in a clinic than in their own neighborhood?

The clinic will most likely present the addicts with fewer learned drug cues.

Declarative memory

The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared. (page 271)

Premack Principle

The concept, developed by David Premack, that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity.

Jake just turned 25 and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that since he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that, for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense? Select one: a. "Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me." b. "Between the ages of 30 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, but more so for some than for others." c. "Between the ages of 25 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, but a positive attitude tends to slow the decline." d. "Between the ages of 30 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline. Fortunately, men age more slowly than women."

The correct answer is: "Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me."

Jolie is writing a research paper that focuses on the physical development of the brain and body. She is emphasizing how these changes prepare the child for voluntary movement, such as rolling over, sitting, and walking. What would be the best title for this paper? Select one: a. "Cognitive Development: Infancy Through Adolescence" b. "Maturation in Infants" c. "Socialization in the First Five Years of Life" d. "The Influence of Teratogens on Prenatal Development"

The correct answer is: "Maturation in Infants"

Bernice has just discovered that she is pregnant. She should expect to be able to feel her baby's movements in around Select one: a. 3 weeks. b. 3 months. c. 5 weeks. d. 5 months.

The correct answer is: 5 months.

Brenda and Dan both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Brenda tells Dan that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Dan argues that since Brenda is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he doesn't expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Brenda's point of view? Select one: a. Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects. b. Alcohol consumption and smoking do not affect men's sperm but are otherwise indirectly associated with birth defects. c. Alcohol consumption and smoking affect men's sperm, so continuing to indulge in substances might lessen the chance of getting pregnant. d. Parental alcohol consumption and smoking will set a bad example for their child, so they both should quit now.

The correct answer is: Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects.

Which of the following is an example of Piaget's concept of assimilation? Select one: a. Fourteen-month-old Noreen's first word was "ball." Now she calls anything round that rolls a "ball." b. Two-year-old Susie was told that horses don't have stripes, so she concluded that zebras were different from horses. c. Fourteen-month-old Albert starts to say "bunny. . . bad . . ." about the white stuffed rabbit in his bed. d. Eight-month-old Jose lies in his bed and says "ba-ba-we-we-boo."

The correct answer is: Fourteen-month-old Noreen's first word was "ball." Now she calls anything round that rolls a "ball.

What are representative heuristics?

The tendency to place a person or object within some category if the person or object is similar to one's prototype for that category. - a tend to ignore the base rate (frequency of an event occurring)

Cheryll's baby is born blind and deaf and has both heart defects and brain damage. Which type of teratogen did Cheryll most likely experience during the pregnancy? Select one: a. German measles (Rubella) b. syphilis c. alcohol d. mercury

The correct answer is: German measles (Rubella)

Among the following people, who is likely to experience the greatest life satisfaction and the best health? Select one: a. Timothy, who is divorced b. Moses, who is happily married c. Margaret, who has never married d. Maxine, who cohabitates with her boyfriend

The correct answer is: Moses, who is happily married

Peipei's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Peipei's mother leaves the room and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Peipei's mother returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment with her mother. Select one: a. conventional b. secure c. avoidant d. ambivalent

The correct answer is: ambivalent

As she begins the process of going through puberty, which of the following physical changes will occur in Ardella's brain? Select one: a. an increase in gray matter b. reduced activation in the limbic system c. an increase in the number of neurons d. completion of frontal lobe development

The correct answer is: an increase in gray matter

Minnie has signed up to take a class in developmental psychology. She can expect that the course will study the changes that occur between __________ and __________. Select one: a. conception; death b. birth; death c. birth; adolescence d. conception; adolescence

The correct answer is: conception; death

Damian is a new driver and likes to speed, but he usually abides by the posted speed limit because he doesn't want to get a ticket or lose his driving privileges. What level of moral reasoning is Damian working from? Select one: a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. nonconventional

The correct answer is: conventional

Morris is 85 years old. Which of the following tasks would you expect him to have the most difficulty with? Select one: a. recalling his own birth date b. using new information c. driving while listening to the radio d. practicing a well-learned skill

The correct answer is: driving while listening to the radio

According to the text, what is the most important prenatal phase of development for organ formation? Select one: a. germinal period b. embryonic period c. fetal period d. zygote period

The correct answer is: embryonic period

Sydney has been drinking during her pregnancy. By doing so, she is putting her baby at risk of a severe disorder called Select one: a. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). b. embryonic alcohol syndrome (EAS). c. germinal alcohol syndrome (GAS). d. infant alcohol syndrome (IAS).

The correct answer is: fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

Emma is 53 years old, and now that her children are grown and out of the home she is focusing on other things. For example, she likes volunteering at the community center teaching art classes to teenagers to help them develop artistic interests and skills. According to Erikson, Emma is most likely in which psychosocial stage? Select one: a. identity versus role confusion b. integrity versus despair c. intimacy versus isolation d. generativity

The correct answer is: generativity versus stagnation

According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence? a. initiative b. industry c. identity d. intimacy

The correct answer is: identity

Charlie is a 16-year-old boy who has always been a straight A student. Recently Charlie has started to struggle in his math and science classes so his teachers assign him to a special study hall for students who need academic help. Even though Charlie has thought of himself as academically gifted he wonders whether he is actually academically challenged. Given this information, Charlie is most likely experiencing a crisis of Select one: a. initiative versus guilt. b. industry versus inferiority. c. identity versus role confusion. d. intimacy versus isolation.

The correct answer is: identity versus role confusion.

Joseph suffers from a condition that is caused by Alzheimer's disease. His first symptom was a series of minor memory problems, but over time the condition got worse and now he has trouble performing daily routines, such as cooking, and can no longer live alone. Which term best describes Joseph's medical problem? Select one: a. senior moment b. despair c. delirium d. dementia

The correct answer is: in a high-stress environment.

Mary started menstruating six months earlier than all the other girls in her class. A possible explanation could be that Mary is Select one: a. a victim of sexual abuse. b. more promiscuous than other girls. c. shorter than other girls. d. in a high-stress environment

The correct answer is: in a high-stress environment.

Hilda is 80 years old and finds herself spending more time looking back on her long life. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development. Select one: a. intimacy versus isolation b. generativity versus stagnation c. industry versus inferiority d. integrity versus despair

The correct answer is: integrity versus despair

After a series of semiserious intimate relationships, 25-year-old Stacy is seriously considering finding a life partner. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development. Select one: a. intimacy versus isolation b. generativity versus stagnation c. industry versus inferiority d. integrity versus despair

The correct answer is: intimacy versus isolation

According to the text, the interaction of what three developmental domains shapes human development? Select one: a. social, physical, moral b. mental, physical, environmental c. physical, cognitive, socio-emotional d. environmental, genetic, perceptual

The correct answer is: physical, cognitive, socio-emotional

Antoinetta has just developed a skill called object permanence. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Antoinetta is most likely about to progress to the __________ stage of cognitive development. Select one: a. preoperational Correct b. concrete operational c. sensorimotor d. formal operational

The correct answer is: preoperational

While he was excited and trying to tell his mother what happened, 4-year old Connor yelled, "Mommy, I just, over that hill, jumped!" Which of the following is lacking in this sentence? Select one: a. proper syntax b. accurate semantics c. correct phonemes d. proper morphemes

The correct answer is: proper syntax

After Theo turned 13, he noticed that his voice deepened, and the hair on his arms and legs grew thicker and darker. Both of these physical changes are considered to be typical changes in boys' _________that occur during puberty. Select one: a. primary sex characteristics b. secondary c. limbic systems d. maturation processes

The correct answer is: secondary sex characteristics

One-year-old Jerome is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his mother shows Jerome a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________. Select one: a. concrete operational; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it b. sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it c. formal operational; appear interested in the ball but not look for it d. preoperational; appear interested in the ball and attempt to look for it

The correct answer is: sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it

Vidhya takes her 1-year-old son, Venkat, to visit a day care center where she plans to enroll him. Venkat eagerly explores the playroom as long as Vidhya is present. When his mom leaves the room, Venkat becomes distressed and appears to look for her. When Vidhya returns, he quickly calms down and returns to playing. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who Select one: a. have not yet developed an attachment relationship. b. share a secure attachment relationship. c. share an avoidant attachment relationship. d. share an ambivalent attachment relationship.

The correct answer is: share a secure attachment relationship.

During which decade of life are most people in their peak physical condition? Select one: a. their teens b. their 20s c. their 30s d. their 40s

The correct answer is: their 20s

At two years old Reynaldo seems to lack the ability to understand that other people have thoughts and intentions that are different from his own. Reynaldo has most likely not yet developed __________. Select one: a. accommodation b. assimilation c. metacognition d. theory of mind

The correct answer is: theory of mind

While being put to bed, 2-year-old Tommy says to his mother, "go potty . . . drink water . . ." which is his way of saying he needs to go to the bathroom after drinking water. Tommy's statement best demonstrates Select one: a. telegraphic speech. b. babbling. c. universal grammar. d. overregularization

The correct answer is: telegraphic speech.

sensation

The detection of external stimuli and the transmission of this information to the brain. (page 164)

Suggestibility

The development of biased memories from misleading information. (page 281)

Which of the following is a good scientific theory? The earth was created by a supreme being. The earth was created approximately 4.5 billion years ago. People commit destructive acts because everyone is born wanting to do so. The meaning of life is to help others.

The earth was created approximately 4.5 billion years ago.

Does the fovea have more rods or cones?

The fovea has only cones, no rods.

hormone

The growth ___ stimulates growth in bone, muscles, and cartilage.

Serial position effect

The idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle. (page 260)

absentmindedness

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events. (page 275)

Erica is driving to work when she hears a police siren. She automatically turns off her car radio and looks for the siren so she can pull over if needed. Why is this an example of nonassociative learning?

The key is that Erica is responding to a sound. At this point, she is only trying to determine where the sound is coming from.

Identify the statements about the adolescent brain during puberty as either true or false

The limbic system is highly active. The frontal lobes are not fully myelinated.

retina

The thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball; it contains the sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals. (page 173)

Sixteen-year-old Ashley is seeing a therapist for depression. Her therapist suggests getting a prescription for an SSRI from her physician. The therapist explains several benefits to Ashley's parents, but the therapist makes one mistake. Which of the following statements by the therapist is not correct? Overall, suicide rates decrease when adolescents take SSRIs. The medication has no risks or side effects. The number of suicides among adolescents taking SSRIs is very low. Adolescents show the greatest benefit from a combination of therapy and medication.

The medication has no risks or side effects.

(Q012) Why might middle ear infections impact hearing?

The middle ear's main job is to amplify sound vibrations. Infected fluid may muddles this process. Section 5.c

difference threshold

The minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference between two stimuli. (page 168)

absolute threshold

The minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation. (page 167)

Which of the following statements about relationships is LEAST accurate?

The most romantic couples are those with opposite traits

Which of the following statements about relationships is LEAST accurate?

The most successful romantic couples are couples with opposite traits.

Consolidation

The neural process by which encoded information becomes stored in memory. (page 250)

Why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep?

The paradox lies in the fact that some parts of the brain are more active during REM sleep than they are during wakefulness.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the global workspace model?

The patient was unaware she was deaf in one ear because she did not realize that she was not receiving information from that part of her brain.

transduction

The process by which sensory stimuli are converted to signals the brain can interpret. (page 165)

transduction

The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity; changing sensory stimuli into brain signals

Encoding

The processing of information so that it can be stored. (page 250)

perception

The processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals. (page 164)

In a study on the biological bases of learning, a lab rat is given a drug that blocks dopamine activity in its brain. The rat is then placed in an operant chamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement. We should expect that..

The rat will have more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat.

olfaction

The sense of smell. (page 197)

gustation

The sense of taste. (page 194)

haptic sense

The sense of touch. (page 199)

Why did people recall fewest letters on trials with long delays?

The sensory trace disappears after about ⅓ of a second

What sensory input in the eye usually determines our perception of an object's size?

The size of the retinal image. The larger the retinal image, the closer an object appears.

(Q002) The start gun goes off to signal the beginning of the race. How do the runners sense the noise and interpret its meaning?

The sound wave travels through the air to the outer ear. Vibrations in the ossicles of the middle ear stimulate membranes in the inner ear. Receptors in the inner ear then transduce the sound into neural signals sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

Long-Term Memory?

The stored representation of knowledge gained from previous experience. • Large capacity and indefinite duration (up to decades/lifetime). • Difficult to access, but durable

Blocking

The temporary inability to remember something. (page 274)

What is framing?

The tendency to emphasize either the potential losses or gains associated with the alternatives in decision making. People are loss averse

Availability heuristics are?

The tendency to make a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind. - Can be based on perceived frequency (rather than actual frequency)•which can be affected by media exposure, recency, drama

Anchoring is...?

The tendency to overly rely on the first piece of information encountered, or the first piece of information that comes to mind.

Peter is studying clinical psychology, and he has noticed that the diagnostic criteria for all of the major disorder categories require which of these to be true? The thought, feeling, or behavior must deviate from cultural norms for what is acceptable. The thought, feeling, or behavior must cause discomfort and concern to others. The thought, feeling, or behavior must cause distress to the individual. The thought, feeling, or behavior must interfere with at least one aspect of the person's life.

The thought, feeling, or behavior must interfere with at least one aspect of the person's life.

he Chinese word for violin isIdentify the reasons why this is a symbolic representation, rather than an analogical one

The word does not look anything like a violin. The relationship between the word and a violin is arbitrary.

Daiyo, a behavioral geneticist, is studying the interaction of heredity and environment. When he looks at monozygotic twins, what will he probably see in their phenotypes?

Their genotypes will predispose them toward certain traits, but their environments influence whether those traits are expressed in their phenotypes.

Caroline came back to her dorm room late on Friday night. It looked like her roommate was already home, but she was not alone. In fact, Caroline's roommate and her paramour were engaged in what looked to be the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle. What did Caroline see? They were beginning to kiss and touch in a sensual manner. Their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure were increased, and they were in a frenzied state of passion. They were experiencing involuntary muscle contractions throughout their bodies, and they seemed very nearly breathless. There had clearly been a recent dramatic release of sexual tension.

Their pulse rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure were increased, and they were in a frenzied state of passion.

For Inez to be able to get out of bed in the morning, which of the following must occur at the neural level?

Their terminal buttons need to release neurotransmitters

Your dad has a bad habit of texting while he drives. You have reminded him how dangerous this can be, but he wants to know why texting poses such a hazard. Which of the following is the most scientifically informed response?

There is a limit to how much attention is available for our conscious experience, which is what helps us respond quickly to new information—an important ability when driving a car.

Three doctors are arguing about the development of heart disease in their patients. Dr. Jenkins suggests it has a genetic basis, Dr. Rice argues it has to do with personality type, and Dr. Aroni claims it has to do with living in a stressful environment. Who is most correct?

They all are correct, because disease has biological, psychological, and social origins.

What is the primary function of mirror neurons?

They are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action, or when one performs a similar action.

Which of the following is a true statement about dizygotic twins?

They are no more alike, genetically speaking, than non-twin siblings.

Which of the following eating behaviors exhibited by our ancestors were evolutionarily adaptive and have therefore been passed down to us?

They avoided unknown foods because they might have been dangerous. The desire to eat more when there was a greater variety of food helped satisfy nutritional requirements. Babies were more likely to eat foods their families were eating.

Amos, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, has negative symptoms. What might this look like?

They demonstrate lack of emotion and slowed speech

Fabio and Priscilla go on a scary roller-coaster ride together. If misattribution of arousal occurs, which of the following will happen?

They will be more likely to find one another attractive. They will attribute their physical arousal to their emotions. They will experience increased heart rate and sweaty palms due to the ride.

Janna and Sarah are identical twins who were raised apart. Lisa and Shirley are non-biological adopted siblings who were raised in the same home. Which set of sisters would you expect to be more similar in personality traits such as neuroticism and openness?

This question cannot be answered without knowing how agreeable or open the people who raised these siblings are.

Law of Effect (Edward Thorndike)

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Which of the following factors play a role in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Those with PTSD often have chronic tension, anxiety, and health problems. The memory of a traumatic event for people with PTSD is "overconsolidated" so the person is always on the alert to experience a similar situation. People with certain genetic markers linked to serotonin may be more likely to develop PTSD.

Timothy was born without testes. With respect to hormone production and sexual behavior, which of the following is the most likely outcome of Timothy's condition?

Timothy will lack testosterone, and he will have a decreased ability to achieve an erection.

(Q005) What conclusion did Freud reach when attempting to understand the connection between psychological and physical problems?

To a large extent, behavior is directed by mental processes that operate on an unconscious level.

What conclusion did Freud reach when attempting to understand the connection between psychological and physical problems?

To a large extent, behavior is directed by mental processes that operate on an unconscious level.

What conclusion did Freud reach when attempting to understand the connection between psychological and physical problems? Individuals with adaptations best suited to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing down their genes. When interviewed by a professional, individuals are able to use introspection to describe their perceptions and cognitive processes. To a large extent, behavior is directed by mental processes that operate on an unconscious level. The human experience cannot be broken down into component processes.

To a large extent, behavior is directed by mental processes that operate on an unconscious level.

Paradox of choice?

Too much choice leads to frustration, indecision and dissatisfaction with the eventual selection

Given research on the life expectancy disparities between whites and African Americans, and female and male Americans, identify the following statements as either true or false

True African American females have a longer life expectancy than African American males. African American males have a shorter life expectancy than white males. False There are no health disparities in life expectancy in the United States. White males have a longer life expectancy than African American females. White females have a shorter life expectancy than white males.

Identify the following statements about the effects of stress and lifestyle choices on the immune system as either true or false

True Alcohol consumption and lack of sleep can make people vulnerable to illness or infection. Our bodies' ability to fight infection is correlated with the number of desirable or undesirable events in our life. Anxious people have vulnerable immune systems. False Long-term stress increases lymphocyte production. Smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise increase the frequency of colds.

Identify the following statements about anorexia nervosa as either true or false

True Anorexia has a significant mortality rate. Anorexia may follow failure to lose weight in a more controlled fashion. False Anorexia is far more prevalent in Europe and North America than elsewhere. Anorexia primarily affects upper-class Caucasian girls. Between 5 and 10 percent of adolescent girls suffer from anorexia at some point.

Identify the statements about the prevalence of psychopathology as either true or false

True Nearly 1 in 2 Americans will develop a psychological disorder at some point in their lives. The most common disorders are depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and substance abuse disorder. About 1 in 4 Americans over age 18 has a psychological disorder in any given year. False Psychological disorders are the third most common cause of disability in developed countries, behind cancer and heart disease. Depression is more common in men, whereas antisocial personality disorder is more common in women.

Identify the following statements about prejudice as either true or false.

True Our tendency to sort people into ingroups and outgroups may help explain why we hold prejudices and practice discrimination. An example of modern racism is the belief that admitting lots of Asians to top-tier schools is negatively affecting the student culture at those schools. White study participants were more likely to misidentify tools as guns after seeing black faces. False People who engage in modern racism may overtly say disparaging things about people of other races.

Identify the statements about cross-cultural studies of personality as either true or false.

True People from Africa rated themselves as more agreeable, more conscientious, and less neurotic. Cultural stereotypes were not held up in the research findings. People from East Asia rated themselves lower in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and higher in neuroticism. False Stereotypes about men and women were not supported by research findings. There are fewer sex differences between women and men in North America and Europe than there are in other countries

autonomic sympathetic peripheral

When Andrew proposes to Heidi, her heartbeat quickens, her pupils dilate, and her breath quickens as she answers, "Yes!" Which parts of the nervous system are activating these responses? autonomic somatic parasympathetic sympathetic peripheral

Identify the following statements about ingroup favoritism as either true or false

True People will distribute more resources to members of their ingroup. People will try to prevent members of an outgroup from receiving resources. False Men are more likely to support other men as part of their ingroup than women are to support other women as part of their ingroup. People will not treat ingroup members preferentially if they know the groups have been determined arbitrarily.

Identify the following statements about resilient people as either true or false

True Their anxiety-related brain regions are not easily activated. They use emotional resources flexibly in times of stress. They experience positive emotions even when under stress. False They are steadier and less flexible in their feelings and behavior. They avoid emotional responses.

Identify the statements about the effects situations have on people's personalities as either true or false.

TrueBeing involved in a committed relationship can decrease neuroticism. Students who studied abroad show an increase in openness to experience and agreeableness and a decrease in neuroticism. Participants in an experiment who practiced cognitive tasks showed an increase in openness to experience. False People who care for spouses with terminal cancer show a decrease in sociability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. It takes a dramatic, out-of-the-ordinary life event to change one's personality.

Identify the statements about self-schemas as either true or false

TrueWhen we process information about ourselves, the middle frontal lobes light up.A self-schema helps us quickly organize and interpret information about the self. FalseWe will be more likely to remember a term if it was used in a neutral sentence than if it was used in relation to our personalities

Descriptive decision theories

Try to account for actual behavior • Suggest that people are not always rational in their decisions

Ponzo illusion

Two lines that move toward each other appear to be parallel and are receding into the distance; therefore, a line that is higher on the figure (i.e. more "distant") must be larger than an equally long line that is lower on the figure (i.e. "closer")

Tyler loves socializing and is a thrill seeker, whereas Marco prefers to spend time alone and hates partaking in risky activities. According to Eysenck, how can we explain their different personalities? There is insufficient information to draw a conclusion. Marco is typically below his optimal level of arousal. Tyler would require less excitement to function at an optimal level. Tyler is generally less aroused than Marco.

Tyler is generally less aroused than Marco.

Irrational decisions in people are...?

Typical

A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a/an ______________ and the blink was a/an ______________.

US UR

Cognitive Science

Uses behavior to infer what is going on inside the black box, and uses knowledge of what is going on in the black box to help understand the constraints on conscious experience and behavior. Considers mental processing as the software of the mind.

Dr. Janus is treating a patient who has been diagnosed with APD. Which of the following treatments would likely be most effective? Exploring the patient's past trauma and unconscious conflicts. Using operant procedures to replace extreme and dysfunctional behaviors with more appropriate ones. Focusing on developing the patient's self-respect and independence. Stabilizing her patient's moods with lithium.

Using operant procedures to replace extreme and dysfunctional behaviors with more appropriate ones.

trichromatic theory

Visual theory, stated by Young and Helmholtz that all colors can be made by mixing the three basic colors: red, green, and blue; a.k.a the Young-Helmholtz theory.

Match the terms about attribution with their corresponding examples. fundamental attribution error situational attribution actor/observer discrepancy

Wally believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish, but he would cut someone off if he was in a hurry.actor/observer discrepancy Correct label:actor/observer discrepancy John believed the person who cut him off on the highway was inconsiderate and selfish.fundamental attribution error Correct label:fundamental attribution error Jan cut a person off on the highway but told herself it was justified because she was late to work.situational attribution Correct label:situational attribution

How does wanting something differ from liking it?

Wanting refers to the desire to do something, whereas liking refers to the subjective value associated with doing that something.

Which of the following questions might a judge in a court of law ask if she thought the eyewitness testimony was distorted?

Was the event highly emotional to the witness? Has the witness experienced any changes in attitudes or beliefs about the crime witnessed? Was the witness asked leading questions immediately following the event?

(Q003) Carlos accidentally added an extra tablespoon of sugar to his cake batter. This will probably not change the cake's flavor in a significant way, although the same tablespoon of sugar, would be noticeable if he put it in his cup of tea. What explains this difference?

Weber's law

Which of the following is not a question that a person engaged in critical thinking would ask?

What are the social repercussions of holding this belief?

Which of the following is not a question that a person engaged in critical thinking would ask? What am I being asked to believe or accept? What are the social repercussions of holding this belief? What evidence is provided to support this claim? What are the most reasonable conclusions?

What are the social repercussions of holding this belief?

psychoanalysis free association dream analysis

What methods did Freudian therapists use?

Which scenario is an example of the type of attribution Sheila would make if she and John were in an unhappy marriage?

When John cooked Sheila a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wondered whether John was making up for a bad deed.

Which scenario is an example of the type of attribution Sheila would make if she and John were in an unhappy marriage?

When John cooked a romantic dinner, Sheila immediately wondered what bad deed he's making up for

working backward

When Paola's car broke down, she identified what time she needed to get to work, then researched bus schedules to see what bus to catch, then set the time she needed to leave the house to walk to the bus stop

Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins?

Whether raised apart or together, identical twins score much similarly on IQ tests than any other pair of twins

Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins?

Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings.

Growing up in the same home has relatively little influence on many traits. Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins because of genetic factors.

Which of the following conclusions about the relative contributions of genes versus environment on behavioral and psychological traits is supported by behavioral genetics research? Growing up in the same home has relatively little influence on many traits. Being raised in the same home can cause even nonrelated siblings to be similar. Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins because of environmental factors. Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins because of genetic factors.

how a pregnant woman's hormone levels can affect her newborn's nervous system how prenatal vitamins can affect the mental health or personality of the newborn how pregnant women reading aloud can affect their children's prenatal brain development

Which of the following illustrates the study of psychology from a biological level of analysis?

understanding brain chemistry development of brain imaging mapping the human genome

Which of the following major advances in the field of psychology have advanced our understanding of the biological basis of human behavior?

perception people's perceptions of others. language memory

Which of the following might a researcher in cognitive neurosciences study?

how living in a friendly neighborhood affects helping behavior how volunteering with others affects a person's perception of the poor how being an esteemed member of a school group affects bullying

Which of the following represent the study of psychology from a social level of analysis?

believing that two people can see one thing in different ways seeing pictures in cloud shapes

Which of the following would represent a Gestalt approach?

peripheral somatic

Which parts of the nervous system would send messages from a person's sore knee to alert him or her to stop running and rest? somatic autonomic peripheral central

(Q019) How does Gestalt theory differ from functionalism?

While both schools recognize individual thoughts and experiences as analyzable units, only the Gestalt theorists believe that the whole of personal experience is more than a collection of these components.

How does Gestalt theory differ from functionalism?

How does Gestalt theory differ from functionalism? Gestalt theorists believe that behavior is learned from observing others. Functionalists believe that much of human behavior is innate. Functionalists believe that behavior is learned from observing others. Gestalt theorists believe that much of human behavior is innate. While both schools recognize individual thoughts and experiences as analyzable units, only the Gestalt theorists believe that the whole of personal experience is more than a collection of these components. While both schools recognize individual thoughts and experiences as analyzable units, only the functionalists believe that the whole of personal experience is more than a collection of these components.

(Q009) The fMRI has enabled neuropsychological researchers to conclude which of the following?

While many tasks require multiple parts of the brain, some tasks and thought processes use only specific areas of the brain.

The fMRI has enabled neuropsychological researchers to conclude which of the following?

While many tasks require multiple parts of the brain, some tasks and thought processes use only specific areas of the brain.

The fMRI has enabled neuropsychological researchers to conclude which of the following? Human genes are related to primate genes. Social situations influence an individual's behavior. The brain is highly specialized. Each area of the brain is dedicated almost exclusively to one action or aspect of cognition. While many tasks require multiple parts of the brain, some tasks and thought processes use only specific areas of the brain.

While many tasks require multiple parts of the brain, some tasks and thought processes use only specific areas of the brain.

Your roommate tells you that he is planning to conduct an observational study for his senior thesis. Which of the following questions should you ask him to demonstrate that you understand how observational studies are designed? What is your dependent variable? How did you identify the best case study to investigate? Will your research take place in the lab or in the natural environment? Are you concerned that self-report bias may affect your results?

Will your research take place in the lab or in the natural environment?

Within a few years, Joan's oldest son, her father, and her husband all died (can lead to)

Within a few years, Joan's oldest son, her father, and her husband all died.

Which of the following statements about differences between men's and women's brains is not true?

Women's brains are less bilateralized for language than men's brains.

a scientific approach to studying consciousness

Wundt-(Leipzig, Germany,1879)

David, a male, and Katie, a female, are fraternal (nonidentical) twins. If their biological development before birth was "normal," then David's sex chromosomes are __________ and Katie's sex chromosomes are __________.

XY, XX

Stanley likes to have a beer or two each night when he gets home from work. Given that his father and grandfather both struggled with alcoholism, should Stanley be concerned about his own drinking?

Yes, Stanley is predisposed to alcoholism, and if he is raised in an environment that encourages drinking, he may become an alcoholic.

Yolanda and Fae both lost their part-time jobs at Fast-Foods-R-Us because of cutbacks. Yolanda dealt with the stress by revising her resume and applying for new jobs. Fae dealt with the stress by seeking out the help of her close friends. Which of the following is true about their coping strategies? Yolanda is using problem-focused coping; Fae is using emotion-focused coping. Both Yolanda and Fae are using problem-focused coping. Yolanda is using emotion-focused coping; Fae is using problem-focused coping. Both Yolanda and Fae are using emotion-focused coping.

Yolanda is using problem-focused coping; Fae is using emotion-focused coping.

prototype model

Young children can quickly identify a crow as a bird, since they think of crows as best representing that concept

When you see another student suspended for cheating, you are less likely to cheat. Why?

Your behavior has been influenced by vicarious reinforcement

You are conducting an experiment to test whether exercise improves self control in children. Half of the children will jump rope for 5 minutes before being left alone in a room with a bowl of candy. The other half of the children will color for 5 minutes before being left alone in the room with the candy. You plan to measure how long it takes for each child to begin eating the candy, as well as how much candy each child consumes. Which statement about your research is true? Your dependent variable has two operational definitions. Your independent variable has two operational definitions. Your study does not have a control group. Your study has the advantage of taking place in a real-world setting.

Your dependent variable has two operational definitions.

When applying the biopsychosocial approach to understanding a friend's eating disorder, which of these possible contributors is best categorized as a sociocultural factor? Eating disorders run in your friend's family. Your friend is a perfectionist who is extremely self-critical. Your friend is from a privileged background. Your friend suffers from depression.

Your friend is from a privileged background.

A therapist has appointments with four patients who have different psychological disorders. Which patient is most likely to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Luka, who has a severe case of anxiety and a history of panic attacks Megan, who has histrionic personality disorder Brittany, who has schizophrenia and whose hallucinations are well controlled with medication Zack, who has had severe depression for many years and has had limited success with drug treatments

Zack, who has had severe depression for many years and has had limited success with drug treatments

Martha and Zed are discussing male and female brains. Which of their following statements is the most accurate?

Zed states his belief that while there are some differences between them, male and female brains are mostly quite similar.

Edward Titchener structuralism

___ used only the latter approach, called the method of introspection, to develop a psychological theory known as ___

dendrites soma axon terminal buttons

___: receives chemicals from other neurons ___: integrates and stores information ___: conducts electrical impulse ___: holds and releases chemicals into the synaptic cleft axon, dendrites, terminal buttons, soma

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

A child in New York was born with no feet and no hands. By age 10, the child was one of the most accomplished baseball players in his league. A psychologist meets with the boy and his parents, family members, teachers, friends, and teammates in order to understand the personality characteristics that led to his tremendous resilience. What kind of research study is the psychologist conducting?

a case study

All colleges, universities, and research institutions that conduct studies with vertebrate animals must have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Which of the following individuals must be part of such a committee?

a certified doctor of veterinary medicine

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research

Bri is a new student at a community college. This term, she has classes in the A Wing, C Wing, and D Wing, but not in the B Wing. However, she has to walk through the B Wing all the time to get to her classes. Next term, Bri will have a class in the B Wing. She already knows exactly where the room is. This is best explained by

a cognitive map

Rescorla-Wagner model

a cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising

Elaine conducts a psychology honors project to test the hypothesis that having greater social support is associated with greater academic success. She asks everyone living in her dormitory to fill out a questionnaire. Elaine should be aware that her data may not be representative of all college students because her research was based on ______________. the population a convenience sample random assignment a random sample

a convenience sample

(Q010) Magdalena grew up in a drought-stricken region of California. When she moved to rainy Seattle, her Washingtonian roommate, Kiko, was surprised that Magdalena took 5 minute showers, brushed her teeth in the shower, and complained whenever Kiko dumped out old drinking water from the kettle. Magdalena's water-saving behaviors were ____________________.

a cultural adaptation

Magdalena grew up in a drought-stricken region of California. When she moved to rainy Seattle, her Washingtonian roommate, Kiko, was surprised that Magdalena took 5 minute showers, brushed her teeth in the shower, and complained whenever Kiko dumped out old drinking water from the kettle. Magdalena's water-saving behaviors were ____________________.

a cultural adaptation

(Q009) Beliefs, values, norms, rules, and customs that people learn from those who share their language or environment comprise ______________.

a culture

Beliefs, values, norms, rules, and customs that people learn from those who share their language or environment comprise ______________.

a culture

Beliefs, values, norms, rules, and customs that people learn from those who share their language or environment comprise ______________. a religion a society ethics a culture

a culture

metronome

a device used by musicians that marks time at a selected rate by giving a regular tick

What produces a prediction error?

a difference between the expected outcome and the actual one, strengthening or weakening the CS-US association

stimulus discrimination

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the US

(Q018) Marius was out for his first run of the season yesterday, and as a result, today he is experiencing the kind of pain associated with slow fibers sending messages to his brain. What kind of pain is Marius experiencing?

a dull ache

Marius was out for his first run of the season yesterday, and as a result, today he is experiencing the kind of pain associated with slow fibers sending messages to his brain. What kind of pain is Marius experiencing?

a dull ache

APC

a gene that when mutated can initiate co lon tumors and adenocarcinomas. Mutated APC genes are responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis

category

a group of things with one or more shared properties

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

a mechanism by which synaptic connections are strengthened, allowing for a larger excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the postsynaptic neuron Potentiation = to strengthen or make more potent

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the same solution that worked the last few times his computer crashed, even though it did not fix his computer. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to failure to develop an appropriate analogy. restructuring. functional fixedness. a mental set.

a mental set.

Florian could never remember his locker combination until he realized that the three numbers perfectly matched his favorite singer's birth date. Now he has no problem remembering, thanks to which of the following?

a mnemonic

ratio schedule

a pattern of delivering reinforcements only after a certain number of responses

Familial cancer syndrome

a predisposition to or increased risk of one or more types of cancer that runs in a family.

Roland was hiking in the Alaskan wilderness when he suddenly encountered a mother grizzly bear and her cubs. He rapidly engaged in __________ to determine whether the bear was a threat. He then engaged in __________, during which he considered curling up in a fetal position and playing dead.

a primary appraisal, a secondary appraisal

a primary appraisal; a secondary appraisal

spontaneous recovery

a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after re-exposure to the CS

acquisition

a process in which an association between the Controlled Stim and Uncontrolled Stim is gradually formed

extinction

a process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without being followed by the US

shaping

a process of operant conditioning; it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

Gamete

a reproductive cell (egg, sperm) th at is the product of meiosis

unconditioned response (UR)

a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

Eastern countries (china, japan, korea, etc) tend to focus on

a scene holistically, paying attention to the background

Dora scored high on an intelligence test. Further testing will possibly find all of the following except a larger-than-average brain. above-average working memory. fast reaction times. a short attention span.

a short attention span.

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

reinforcer

a stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Lainey has a part-time job working in a restaurant after school. The chef constantly gets orders wrong, and the customers blame Lainey, which makes Lainey feel very stressed. She has learned to very carefully check each dish before taking it to the customers. For Lainey, the chef's mistakes are __________ and checking each order is a __________ response. a stressor; fight or flight a stressor; coping distress; coping distress; fight or flight

a stressor; coping

Match the terms about relationships with their definitions. secure attachment insecure attachment companionate love passionate love

a strong commitment to care for and support a partnercompanionate love Correct label:companionate love easy to get close to others without the fear of fear being abandonedsecure attachment Correct label:secure attachment a state of intense longing and sexual desirepassionate love Correct label:passionate love difficult to trust and depend on othersinsecure attachment Correct label:insecure attachment

Introspection

a systematic examination of mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts. ____ is a subjective process because it assesses how each individual personally experiences an event.

is it a "true" experiment? Key characteristics

a treatment or "manipulation" use of control group to make comparisons random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups

stroboscopic movement

a type of apparent movement based on the rapid succession of still images, as in motion pictures

(Q008) Dr. Benedict has been providing psychological services for 15 years. Over his career, he has only worked at one job setting, which happens to be the most popular type of setting among psychologists. Dr. Benedict is employed by ______________.

a university or 4-year college

Dr. Benedict has been providing psychological services for 15 years. Over his career, he has only worked at one job setting, which happens to be the most popular type of setting among psychologists. Dr. Benedict is employed by ______________.

a university or 4-year college

(Q002) Jack is camping with a friend in the woods. While stargazing, Jack notices a very faint light in the distance. The light is so faint that he can barely see it, and his friend has not noticed it at all. The light is right at Jack's ______________ threshold.

absolute

(Q004) Joel is getting older and thinks he needs glasses. His eyes feel tired when he tries to read a book or focus on anything up close. He knows that the muscles in each eye are straining in order to

accommodate to the distance of what he is seeing.

The Sandersons have been married for over 40 years. They are a happy couple, and they tend to overlook each other's bad behavior or respond constructively. What is this process called? attribution persuasion altruism accommodation

accommodation

Jannelle and all her high school classmates are taking a test. This test assesses how much information these students have learned in various subjects. What kind of test are they taking?

achievement test

Lewis completes a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice completes a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. In these examples, Lewis has probably completed an __________ test and Alice has completed an __________ test. aptitude; achievement aptitude; ability achievement; aptitude intelligence; ability

achievement; aptitude

Sharon's daughter just got engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Ted, but Sharon is not happy about this news. Ted does not have a stable job, and he is also a bit overweight, both of which lead Sharon to believe that Ted is lazy. Sharon struggles with her weight too, but she blames this on her thyroid problem. Sharon's assessment of Ted is an example of which of the following biases?

actor/observer bias

Abel and Junko are both artists, but Abel works in a theater while Junko paints and draws. When working with color, Abel uses light and Junko uses pigment. Abel's art relies on __________ and Junko's on __________.

additive color mixing, subtractive color mixing

forensic psychologist

advises courtroom juries about facial expressions of people who are lying

Becky's boss is in a bad mood today, so Becky decides to wait until tomorrow to submit a request for time off. After all, according to this theory, her boss's bad mood might affect whether she lets Becky go on vacation.

affect as information

Arun and his husband, Kevin, are very upset that the home loan they applied for did not come through. Kevin tells Arun, "We will never make good decisions about trying to buy a home if we are upset. Let's just forget about it tonight and we'll talk about it tomorrow." Kevin is sharing advice that is consistent with the __________ theory.

affect-as-information

Dana's professor has been in a good mood all month, ever since a shiny engagement ring appeared on her hand. Dana is hoping that this good mood influences how the professor grades her latest essay. According to __________, Dana may be in luck. two-factor theory Cannon-Bard theory affect-as-information theory sexual strategies theory

affect-as-information theory

sensory in neurons

afferent

After nearly hitting a deer with her car, Nadia's heart began to race and her palms started sweating. Which of the following responses is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

after noticing her racing heart and sweaty palms, Nadia concluded she was scared

The receiving neuron gets graded excitatory and inhibitory messages from its many dendrites, which may have synapses with many axons. If the result of aggregating all the information is excitation reaching the threshold, then an action potential is stimulated.

after the synpase

Walter used to go to football games with his brother every week, but for the last few months he has been unable to attend. He's developed a petrifying fear of being in a crowded situation like the football stadium where it would be difficult to escape if he felt he needed to. As a result he just avoids situations like this. If these symptoms interfere with Walter's daily life, it may be appropriate to diagnose him with

agoraphobia

Selye's concept of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages. Which one of the following response options lists the stages in their correct order of occurrence?

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Selye's concept of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages. Which one of the following response options lists the stages in their correct order of occurrence?

alarm; resistance; exhaustion

Jess is skating in a Roller Derby bout. A referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In a process called sensation,

all the above

Epinephrine,

also known as adrenaline, provides a burst of energy to respond to events.

After she was the victim of an attempted carjacking, Annie could remember who she was but she could not remember the carjacking and could not help the police to identify her attacker. The encounter was so frightening that it was as if Annie's mind just erased it entirely from her memory. Annie will likely be diagnosed with dissociative

amnesia

The height or _____ of a sound wave determines the loudness of the sound.

amplitude

Because of its role in both emotion and memory, this part of the brain helps emotions like fear strengthen memories, which could be helpful for avoiding future harmful situations.

amygdala

Because of its role in both emotion and memory, this part of the brain helps emotions like fear strengthen memories—which could be helpful for avoiding future harmful situations.

amygdala

Bonnie is protective of her friend Jamie, especially after Jamie's surgery to remove part of her brain to prevent seizures. Bonnie has noticed that Jamie seems too willing to trust strangers, and she also seems undisturbed by sudden noises that signal danger. Which part of Jamie's brain was probably removed? prefrontal cortex amygdala visual cortex thalamus

amygdala

Richard is researching the biological underpinnings of the advertising maxim "sex sells." To investigate, he plans to have participants watch hypersexualized TV commercials while an fMRI monitors their subcortical brain activity. The intent of the commercials is to stimulate emotional arousal. Based on your knowledge of the different processes of the brain, watching commercials that elicit emotional arousal will create higher levels of activity in the

amygdala

Jordan and his girlfriend had a bad breakup, but that was six months ago, and Jordan is still unable to pay attention in class. He has also stopped attending parties and often appears to have been crying. Which disorder might he have? an adjustment disorder an anxiety disorder a depressive disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder

an adjustment disorder

What does empirical research entail? an approach to gaining knowledge about behavior and mental processes by observation and measurement only relying largely on intuition to observe and measure phenomena a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains observations an early school of psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose of mind and behavior

an approach to gaining knowledge about behavior and mental processes by observation and measurement only

Which of the following are symbolic representations?

an equation for a math word problem the ingredient list in a recipe

What kind of research must be conducted to determine if changes in one variable (e.g., eating pizza) cause a change in another variable (e.g., levels of anger)?

an experiment

What kind of research must be conducted to determine if changes in one variable (e.g., eating pizza) cause a change in another variable (e.g., levels of anger)? a case study a correlational design an experiment naturalistic observation

an experiment

Vivianna knew that if she saved a little bit of money each week, she would be able to afford to go with her friends to Las Vegas over spring break. The trip to Vegas served as _______ to keep Vivianna motivated. a drive an incentive arousal a pleasure principle

an incentive

sensitization

an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

an inherited colon cancer pred isposition in which the colons of persons inheriting mutated versions of the APC gene are carpeted with benign epithelial growths called polyps. Some eventu ally advance into carcinomas.

Jason is stuck on a math problem that he can't seem to solve even after going over his computations multiple times. He decides to take a break and come back to it after dinner. While eating, the key to the solution suddenly comes to him. This is called a counterfactual conclusion. a faulty heuristic. a mental set. an insight.

an insight.

Carol's daughter Desiree has been disrupting her kindergarten class recently, and she is also struggling to stay on task when doing homework or chores. A school psychologist plans to assess Desiree for psychological disorders, first by sitting in on Desiree's class to conduct __________ and then by having Desiree perform specific cognitive tasks. an interview a self-report an observation psychological testing

an observation

When Kathy thinks of a lemon and imagines biting one, her mouth begins to water. In this example, the picture of the lemon in her mind is an example of a(n) __________ representation.

analogical

bottom-up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information; perception based on physical aspects of a stimulus

Mary and Jason are investigating how ministers and priests feel about physician-assisted suicide, and have been gathering data for 3 months. Now that their data is collected, what would be the next step in the scientific method as Mary and Jason continue their research?

analyzing the data

biological perparedness

animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects.

Patient J.B. suffered an injury and now has memory problems. He remembers his childhood, past events, and knowledge he has previously learned, but he does not form new explicit memories. Luckily, he can still learn new implicit tasks. What disorder does J.B. have?

anterograde amnesia

People with this personality disorder, like serial killer Ted Bundy, may not become anxious when subjected to aversive stimuli. borderline personality disorder obsessive-compulsive personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder antisocial personality disorder

antisocial personality disorder

exemplar

any member of a category

Which of the following is a way of testing retrieval of long-term memories?

any of these possibilities

Ulf is a child with autism disorder who is receiving intensive 40-hour-per-week therapy called __________. Although effective, this therapeutic approach does have some drawbacks, which include __________.

applied behavioral analysis; other children in the family coming to feel neglected and jealous

Endorphins

are released to reduce pain and increase pleasure.

Texture gradient

as a uniformly textured surface recedes, its texture continuously becomes denser

Monocular depth cues

aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye; organizational information for top-down processing

health psychologist

assesses people for harmful lifestyle behaviors

The type of learning that occurs when one makes a connection between two distinct pieces of information is called ______________ learning.

associative

You fear going to the dentist. What type of learning produced your fear?

associative learning

Which concept states that memories are linked together through experience?

associative network

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is an accomplished dancer, would likely be higher in __________ intelligence, whereas Amber, a successful computer scientist, would probably be higher in __________ intelligence.

athletic; mathematical/logical

After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also

attention

After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also which of the following?

attention

Researchers found that adults who had been diagnosed with this disorder during childhood had reduced metabolism in brain regions involved in the self-regulation of motor functions and attention. autism spectrum disorder attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder motor disorders specific learning disorder

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Brandy is often unresponsive in social situations, and her language and cognitive development are impaired. She also shows restricted, repetitive behaviors, especially when stressed. Her symptoms began in early childhood and are consistent with which type of disorder?

autism-spectrum disorder

While Captain Montagne is flying the airplane full of passengers from New York to Houston, she engages the autopilot so that the plane will fly itself automatically for a while. Which part of your nervous system is similar to the autopilot of the airplane?

autonomic nervous system

Jenny's best friend Doris got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Mexican restaurant. For weeks afterward, every time Jenny spent time with her, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Mexican food because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called

availability heuristic

A baby who shows little interest in her caregiver would likely be classified as having a(n) __________ attachment style.

avoidant

When Marcia and Stanley drop their 12-month-old son off at day care, he does not seem at all disturbed that they are leaving. He prefers to play by himself or with other kids. When they show up later on to pick him up, he crawls away from them. Based on this, the toddler is most likely demonstrating a(n) __________ attachment to his parents.

avoidant

During a trip to the north, Rodrigo wrote to Larissa about the first time he saw snow falling. To do so, he pictured it in his mind to recall the experience. When he wrote to her, he used the word "snowfall" for the first time. Rodrigo picturing the snow is an example of a(n) __________ representation. In Rodrigo's letter, the word "snowfall" is a(n) __________ representation. a)symbolic; analogical b)analogical; symbolic c)abstract; concrete d)concrete; abstract

b)analogical; symbolic

After suffering a bad fall while rock climbing, Charisa experienced profound alterations in her ability to plan and produce movement. Which brain structure did Charisa's injuries most likely affect?

basal ganglia

According to Costa and McCrae, __________ are traits determined primarily by biological processes, and __________ are adjustments to situational demands. basic tendencies; characteristic adaptations characteristic adaptations; basic tendencies temperaments; actions actions; temperaments

basic tendencies; characteristic adaptations

(Q010) There is a structure in the cochlea of the ear that is covered with hair cells. The movement of this structure causes those hair cells to bend, and this in turn sends messages to the brain by way of the auditory nerve. What is that structure called?

basilar membrane

There is a structure in the cochlea of the ear that is covered with hair cells. The movement of this structure causes those hair cells to bend, and this in turn sends messages to the brain by way of the auditory nerve. What is that structure called?

basilar membrane

Using only a few seconds of security camera footage, Detective Mata observes thin slices of __________ and uses them as powerful cues for forming impressions of suspects. expressions behavior judgments attitudes

behavior

Cassie is seeing Dr. Bullock, a therapist who is helping her reduce her tendency to procrastinate by developing a system of rewards and punishments associated with her behavior. Dr. Bullock most likely is a proponent of which kind of psychotherapy? behavior therapy cognitive-behavioral therapy humanistic therapy group therapy

behavior therapy

Ten-year-old Isaac suffers from ADHD. In terms of treatment options, which of the following will have the best outcome in the long term? Ritalin antipsychotic medication DBT behavior therapy

behavior therapy

Match each category of the biopsychosocial model with its related example.

being born with a well-functioning liverbiological Correct label:biological having a jogging buddysocial Correct label:social getting enough sleeppsychological Correct label:psychological spending time with friendssocial Correct label:social thinking positivelypsychological Correct label:psychological having a strong immune systembiological Correct label:biological

James

believed in stream of consciousness and not structualism

Polyp

benign tumor that grows into the open space of an organ (e.g., the inside of the colon).

Which of the following are the long-term effects of secure attachment on development?

better peer relationships better childhood socio-emotional functioning better school adjustment

Ralph loves his birthday, but he tends to eat too much throughout the day. At the ______________ level, there may be hormonal reasons for why Ralph is prone to overeating. At the ______________ level, it is hard for Ralph to turn down second helpings when his friends keep buying him meals.

biological ; social

A team of psychology students is trying to use operant conditioning to train Rascal, a raccoon in their lab, to strike one bell to receive food and another to receive water. After some initial success, Rascal seems to have given up. Which of the following explains their lack of success?

biological constraints

The text describes research by Caspi et al. (2002) on criminal behavior, child abuse, and the gene that causes low levels of enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Low levels of MAO have been linked to aggressive behavior. The researchers found that among abused boys, those with the gene causing low MAO levels were far more likely to have committed a violent crime by age 26 than those with the gene causing high MAO levels. This study is evidence that:

biological factors impact behavior, and not all behavior can be attributed to environmental factors.

Wernicke's area

brain area for language comprehension example: June could not understand what was said to her, and she spoke in nonsensical sentences. - Audrey suffered a stroke that was localized in Broca's area.

(Q010) Ralph loves his birthday, but he tends to eat too much throughout the day. At the ______________ level, there may be hormonal reasons for why Ralph is prone to overeating. At the ______________ level, it is hard for Ralph to turn down second helpings when his friends keep buying him meals.

biological; social

transgender

biologically male or female with opposite gender identity

In one study of almost 4,000 pairs of twins in Finland, it was found that genetic factors accounted for about 20 percent of female twins' homosexual behavior. In the same study, genetic factors accounted for about 40 percent of male twins' homosexual behavior. Based on these results, we know that __________ may account__________ for female homosexual orientation than male homosexual orientation.

biology, less

When Rufus was young, his father would periodically exhibit extremely elevated moods and take Joseph on long, wild road trips. After returning home from these binges, his father was exhausted for extended periods of time (can lead to)

bipolar I

A person who is sexually, emotionally, and/or romantically attracted to people of the same sex and to people of the opposite sex would be described as having the sexual orientation of

bisexual

(Q006) The trichromatic theory of color vision posits that there are three different kinds of cones, each receptive to a different hue of light. Which of the following is not one of those hues?

black-white

The trichromatic theory of color vision posits that there are three different kinds of cones, each receptive to a different hue of light. Which of the following is not one of those hues?

black-white

According to Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is an accomplished dancer, would likely be higher in __________ intelligence, whereas Amber, a successful computer scientist, would probably score high on __________ intelligence.

bodily-kinesthetic; mathematical/logical

bodily/kinesthetic; mathematical/logical

People with this personality disorder tend to have disturbances in identity, emotional states, and impulse control. Because of their need for validation from others, they may manipulate social relationships and shift moods suddenly.

borderline

Kayla's therapist first taught her mindfulness meditation so she could focus on the present. Then, Kayla and her therapist talked about events in Kayla's past that led to her current problems. Now her therapist is teaching her to have self-respect and to think for herself. Kayla is probably being treated for antisocial personality disorder borderline personality disorder depression OCD

borderline personality disorder

Brexton suffered a serious head injury in a snowmobile accident because he was not wearing a helmet. He is now being kept alive by a series of machines in the hospital. He is not breathing on his own, gives no indication of awareness, and is completely unresponsive to any sensory input. Examination finds no evidence of any brain activity. Which term best describes Brexton's condition?

brain death

After her car accident, Sheila could no longer breathe on her own and had to be placed on a ventilator. Sheila's inability to breathe is most likely caused by damage to the brain structure known as the ______________.

brain stem

Which region of the brain regulates basic bodily functions, such as heart rate and breathing?

brain stem

The goal of CBT in treating panic disorder is to uncover the unconscious conflicts leading to the panic. break the connection between the trigger symptom and the resulting panic. treat the disorder at its biological source. boost self-esteem so the client may realize his or her human potential.

break the connection between the trigger symptom and the resulting panic

Even though she admits that she fears becoming fat and alternates between binge eating and vomiting, Rebecca doesn't believe that she has an eating disorder. However, she would possibly receive a clinical diagnosis of which of the following?

bulimia nervosa

How do loud sounds lead to hearing loss?

by damaging the hair cells in the ear canal

Identify how parents influence their children's personalities

by the environment in which they raise their children by the genes they pass on to their children by their response to their children's display of talents and abilities

Although several people were nearby when the old man collapsed in the park, nobody immediately stepped forward to help. What term describes this failure of the observers to offer help?

bystander apathy

Sporadic (cancer)

cancer that arises by chance from ne w changes in one or more cells of the mature body.

Ellie and Samantha are monozygotic twins who were raised in different families and have never met. What trait could one expect them to have in common?

career achievement, likelihood to start fights, IQ score

what kind of methods are descriptive methods?

case studies naturalistic & participant observation survey methods

Dr. Smith is conducting research on the abilities of a man who experiences visual sensations while hearing sounds. Which data collection method should she use? meta-analysis cross-sectional research case study participant observation

case study

When Jameson gets a foot massage, the neurons in his feet send messages to _________, which in turn generate action potentials that are sent down the length of the neurons to other cells.

cell bodies

Which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the human nervous system?

central and peripheral

suggestibility

changing memory based on misleading information

Ira suffered a crush injury to his left arm in an industrial accident, which resulted in his arm having to be amputated. Based on the idea of cortical reorganization, his brain would most likely "feel" that his missing hand was being touched if you were to stroke his ______________.

cheek

Dwayne loves going to Las Vegas. Even when he is inside the casinos, where there are no windows to give him light cues, he still feels sleepy by midnight, because his body still shows ______________ rhythms.

circadian

Which of the following words means "about a day" and refers to biological patterns that include sleep?

circadian

According to one theory of sleep, humans are adapted to sleeping at night because our early ancestors were more vulnerable in the dark, when they were unable to see hazards and predators, than during the day. What is the name for this theory?

circadian rhythm theory

Pavlovian conditioning is a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response. This is also called ______________ conditioning.

classical

An association is made between events that the human or animal learner CANNOT control. This is an example of

classical conditioning

Many people who are isolated in the wilderness are surrounded by sources of nourishment that they are too squeamish to eat, such as crickets and worms. In other words, these people are unable to overcome which of the following types of learning?

classical conditioning

(Q007) Monique is completing a "connect the dots" puzzle that has 200 different dots. After she connects around 120 of the dots, it becomes clear to her that the completed image will be of a car parked next to a house. She does not bother to finish the puzzle because she can now "see" the whole picture. Which Gestalt principle is at work in Monique's case?

closure

A person completes figures that have gaps.

closure

Monique is completing a "connect the dots" puzzle that has 200 different dots. After she connects around 120 of the dots, it becomes clear to her that the completed image will be of a car parked next to a house. She does not bother to finish the puzzle because she can now "see" the whole picture. Which Gestalt principle is at work in Monique's case?

closure

George Miller and Ulric Neisser

cognitive

In discussing a treatment plan for Patrick's depression, Patrick's psychologist explains that he believes the main problem lies in the way Patrick is thinking. He also says the therapy they will use will focus on identifying and altering Patrick's negative thoughts. This treatment is called

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Dr. Barker is an experienced medical professional, but he is also a smoker. In order to reduce inevitable __________, he probably needs to change his behavior and quit smoking, because it will be very difficult for him to change his attitude and stop believing that smoking is bad for his health. social exposure justification of effort postdecisional dissonance cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance

Bri is a new student at a community college. This term, she has classes in the A Wing, C Wing, and D Wing, but not in the B Wing. However, she has to walk through the B Wing all the time to get to her classes. Next term, Bri has a class in the B Wing, and she knows exactly where the room is, which is best explained by

cognitive map.

(Q005) Ila is almost 80 years old, but she is mentally and physically active. Although she sometimes forgets where she put her keys, she is still better at crossword puzzles than anyone else in her family. What kind of psychologist researches how older adults like Ila maintain their mental abilities as they age?

cognitive psychologist

Psychologists from which school of thought are concerned with functions that behaviorism cannot explain, such as intelligence and problem solving?

cognitive psychology

Psychologists from which school of thought are concerned with functions that behaviorism cannot explain, such as intelligence and problem solving? psychoanalytic theory social psychology Gestalt psychology cognitive psychology

cognitive psychology

Q004) Psychologists from which school of thought are concerned with functions that behaviorism cannot explain, such as intelligence and problem solving?

cognitive psychology

Christopher's therapist is treating him for OCD. Which of the following methods are likely to be most effective over the long term? antidepressants. cognitive-behavioral therapy. psychosurgery. group therapy.

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Julie is depressed and sees a therapist for treatment. The therapist works with Julie to help her identify the automatic, negative thoughts she has about herself and her future that are contributing to her depression. Julie's therapist is likely using psychodynamic therapy. cognitive-behavioral therapy. client-centered therapy. a systems approach.

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Raj is interested in how religious beliefs influence political engagement. Which level of analysis best fits Raj's research questions? social individual cultural biological

cultural

Brian is an American traveling abroad. He is shocked by the extent to which the people in the country he's visiting seem to follow group norms and emphasize family connection and group cohesiveness. Brian is traveling in a country that has a(n) __________ culture. extraverted individualist collectivist introverted

collectivist

Substance abuse is common among people with other psychological disorders. What is the term for situations in which mental disorders occur together?

comorbidity

Marcia and Stanley have been married for many years. Each feels that their relationship is based on trust, intimacy, respect, and friendship. They both feel a strong commitment to care for and support each other. Marcia and Stanley are most likely experiencing __________ love.

companionate

developmental psychologist

compares their stunted growth to normal children's growth

Whenever Dylan walks into his room, his roommate loudly blows an air horn, which startles Dylan. Dylan doesn't think this is funny, and after several such episodes, he tenses up and opens the door more slowly and carefully. In this practical joke, Dylan's reflex of tensing up whenever he opens the door is the ________.

conditioned response

On the first day at her new school, Britta did not know the meaning of the tone that emitted from the speaker system every 50 minutes. Since learning that the tone indicates the end of a class period, she has started jumping up from her seat reflexively whenever she hears it. Now that the tone elicits a response from Britta, it has become a(n) ______________.

conditioned stimulus

Robin is planning to conduct a research study that uses the scientific method. She is interested in knowing whether online, in-person, or hybrid style classrooms produces the best learning in college students. Now that Robin has framed her research question, what should be her next step?

conduct a literature review

(Q004) Manuel is sure that all dogs are vicious and will bite him if given the opportunity. When out walking with his wife, he is always sure to point out the dogs that seem angry or aggressive. But his wife notices that he conveniently "misses" the dogs who seem calm and friendly. This tendency of Manuel's reflects which of the following?

confirmation bias

(Q020) John strongly opposes vaccinating children because he believes that it increases their risk of autism. The scientist who had originally come forward with proof of the link apologized for falsifying the data. John has read the published apology but dismisses it. Instead, he focuses on the fact that during the period when vaccinations increased, autism diagnoses also increased. Which of the following is guiding John's way of thinking?

confirmation bias

John strongly opposes vaccinating children because he believes that it increases their risk of autism. The scientist who had originally come forward with proof of the link apologized for falsifying the data. John has read the published apology but dismisses it. Instead, he focuses on the fact that during the period when vaccinations increased, autism diagnoses also increased. Which of the following is guiding John's way of thinking?

confirmation bias

Manuel is sure that all dogs are vicious and will bite him if given the opportunity. When out walking with his wife, he is always sure to point out the dogs that seem angry or aggressive. But his wife notices that he conveniently "misses" the dogs who seem calm and friendly. This tendency of Manuel's reflects which of the following?

confirmation bias

ohn strongly opposes vaccinating children because he believes that it increases their risk of autism. The scientist who had originally come forward with proof of the link apologized for falsifying the data. John has read the published apology but dismisses it. Instead, he focuses on the fact that during the period when vaccinations increased, autism diagnoses also increased. Which of the following is guiding John's way of thinking? misinterpreting statistics amiable skepticism critical thinking confirmation bias

confirmation bias

When Urie is out with his friends, he smokes cigarettes because they all smoke cigarettes and regularly offer him one. Even though he does not like smoking and would prefer not to smoke, Urie wants to be like the others in his group so he'll be accepted. Urie's behavior is most likely being affected by

conformity

conformity.

Some threats to "internal validity"( being sure what your study demonstrated)

confounding of variables •demand characteristics •placebo effect •observer biasandexperimenter expectancy: use of"double-blind" designs •distortions in self-reports, other problems of measurement

The moment-to-moment subjective experience you have, along with your mental activity, is called ______________.

consciousness

secondary traits

considered to be less important or applicable to how individuals define themselves

What do we call the change in the nervous system that involves the storage of memories?

consolidation

Janet is an ambitious college student who plans to apply for graduate school and is very concerned about her academic performance. She always tries to get a good night's sleep because she believes that neural connections underlying learning are strengthened during sleep. Which theory of sleep does Janet subscribe to?

consolidation theory

Janet is an ambitious college student who plans to apply for graduate school and is very concerned about her academic performance. She always tries to get a good night's sleep because she believes that the neural connections underlying learning are strengthened during sleep. Which theory of sleep does Janet subscribe to?

consolidation theory

This semester, Kofi is studying a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to the empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the

context-dependent memory effect

This semester, Kofi is studying in a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to the empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the

context-dependent memory effect

This semester, Kofi is studying in a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to an empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the ______________.

context-dependent memory effect Context because he's in a new space that is the context that the knowledge is being acquired in

A person sees an object as a whole even when part of it is hidden behind another object

continuity

Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her an experience-filled and educationally rich childhood. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the contributions of nature and nurture. impact of affluence on IQ and on occupational success. benefits of having involved parents. quality of her childhood teachers.

contributions of nature and nurture.

According to the information-processing model, attention serves as a

control mechanism

hypothalamus

controls regulatory systems and motivation

hypothalamus

controls the production of sex hormones

Marco and Lilah are male and female twins born 5 minutes apart. Some people call them "fraternal" twins, but you know that the technical name is __________ twins.

dizygotic

Russell is at a video game store with his friends, and he sees an opportunity to steal a new video game without being seen. He decides not to steal the game because his friends will not think it is cool to do that. Russell is likely operating at Kohlberg's __________ level of moral development.

conventional

While walking home, Danny finds a wallet containing $100. He then turns in the wallet and money at the police station. He thinks that he did the right thing because it is what his parents and others would have expected him to do. According to Kohlberg, Danny is at the __________ level of moral reasoning.

conventional

While walking home, Danny finds a wallet containing $100. He turns in the wallet and money at the police station. He thinks that he did the right thing because it is what his parents and others would have expected him to do. According to Kohlberg, Danny is in the __________ level of moral reasoning.

conventional

(Q008) When an object gets closer to you, the muscles in your eyes roll your eyes inward. As the same objects moves away from you, your eyes are rolled outward. This muscular activity is a binocular depth cue called ______________.

convergence

When an object gets closer to you, the muscles in your eyes roll your eyes inward. As the same objects moves away from you, your eyes are rolled outward. This muscular activity is a binocular depth cue called ______________.

convergence

Gilbert finds his coworkers intrusive and annoying. When a coworker asks whether Gilbert has seen the stapler, Gilbert responds in a loud, hostile tone, "How dare you accuse me of taking the stapler!" Research indicates Gilbert is most likely to have increased risk for which of the following? the common cold coronary heart disease early onset diabetes alcohol abuse

coronary heart disease

Veronique has recently undergone a split-brain procedure. She received this very aggressive treatment for medical reasons. Which part of Veronique's brain did her neurosurgeon sever when performing the procedure?

corpus callosum

object constancy

correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, color, and lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception

measure and study natural variation •correlation measures how variables are related •positive and negative relationships (sign of correlationcoefficient) •stronger and weaker relationships (absolute value,from -1 to +1)

correlational method

measuring (linear) natural relationships

correlational methods

Thomas is a 10 year old in treatment for his phobia of dogs. His therapist gives Thomas his favorite candy whenever he can be near a dog without crying. Now Thomas can be in the same room with a dog without being afraid. The most accurate term for Thomas's treatment is

counterconditioning

Thomas is a 10-year-old boy in treatment for his phobia of dogs. His therapist gives Thomas his favorite treats whenever he can be near a dog without crying. Now Thomas can be in the same room with a dog without being afraid. The therapist successfully treated Thomas's phobia through the use of

counterconditioning

(Q002) A healthy dose of skepticism along with a systematic process of evaluating information is the crux of ________ thinking.

critical

A healthy dose of skepticism along with a systematic process of evaluating information is the crux of ________ thinking. analytical divergent convergent critical

critical

(Q002) Henrietta hears a story on the news about many people who believe that vaccines are related to the development of autism spectrum disorder. Rather than immediately adopting this belief herself, she researches the issue and finds that the majority of the available data contradicts this report. Henrietta has demonstrated ______________.

critical thinking

Henrietta hears a story on the news about many people who believe that vaccines are related to the development of autism spectrum disorder. Rather than immediately adopting this belief herself, she researches the issue and finds that the majority of the available data contradicts this report. Henrietta has demonstrated ______________.

critical thinking

(Q011) Raj is interested in how religious beliefs influence political engagement. Which level of analysis best fits Raj's research questions?

cultural

Raj is interested in how religious beliefs influence political engagement. Which level of analysis best fits Raj's research questions?

cultural

Steffan is interested in survival skills, and one guidebook he is reading includes a list of edible insects. The book says that many people who are isolated in the wilderness are surrounded by sources of nourishment that they are too squeamish to eat, such as crickets and worms. In other words, these people are unable to overcome which of the following types of learning?

cultural influences

gender role

culturally defined male and female roles

biological level of analysis

deals with how the physical body contributes to mind and behavior (as through the chemical and genetic processes that occur in the body)

framing

decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

need

deficiency that leads to a drive

Patti is fairly reserved and tends to be a wallflower, but last night, while at a rock concert, she felt her inhibitions disappear, and she danced right along with the rest of the crowd. What process affected Patti?

deindividuation

It is Thursday night, and Clarice has to make a difficult decision: will she go with her friends to a concert in the city, or will she stay in the dorm and study for tomorrow's chemistry quiz? If she chooses to study, she is showing which following ability? delayed gratification intrinsic motivation drive reduction self-efficacy

delayed gratification

After learning about neurons, Mariah looks at her cell phone and thinks about how it receives signals from the local cell tower. She realizes that there are antennas in her phone that receive radio signals from cell towers, and that these antennas are similar to _________, which are the parts of the neurons that receive incoming messages.

dendrites

hypothesized "effect"measure and analyze the dependent variable/s

dependent variable

4 goals of psychology

describe, explain, predict, and control human behavior

In order to understand whether a speed bump is needed on a local street, the county sets up a camera to determine the number of drivers who speed in that neighborhood between 9 am and 9 pm each day. The result of its research shows that a speed bump is needed. Counting the number of speeders would satisfy which goal of the science of psychology?

description

what kind of method involve observing and classifying

descriptive methods

Which of the following BEST describes the memory capacity of the sensory register?

designed on the effort put into the process of attention

Katrice is 86 years old. She has never been married, has no children, and lives alone. She has only one or two friends whom she rarely sees, and as she thinks back over her life she realizes that she never did most of the things she wanted to do. She now is full of regret and feels that she has wasted her life. According to Erikson, Katrice is most likely experiencing the psychosocial crisis of

despair

despair.

conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

industrial and organizational psychologist

develops a skills training program for employees

The most successful approach to treating borderline personality disorder is dialectical behavior therapy. cognitive therapy. mood stabilizing medication. ECT.

dialectical behavior therapy.

Dr. Crimson is treating a patient with borderline personality disorder. With which of the following treatment approaches is she more likely to experience success?

dialectical-behavioral therapy

Which of the following things can influence your phenotype but is not something that you can inherit genetically from your parents?

diet

(Q002) Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste difference is right at the ______________ threshold.

difference

(Q003) Dynesha is painting her bedroom a light orange color. Her mother suggests that she add some white to the bucket of paint to brighten the color a bit. Dynesha adds white, but her mother looks at the paint and says, "I thought I told you to add some white!" Clearly the color change has not exceeded her mother's ______________ threshold.

difference

Dynesha is painting her bedroom a light orange color. Her mother suggests that she add some white to the bucket of paint to brighten the color a bit. Dynesha adds white, but her mother looks at the paint and says, "I thought I told you to add some white!" Clearly the color change has not exceeded her mother's ______________ threshold.

difference

Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste difference is right at the __________ threshold or just noticeable difference (jnd).

difference

Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste is right at the __________ threshold.

difference

Research has found that getting at least 30 minutes of exercise a day is associated with the most positive mental states and can be helpful for the treatment of all of the following EXCEPT

disordered eating

Elaine's son hasn't said much since the funeral, but she knows that visible grief isn't always a sign that grief is more intense. Overall, the funeral demonstrated that some aspects of how people demonstrate emotions are dictated by society and have been learned from childhood. In this case, Elaine has been observing which of these? thought suppression facial expressions rumination display rules

display rules

When Natalie studied abroad in Taiwan, a waitress dropped her drink and started giggling. A few other times, Natalie noticed that someone smiled or giggled when they made a mistake. These were not signs that people think mistakes are funny but rather of a cross-cultural difference in which of the following?

display rules

While Natalie studied abroad in Taiwan, she ate at a restaurant where a waitress dropped her drink and started giggling. And a few other times while in Taiwan Natalie noticed that someone smiled or giggled when they made a mistake. These were not signs that people think mistakes are funny but rather of a cross-cultural difference in which of the following?

display rules

Dr. Baylor is talking to her students about what it means for a person to be hypnotized, and how hypnosis happens. "When people are hypnotized," she says, "their awareness is separated from other aspects of their consciousness." Dr. Baylor is explaining the __________ theory of hypnosis.

dissociation

Larissa had absolutely no memory of violently beating her abusive husband with a baseball bat and leaving him for nearly dead. Psychologists diagnosed her with __________, and the courts found her not criminally responsible for her actions. dissociative fugue dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder antisocial personality disorder

dissociative amnesia

This disorder, which was formerly called multiple personality disorder, is most common among women who report being severely abused as children, and according to some researchers, may not exist at all. borderline personality disorder dissociative amnesia dissociative identity disorder dissociative fugue

dissociative identity disorder

bias

distorted memory of past events based on current information

After he got dumped, Jordan sat around his apartment for weeks, doing nothing but thinking of Dustin and feeling sad. He would have been better off if, instead of ruminating on undesired thoughts or feelings, he had tried this strategy. thought suppression sexual activity drinking distraction

distraction

You breed a brown mouse with a white mouse. If four out of their five offspring are brown, you would guess that the gene for brown is ______________ and the gene for white is ______________.

dominant; recessive

Jacob needs a few extra bucks to fill his gas tank. His dad doesn't like giving him money, so although Jacob only needs about $20, he asks his dad for $50. The plan works perfectly: his dad scoffs at the request for $50, but he hands over $20 without his usual balking. Which technique has Jacob used?

door-in-the-face

Karim likes to try new things. Recently has gone skydiving, tried tango dancing, joined a soccer league, and started learning a new language. Karim may have been born with a gene that caused him to have low levels of which of the following? self-esteem dopamine stimulation neuroticism

dopamine

To get out of bed in the morning, which of the following neurotransmitters must be released from terminal buttons due to their control of motor functions?

dophamine

Sabrina has been recently diagnosed with heart disease. To cope, she compares her own condition to that of her uncle, who has just received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and has been given only six months to live. Sabrina is apparently engaging in which strategy to make herself feel better?

downward comparison

Grace loves to gossip. She spends most of the time talking about people who are having financial, relationship, or health issues and who are generally doing worse than she is. Grace is engaging in __________ and probably has __________. temporal comparison; high self-esteem upward social comparison; high self-esteem individualist social comparison; low self-esteem downward social comparison; low self-esteem

downward social comparison; low self-esteem

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders are grouped together in the DSM-5 because they share this set of characteristics. dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior odd or eccentric behavior anxious or fearful behavior confused and withdrawn behavior

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior

(Q018) Chris believes that although the mind and body are linked, they have separate, distinct functions. Her view reflects Rene Descartes's view of ______________.

dualism

Chris believes that although the mind and body are linked, they have separate, distinct functions. Her view reflects Rene Descartes's view of ______________.

dualism

Chris believes that although the mind and body are linked, they have separate, distinct functions. Her view reflects Rene Descartes's view of ______________. structuralism dualism the nature/nurture debate the limitations of adaptation

dualism

Baby Kwame has been able to stand for a while but cannot walk yet. Today, his dad gives him a small toy shopping cart. He stands holding on to the handle, but when he leans his weight on the cart, it rolls forward and Kwame takes a step. It rolls again, and he takes another step. Soon, he is using the cart to walk all around the house. This is an example of

dynamic systems theory.

Glenna goes to the concert given by her daughter's third-grade orchestra, even though she knows the students will play out of tune. As the instruments play, the sound waves travel into Glenna's auditory canals and strike tightly stretched membranes. The sensory process by which Glenna will hear the music begins with the vibration of the

eardrum

auditory memory is called

echoic memory

motor out neurons Processing messages touches a muscle

efferent

Your supervisor starts telling you a boring story. You know that the right thing to do would be to listen to her, but your impulse is to yell "Stop talking!" Instead, you interrupt and say, "I'm sorry, but I was just about to return an important phone call." According to the psychodynamic approach, which of the following probably dictated your actual verbal response to your supervisor?

ego

Ashley made an appointment to see her dentist at 2:30 PM on Friday. She wants to make sure that she remembers the visit, so she tells herself, "As soon as my 1:30 work meeting is over I'll go get my teeth cleaned." In order to move the information from her short-term to long-term storage Ashley is using the process of

elaborative rehearsal

Which of the following traits is considered attractive across all cultures? good hygiene slim body tan skin tall height

good hygiene

Nina is trying to remember how her political science professor had described the rift that exists between the two dominant political parties in the United States. She thinks about the new information she learned in class and tries to understand the various positions held by each party, relating this new information to her previous understanding of the political parties. Nina's attempt to remember a concept by tying its meaning to a stimulus is called _____ rehearsal.

elaborative rehearsal, A type of rehearsal that encodes information in meaningful ways in referring to ones self or through other meaningful ways Basic maintenance rehearsal is the repeating of information over and over again

elaborative rehearsal.

In order to determine why he is having difficulty sleeping, Stanley goes to a sleep lab to undergo an overnight study. As part of the study, the technician places electrodes on Stanley's scalp to measure brain wave activity during various parts of the night. This instrument, called a(n) ______________, helps determine electrical activity in the brain.

electroencephalograph (EEG)

Louann is expecting her first child and her best friend asks her how far along in the pregnancy she is. "I'll give you a hint," Louann says. "I'm in the prenatal period that is a critical time for organ formation." Louann's friend has taken a course in developmental psychology, so she knows that the baby is in the __________ period.

embryonic

The most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is the __________ period.

embryonic

embyonic

The most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is the __________ period.

embyonic

Jasmine is very good at identifying and understanding the emotions of others. These skills make her very good at her job as a therapist. Jasmine is probably high in which kind of intelligence? fluid practical analytical emotional

emotional

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as a method to satisfy your need to belong?

emphasize physical and psychological health in your life

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as a method to satisfy your need to belong?

emphasize physical and psychological health in your own life

humanistic psychology

emphasizes the basic goodness of human beings.

Psychologists are scientists who study behavior and mental processes through observation and measurement. What is this approach to understanding psychology called? the scientific method empiricism inferential statistics experimental methods

empiricism

When researchers repeat a study done by another scientist and find the same results, they are ____________________________. performing a meta-analysis testing internal validity testing construct validity engaging in replication

engaging in replication

The study of how a person's environment can alter or influence the expression of his or her genetic code is a relatively new field called ______________.

epigenetics

While hiking in the mountains of Alaska, Pete encountered a giant grizzly bear. He immediately felt his heart rate increase, his breathing become rapid, and sweat drip down his back. These events were most likely due to the effects of the neurotransmitter called ______________ in his body.

epinephrine

Carol seems to remember every detail about every conversation she has. She also remembers what everyone has given her for her birthday for the past several years. Which type of long-term memory is Carol known for?

episodic

Which of the following is not a stage in the INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL of memory?

episodic memory

You remember some specific football plays from the first half of last week's game; this is

episodic memory

Shelley has a cold and her nose is stuffed up so she cannot smell anything. It is likely that the cold is reducing Shelley's sense of smell by affecting a structure located deep inside her nasal cavity called the

epithelium

Which of the following terms refers to the idea that long-term memories are distributed throughout various regions of the brain, rather than being located in any one specific structure? - epigenetics - equipotentiality - engrammatic anchoring - long-term potentiation

equipotentiality: Karl Lashley, a famous memory researcher, spent years searching for the "engram," which was believed to be the physical site of memory storage. He eventually discovered that such a brain structure does not exist, and that various sites in the brain are responsible for long-term storage. This is called equipotentiality

When she was in high school, Laureen was only sexually attracted to males. Two years into college, however, she realized that she was sexually attracted to females as well. Now that she is in her 30s, is married to a man, and has children, Laureen no longer feels sexually attracted to women. This variation in sexual interest, motivation, and behaviors is called

erotic plasticity

When he went to his first counseling session with a psychotherapist, Buck was asked a lot of questions about his symptoms and his history. The therapist was conducting an assessment in order to understand what factors may have contributed to Buck's current struggles. In this situation the therapist was trying to determine the __________ of Buck's psychological problems.

etiology

Some symptoms of dementia are progressive decreases in memory, thinking, and behavior. Which of the following can contribute to dementia?

excessive alcohol consumption genetic predisposition HIV

Hank has been diagnosed with APD and is getting treatment. Which of the following factors that are common to his disorder will likely make it difficult for him to develop a therapeutic relationship with his psychologist? diminished cortical arousal; self-injurious behavior intense unstable moods; depression excessive lying; little concern for others' feelings hallucinations; delusions

excessive lying; little concern for others' feelings

passes message along excitedly; depolarize the cell membrane (decrease negativity)

excitatory

Neurotransmitters create a graded (not all-or-none) potential in the dendrites of the receiving neuron, which can be

excitatory or inhibitory.

Karina loves oranges and apples. Both are __________ for the category of __________. a)exemplars; plants b)prototypes; fruit c)prototypes; food d)exemplars; fruit

exemplars; fruit

Jayden wants to do something about his mild depression. In addition, he would like to lose weight and improve his health. Which of the following will help Jayden accomplish all of these goals? becoming a smoker reducing his caloric intake by half exercising regularly binge eating

exercising regularly

According to Selye, if your body's defenses are declining after dealing with a prolonged period of stress, you're at which phase of the GAS? exhaustion alarm tend and befriend fight or flight

exhaustion

Dr. Shin is researching the hypothesis that when people with schizophrenia stop taking a particular medication, they experience more disturbed thoughts. Dr. Shin tests her hypothesis by placing each schizophrenic patient in one of two groups. The patients who are instructed to stop taking the drug are in the ______________ group, and the patients who continue taking the drug are in the ______________ group. dependent; independent independent; dependent control; experimental experimental; control

experimental; control

cultural level of analysis

explores how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are similar or different across cultures

The cognitive development theory of gender states that how a person communicates their gender through clothes, interests, and language, which is unrelated to their gender identity, is called their gender

expression

expression.

generalizing from a sample to a population

external validity

Zack has suffered trauma to his reticular activating system. According to Eysenck's theory, what personality trait might be affected by the injury?

extraversion

Ryan and Katie both like games, but Ryan prefers to play solitary games, like Sudoku or crossword puzzles, whereas Katie likes contests, such as trivia or strategy games. Katie's motivation is __________ whereas Ryan's motivation is __________.

extrinsic, intrinsic

extrinsic; intrinsic

Ryan and Katie both like games, but Ryan prefers to play solitary games, like Sudoku or crossword puzzles; whereas Katie likes contests, such as trivia or strategy games. Katie's motivation is __________ while Ryan's is __________.

extrinsic; intrinsic

behavioral response

facial expressions and body language; clenched teeth and fists

When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors convert the chemical molecules into signals transmitted to the brain by the __________ in the process of __________.

facial nerve, transduction

When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors convert the chemical molecules into signals transmitted to the brain by the __________ in the process of __________.

facial nerve; transduction

Acetylcholine

facilitates learning and memory

The use of brain imaging to study the brain's performance of psychological functions dates back to the late 1980s. One such technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that, rather than being distributed over the entire brain, functions related to specific feelings, thoughts, and actions are localized to specific areas.

fact

(Q003) Dr. Ramos is a radiologist who looks at dozens of scans each day to diagnose everything from broken bones to tumors. Every once in a while, she sees something on the scan that turns out to be nothing. This situation is called a ______________.

false alarm

(Q003) Leroy throws a party while his parents are out of town. During the party, Monica runs up to Leroy and exclaims, "Your mom just pulled up to the house in her Jeep!" When he looks out the window, he is able to quickly determine that the Jeep is not his parents' because it is not the right color. In signal detection terminology, Monica's response is a ______________, while Leroy's response is a ______________.

false alarm; correct rejection

Leroy throws a party while his parents are out of town. During the party, Monica runs up to Leroy and exclaims, "Your mom just pulled up to the house in her Jeep!" When Leroy looks out the window, he quickly determines that the Jeep is not his parents' because it is not the right color. In signal detection terminology, Monica's response is a __________, while Leroy's response is a __________.

false alarm; correct rejection

Match the types of psychotherapy with their methods

family:- systems approachpsychodynamic:- free association and dream analysisclient-centered:- reflective listening and unconditional positive regardcognitive:- cognitive restructuring and rational-emotive therapybehavioral:- rewards and punishments, token economies, social skills training, and modeling

(Q010) Terri fell and sprained her wrist. She immediately felt a sharp pain, thanks to nerve fibers that carried pain information to her brain. Which nerve fibers are these?

fast fibers

(Q018) While getting out of his car, Maulik bangs his head on the car door. The pain of the initial collision is carried to his brain by ______________ fibers, and the lingering aching of his forehead is carried by ______________ fibers.

fast; slow

David is about to teach his own class for the very first time and has little experience speaking in front of groups. Shortly before his class begins, his heart rate increases, his palms sweat, and his stomach aches. Which stress response is David experiencing? negative stress fight or flight immune response fear

fight or flight

(Q008) When our assignment of ______________ to an image is ambiguous, we can switch back and forth between seeing two different images in one picture--what we thought was part of the background can also shift to look like the most important part of the picture.

figure and ground

Kenia's birthday is on March 9th, and she loves when she gets to have a birthday party. When September comes, she asks her mother, "Why can't I have a birthday party this month?" Kenia fails to understand that birthdays are typically reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed interval

Radio station WPYS gives prizes to listeners who call in as a promotion. WPYS makes a rule that the same person can win only once a month. This is an example of a

fixed interval schedule

Lorraine just got a new puppy, and she wants to train it to go through the flap in the back door. Every third time the puppy goes through the flap, Lorraine gives him a doggie treat. Lorraine is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement to train the puppy.

fixed ratio

What type of partial reinforcement produces the most responses?

fixed ratio schedule

What type of partial reinforcement produces the most responses?

fixed ratio schedule; imagine factory workers who are paid based on making a certain number of objects. The reinforcer (slash mark) is payment

Eva goes roller-skating every day, partly for exercise and partly because of the feeling she experiences when she is skating. She feels euphoric and completely engrossed in the activity, and she often loses track of time. What is the word for what Eva experiences?

flow

Eva roller-skates every day, partly for exercise and partly for the euphoric feeling she gets while skating. She becomes completely engrossed in the activity and often loses track of time. What is the word for what Eva experiences when roller-skating?

flow

When a person is engaging in an activity so intently that they are "in the zone," so to speak, and is doing that activity for no other reason than the sheer pleasure of doing it, that person is experiencing a state called ______________.

flow

individual level of analysis

focuses on individual differences in personality and in the mental processes that affect how people perceive and know the world

Meiosis :

form of reductive cell division that occurs in the cells that give rise to egg and sperm cells (gametes). A diploid progenitor cell wi ll yield haploid gametes through meiosis; the haploid cells have one of each type of chromosome.

Terry was making a multilayered wedding cake. While trying to figure out a way to make the cake so it did not collapse, he remembered a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system. That bridge gave him an idea of how to put the cake together. Terry solved this problem by

forming an appropriate analogy

forming an appropriate analogy.

Sage has decided to employ the scientific method in her examination of the impact of caffeine ingestion on students' attention and memory. Which is the first step in this method that will guide the research she eventually conducts?

formulating a theory

age has decided to employ the scientific method in her examination of the impact of caffeine ingestion on students' attention and memory. Which is the first step in this method that will guide the research she eventually conducts? formulating a hypothesis formulating a theory selecting an appropriate research method conducting a literature review

formulating a theory

(Q013) Chris loves listening to a particular song because the singer starts off at a low pitch but then ends at a higher octave. In other words, Chris enjoys the way the ______________ changes over the course of the song.

frequency

Bowen has been stuck in traffic all morning, and she's late for an important appointment. She can't get where she needs to go, and then a man in a blue car has the nerve to cut her off. Bowen honks her horn, pounds her steering wheel, and yells out the window. Which of these explains why Bowen has begun to display road rage? frustration-aggression hypothesis social and cultural factors door in the face strategy normative influence

frustration-aggression hypothesis

(Q002) Which psychological school of thought sought to understand how the operations of the mind help people adapt to environmental demands?

functionalism

(Q004) The idea that the human mind works as it does because it is useful for preserving life and passing along genes to future generations is a major concept of the psychological school of thought called ______________.

functionalism

The idea that the human mind works as it does because it is useful for preserving life and passing along genes to future generations is a major concept of the psychological school of thought called ______________.

functionalism

(Q015) Psychologists such as William James believed that the mind is too complex to be broken down into smaller parts, largely because it is changing constantly. William James's beliefs became known as which school of psychology?

functionalist

Psychologists such as William James believed that the mind is too complex to be broken down into smaller parts, largely because it is changing constantly. William James's beliefs became known as which school of psychology?

functionalist

Serotonin

functions in mood regulation and aggression more than on memory.

Epinephrine

functions to provide energy bursts for mobilization

(Q019) After accidentally cutting your hand while slicing vegetables, you rub the area of the cut vigorously to reduce the sensation of pain you are feeling. According to the ______________ theory of pain, rubbing the area works to block the sharper pain signals from being sent through the spinal cord to the brain.

gate control

After accidentally cutting your hand while slicing vegetables, you rub the area of the cut vigorously to reduce the sensation of pain you are feeling. According to the ______________ theory of pain, rubbing the area works to block the sharper pain signals from being sent through the spinal cord to the brain.

gate control

Proto-oncogene

gene that functions to promote nor mal advancement through the cell cycle.

Tumor suppressor gene :

gene that functions to suppress the formation of tumors. There are many different normal functions of tumor suppre ssor genes (e.g., prevention of advancement of the cell cycle, induction of cell suicide, suppression of invasive characteristics of a cell, repair of damaged DNA).

Charles Spearman viewed intelligence as having one underlying factor that he called which kind of intelligence? fluid general crystallized practical

general

Devon worked for a major corporation for 20 years but recently switched jobs because she wanted to make a larger contribution to her community and help young people who are disadvantaged. Now she works for a nonprofit organization that promotes public awareness about teenage runaways. According to Erikson, Devon is working through the developmental stage of

generativity versus stagnation.

generativity vs stagnation

BRCA (1 and 2)

genes in mutated form that are linked to an aggressive family breast cancer syndrome.

Huey is a very sociable and funny person. His sociability—though not his sense of humor—is probably influenced by his self-concept. genes. personality. self-esteem.

genes.

According to the diathesis-stress model, Mario's current stressful circumstances are not the only factor in whether he develops a mental disorder. Which two factors could contribute to his diathesis, or vulnerability?

genetic predisposition and childhood trauma

Regarding causes of obesity, what is the best summary of the relationship between genetic and environmental influences?

genetics determines whether a person can become obese, but environment determines whether the person will become obese

pituitary

gland that governs hormone release

Gonads

glands that govern male and female sexual behavior

provide support, other Functional support, nutrition and physical support It is important for having a layer on neuron. Neurons have their axon covered in myelin sheath that is made of glial and its key function is that it speeds up the function

glial cells

Which neurotransmitter is essential in the cognitive processes of learning and memory, and also helps to enhance action potential in neurons?

glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter, enhances action potentials Learning and memory

glutamate

Match the terms with their definitions.

going along with the crowd due to the belief that others have a good reason for their behaviorinformational influence Correct label:informational influence going along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking sillynormative influence Correct label:normative influence expected standards of conductsocial norms Correct label:social norms

The hormones that are released by the ______________ are very important in the regulation of sexual behavior, both in males and females.

gonads

Jeremy has been having sex with several partners without using a condom. Recently, he has begun to experience burning when he urinates. He also has a thick discharge from his penis that looks like pus. Jeremy should see a doctor immediately because he seems to be experiencing the symptoms of a bacterial sexually transmitted infection called

gonorrhea

gonorrhea.

Pietr is taking a graduate class to earn a master's degree in business administration. When he gets his first test back he's happy to find that he earned an A-, but he also wants to challenge himself to earn an even higher A. Pietr likely has a high level of

grit

After World War II, a lack of psychotherapists resulted in the emergence of what type of therapy, which offers cost benefits and is available to more people? psychodynamic therapy cognitive-behavioral therapy humanistic therapy group therapy

group therapy

Group leaders should refrain from expressing strong opinions at the beginning of discussions. Leaders should also encourage their teams to consider alternative ideas and treat dissenters respectfully. In this way, leaders can prevent which of the following from happening? conformity groupthink risky-shift effect deindividuation

groupthink

In boys, puberty causes an increase in the production of hormones that lead to the development of primary sex characteristics. These primary sex characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT

growth of armpit hair

In boys, puberty causes an increase in the production of hormones that lead to the development of primary sex characteristics. These primary sex characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT

growth of underarm and public hair.

Which of the following is an example of a secondary emotion? anger guilt fear disgust

guilt

The first time Darla's dad tries to scare her by yelling, "Boo!" she jumps and then laughs. Five "Boos!" later, Darla no longer jumps or laughs; she just looks her dad and shakes her head. This decrease in response to a repeated stimulus is called ______________.

habituation (When the same thing happens to us over and over again, we tend to stop giving as powerful a response.)

Which are the primary auditory receptors?

hair cells on the basilar membrane, which bend when auditory information is received

Juan is a teacher who wants to see how similarly his students' test scores are to one another. In analyzing his students' grades, Juan discovers that 50 percent of his students' scores lie over 2 standard deviations from the mean. Assuming that the class average is a C, Juan's finding indicates that ____________________________. half of Juan's students scored either really well or really poorly half of Juan's students earned Cs most of Juan's students earned As most of Juan's students failed the test

half of Juan's students scored either really well or really poorly

Connor has schizophrenia and experiences perceptual disturbances that have no actual source. For example, Connor sometimes hears voices mocking him. What type of symptom is he experiencing? a negative symptom delusions of persecution delusions of identity hallucinations

hallucinations

GABA

has inhibitory effects. Without it, too much excitation in the brain can result in seizures.

Genetics

he science of inhe ritance; the phenomena governing the passing on of traits and the genes that determine them to descendents

Research finds that having a Type A behavior pattern is a strong predictor of which medical ailment?

heart disease

Taimer is considering being hypnotized when she gives birth to her baby. She is hoping to achieve hypnotic analgesia, which will

help her detach from emotional aspects of pain.

Serotonin

helps to regulate mood.

her babies abnormalities might include small head and malformations of face and limbs

Laurie has major depressive disorder. According to psychologist Aaron Beck, negative thinking may contribute to Laurie's depression. Specifically, Laurie may think negatively about herself, her situation, and her friends. her future. her psychologist. her family.

her future.

Cari often has temper tantrums, and she pouts when she can't have her way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of the personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by her id. her superego. her ego. her instincts.

her id.

Anika is an Olympic athlete. At a loud party where she can hardly hear the person standing next to her, when someone across the room mentions the Olympics, her ears prick up and she looks to see who might have said it. Anika is able to hear the person across the room because being an Olympian is part of which of the following? her self-concept her self-schema her sense of self-esteem her self-image

her self-schema

___ is the unit of frequency, measured in vibrations per second.

hertz

Which of the brain's structures plays an important role in the formation of new memories?

hippocampus

Zhara has suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficulty forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of the forebrain has most likely been damaged?

hippocampus

Zhara suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficulty in forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of her forebrain has most likely been damaged?

hippocampus

Jessie suffered damage to her brain and has difficulty forming new memories. Jessie's injury was most likely to the ______________, which is a structure located in the brain region called the ______________.

hippocampus; forebrain

behaviorist

history of reinforcement

estrogen

hormone with larger quantities in females

testosterone

hormone with larger quantities in males

Marcy wants to know if she can predict what personality her baby will have when he grows up. Her psychologist friend tells her that she can't predict the baby's exact personality, but she can identify aspects of his temperament. Which of the following traits will they NOT be able to anticipate?

how creative her child will be

(Q009) Social psychologists focus their studies on

how people are affected by others.

trait

how people differ in disposition

(Q007) Kristina wants to paint the living room bright red, but her roommate, Maya, prefers dark blue. In other words, they disagree about the ______________ of the light reflecting from the two colors.

hue

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

humanistic

Nicole is seeing Dr. Hardy, a therapist who practices active listening and strives to accept Nicole through unconditional positive regard. Dr. Hardy most likely is a proponent of which type of psychotherapy?

humanistic

Given its role in controlling the release of sex hormones into the bloodstream, this region of the brain is considered to be the most important for stimulating sexual behavior.

hypothalamus

One specific region of the brain is considered to be the most important for stimulating sexual behavior because it controls the release of sex hormones into the bloodstream. This part of the brain is called the

hypothalamus

hypothalamus.

Jordain is walking across campus and hears a noise. When she looks up, she sees a runaway truck heading straight for her. Immediately, the ______________ in her nervous system sends a signal to the ______________ in her endocrine system to release hormones and prepare her to move out of the truck's way.

hypothalamus; pituitary gland

A prediction about what one will find when conducting research is called a(n) ________. This prediction is often developed after one conducts a literature review, which reveals what information currently exists about the topic in question.

hypothesis

Sean is interested in how climate influences exercise habits. He believes that, on average, people who live in cold climates exercise less than those in warm climates, because the cold weather deters people from exercising outdoors. To investigate his ______________, Sean uses the average yearly temperature as a(n) ______________ of climate. theory; variable hypothesis; variable theory; operational definition hypothesis; operational definition

hypothesis; variable

visual memory is called

iconic memory

After the room went dark, John had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. What type of memory store was John experiencing?

iconic memory Visual sensory memory is ALSO called iconic So your ability to remember a room, where shit is

Mia and Thalia are very similar to each other in the personality trait of openness. Esther and Hannah are less similar to one another in openness. Mia and Thalia could be __________, whereas Esther and Hannah could be __________. fraternal twins; identical twins sisters; fraternal twins fraternal twins; sisters identical twins; fraternal twins

identical twins; fraternal twins

Mental processes are simply another form of behavior. Learning takes place through repeated responses to environmental stimuli

identify the statements as either a belief held or not held by B. F. Skinner

Place in order the steps in designing and executing an experiment.

identify variables. randomly select a sample. randomly assign participants to levels of the independent variable. expose participants to the independent variable levels. measure dependent variables. analyze and report results.

A person imposes depth cues and contours on one-dimensional objects.

illusory contours

Craig said he had forgiven Josh, but whenever Josh goes out with the group, Craig seems to stay at home. Which of Craig's attitudes toward Josh likely remains negative? simple complex implicit explicit

implicit

Cassie often tells her friends that males and females should equally share parental responsibilities, but she unconsciously feels that women are better parents. Even though she's not aware of it, this causes Cassie to work harder at being a good stay-at-home mother. It seems that Cassie's behavior is being influenced by __________ about the roles that women have in the family.

implicit attitudes

central traits

important to the way individuals define themselves

androgen and estrogen

increase sexual behavior

Bruce used to experience a great deal of euphoria from a small amount of heroin. Now, however, he must consume a great deal more to get "high" because he is experiencing

increased tolerance.

hypothesized "cause"deliberately manipulate the independent variable/s

independent variable

(Q004) Professor Tanenhaus studies attention and memory. Which level of analysis does his research target?

individual

gender identity

individual's beliefs about being male or female

Ted, talks endlessly about the trip he is going to take over the summer. "I'm going to be on my own, traveling across the country free as a bird," Ted says. His roommate, Jad, is looking forward to spending time with his family and friends in his home town. Based on these statements, Ted appears to come from a(n) __________ culture, while Jad's background appears to be in a(n) __________ culture.

individualist, collectivist

(Q006) Kerrie is an undergraduate who is thinking about majoring in psychology. She works part-time at a café chain and is very interested in how it builds morale and helps motivate her coworkers. Kerrie might want to closely examine the subfield of ______________ psychology.

industrial/organizational

Kerrie is an undergraduate who is thinking about majoring in psychology. She works part-time at a café chain and is very interested in how it builds morale and helps motivate her coworkers. Kerrie might want to closely examine the subfield of ______________ psychology.

industrial/organizational

Germaine conducts a study examining the likelihood that chewing gum while taking a psychology exam will improve students' performance on the test. He does not expect a significant result, but to his surprise he finds that students who chewed gum scored an average of 5 percentage points higher than those who did not. "This must be a freak, random outcome," he thinks. What kind of statistics will help Germaine determine whether his results were due to chance or reflect a true effect of gum chewing?

inferential statistics

If a researcher wants to know whether the results she obtained in her study reflect significant differences or were due to chance, she should use ______________. correlation coefficients measures of central tendency inferential statistics a meta-analysis

inferential statistics

Dewey tells Skip that the prettiest girl in their English class is flirting with him and wants to date him. Skip tries to remember whether he has seen this girl flirt or date anyone, but he has never seen her pursue anyone romantically. Based on this, he concludes that Dewey is not right in his assessment of the situation. In this scenario, Skip used __________ to determine if Dewey's message was valid.

informal reasoning

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations; perception based on previous learning and context

Asexual inheritance

inheritance of traits and the genes that de termine them through cell division, that is, from mother ce ll to daughter cells. Daughter cel ls are thus identical to the mother cell.

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

inherited cancer predispositi on characterized by a high likelihood of a cancer diagnosis, an early age of onset, a diversity of cancers within an affected family, and multiple cancers within an individual. Caused by inheritance of mutate d genes for the p53 tumor suppressor

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer

inherited colon cancer predisposition characterized by an earlier average age of col on cancer diagnosis, and a greater likelihood of transformation of benign polyps to carci nomas than for the general population

Xeroderma pigmentosum

inherited condition marked by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light and a high risk of basal and squamous ce ll carcinomas of the skin. It is due to the inheritance of mutated genes responsible for the repair of UV-induced damage to DNA.

Predisposition (to cancer)

inherited risk for developing cancer, usually of a specific type.

calm down, don't send the message; hyper-polarize the cell (increase negative charge)

inhibitory

Blair has trouble turning his mind off at night, which usually results in hours of lying awake in bed. His wife Kim's sleep condition does not help Blair. Kim sometimes stops breathing at night and catches her breath in loud gasps. Blair is troubled by __________, while Kim has __________.

insomnia; sleep apnea

Health psychology is so named because it focuses exclusively on positive psychology. integrates research on health and psychology. applies mainly to those in the health professions. focuses mainly on applied research.

integrates research on health and psychology.

Which step of neural communication involves a neuron assessing the signals that it is receiving from other sources?

integration

Huck is writing a paper examining the three aspects of triarchic theory of intelligence as proposed by Robert Sternberg. Which of the following would not be a topic that Huck would cover in this essay?

interpersonal intelligence

(Q001) Which of the following terms would be most applicable to a valid definition of perception?

interpretation

Which of the following terms would be most applicable to a valid definition of perception?

interpretation

When asked a question about information processed in his right hemisphere, split-brain patient J.W.'s left brain could not verbalize an accurate reply. However, he still came up with an answer that showed a logical attempt to construct a world that made sense. In this way, the left hemisphere is often called the

interpreter

Devon worked for a major corporation for 20 years but recently switched jobs because she wanted to make a larger contribution to her community and help young people who are disadvantaged. Now she works for a nonprofit organization that promotes public awareness of teenage runaways. According to Erikson, Devon is working through the developmental stage of

intimacy versus isolation.

Gary is taking a sign language class at the local community college because he is interested in it and has always wanted to know how to sign. Gary's motivation for taking this class appears to be primarily due to

intrinsic

Antisocial Personality Disorder

involves a willingness to take advantage of people for the sake of immediate gratification much more common in men than in women characterized by disregard for and violation of the rights of others

problem solving

involves getting from a present state to a goal state involves obstacles

social level of analysis

involves how group contexts affect the ways in which people interact and influence each other

identify each characteristic as applying to either decision making or problem solving. decision making problem solving

involves obstaclesproblem solving Correct label:problem solving involves ranking outcomes as better or worsedecision making Correct label:decision making involves selection among alternativesdecision making Correct label:decision making involves getting from a present state to a goal stateproblem solving Correct label:problem solving

decision making

involves selection among alternatives involves ranking outcomes as better or worse

(Q005) When you first wake up in the morning and the lights are turned on, your pupils are closed to a very small diameter. As your eyes adapt to the light, the pupils open to let more light in. Which structure controls the opening (and closing) of the pupil?

iris

When you first wake up in the morning and the lights are turned on, your pupils are closed to a very small diameter. As your eyes adapt to the light, the pupils open to let more light in. Which structure controls the opening (and closing) of the pupil?

iris

Optogenetics

is a research method to study causal relationships between neurons firing and behavior.

Gestalt theory

is best defined by the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. The image shows black spots against a white background, but the mind organizes the visual information into a picture of a dog with its head down.

amygdala

is involved in learning about biologically relevant stimuli, page 87 such as those important for survival and recognized facial expressions

Peter is conducting a survey asking how often students use the Internet and the average number of hours they sleep per night. He finds a negative correlation between the two. According to the text, Peter can conclude that going online frequently causes students to sleep less. is related to students sleeping less. causes students to sleep more. is related to students sleeping more.

is related to students sleeping less.

Heritability

is the amount of a trait in a population that is accounted for by genetics.

Sixteen-year-old Ellie has been diagnosed with depression. Her psychiatrist is reluctant to treat her with an antidepressant because

it may lead to increased thoughts of suicide

Sarah was shocked by the news of her neighbor being sexually assaulted. She was even more shocked, though, that so many people, including Sarah's own mother, assumed her neighbor provoked the attack somehow. Sarah's mother is making an attribution, according to this perspective, that seems to make the world seem safer and saner. fundamental attribution error actor/observer bias just world hypothesis self-fulfilling prophecy

just world hypothesis

Which phenomenon may explain why some people want to join a fraternity or sorority badly enough that they will endure weeks of humiliation and physical discomfort to gain membership? cognitive dissonance insufficient justification conditioning justification of effort

justification of effort

The size of the retinal image

larger the retinal image, the closer an object appears.

Marie frequently eats at the Downtowner Diner. Although she often reads the entire menu, she always orders the chicken quesadilla. When she is hired to work at the Downtowner, she finds that she already knows all of the menu items and how much each one costs. This is likely the result of ______________ learning.

latent learning latent learning refers to a type of learning that takes place without reinforcement Things can be learned just through observation, no one needs to be told that driving requires turning the wheel

Occam's Razor

law of parsimony

secondary reinforcers

learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers

The definition of ______________ is a relatively enduring change in behavior that results from experience.

learning

Latent Learning (Tolman)

learning is hidden until useful (rats in maze get reinforced half way through, performance improved); learning that takes place without reinforcement. For example, latent learning occurs when a person learns something simply by observing it

stimulus generalization

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR

Stimulus generalization

learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

cognitive-behavioral factors

learning, distorted thoughts, and maladaptive behaviors

The ______________ hemisphere of the brain interprets behavior that is a result of a posthypnotic suggestion.

left

T.L. suffered from severe seizures and had surgery to sever her corpus callosum. In patients like T.L., as well as in the average person, the _________ hemisphere interprets behavior that is processed in the __________ hemisphere.

left; right

The __________ hemisphere of the brain interprets behavior that is processed in the __________ hemisphere.

left; right

When Delmar visits the zoo, he is fascinated by the beautiful colors of the peacock's feathers. As the light from the animal's tail feathers passes through Delmar's pupils, it is then focused onto the back of the eye by an adjustable transparent structure called the

lens

Whereas the hormone _______ is involved in fat regulation, _______ originates in the stomach and triggers hunger. leptin; ghrelin ghrelin; leptin androgen; estrogen estrogen; androgen

leptin; ghrelin

less prediction error

less dopamine activity

biological factors

levels of neurotransmitters, size and connectivity of brain structures, genetics, influences to a developing fetus, toxins, and malnutrition

While there has not been great success in developing a treatment for antisocial personality disorder, research suggests that psychotropic medication can have some positive impact. One type of medication in particular can help reduce the aggressive and impulsive behaviors of those who are truly psychopathic. Which medication is it?

lithium

Seven-year-old Michelle used to use her mother's perfume all the time, but Michelle's mother would yell at her when she found out. Based on these experiences, Michelle has learned to not use the perfume. Michelle's learning is most likely the result of __________ in the brain.

long-term potentiation

The individual level of analysis how a person reacts to unexpected disappointment how personality type affects health how visualization affects recalling what grocery store items to buy

looks at cognitive functioning, behavior and consequences, personality, and gender.

biological psychologist

looks at how their brains were affected by the hospital treatment

dissociative fugue

loss of identity and traveling to a new location

Which of the following is not an opioid (i.e., narcotic)?

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

homeostasis

maintaining equilibrium

Ken and Marcie returned home from a date night one evening to find fire trucks at their house. Faulty wiring had led to a major fire and their house was damaged beyond repair. In this situation, Ken and Marcie are currently experiencing a(n)

major life stressor

major life stressor.

availability heuristic

making decisions based on information that is easily retrieved: usually information that has been heard or seen recently or frequently

representativeness heuristic

making decisions by placing people or objects into categories

feeling

making decisions in a personal, value-oriented way; I'm nervous.feeling

testes

male gonads

After using this drug, Joey felt the effects of all three classes of drug: stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenics—he felt uplifted and social, he was relaxed, and he experienced vivid taste sensations. Which drug do you think he used?

marijuana

Hansel wants to know how many cups of soda he typically drinks per day. Last week, he recorded the following numbers: 3, 3, 4, 3, 22, 3, and 3. Hansel should avoid using the ______________ as a measure of central tendency of his typical soda consumption, because this measure will be heavily skewed by the day on which he drank 22 cups. range standard deviation median mean

mean

After her car accident, Sheila had to be placed on a respirator because she could no longer breathe on her own. Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the

medulla

Which of the following is most likely the effect of acetylcholine antagonists?

memory deficits

dissociative amnesia

memory loss of a block of time or event

Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome when you continue to push on a door to get to the next room when what you really need to do (according to the sign on the door) is pull on it?

mental set

deliberately manipulate and control variables of interest

method

One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, as he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of

mind

One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, because he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of

mind

mind.

In Freud's technique of free association, therapy clients are asked to speak about whatever comes to mind without editing, censoring, or judging their own thoughts. Similarly, those practicing ______________ meditation are encouraged to let their thoughts flow freely without reacting to them.

mindfulness

what does a a representative sample want ?

mini-me

After a car accident, John fell into a 10-year coma. While in the coma, he was able to track movement with his eyes and, on occasion, seemed to try to communicate. After waking from the coma, John was able to recall events that his visitors had relayed to him over the years while he was comatose. For example, he knew that his niece recently got married. John was most likely in a ______________ state.

minimally conscious

absolute threshold

minimum amount of a stimulus required to detect that stimulus; participants (correctly) detect a stimulus on 50 percent of the trials in which it is presented.

Nora met Greg the night of her bike accident. She remembers the way her heart fluttered and her palms became sweaty as he helped her pick up her bent bicycle and load it into the back of his truck. It could have been love at first sight, or maybe it was simply the amygdala. estradiol. misattribution of arousal. the excitement phase.

misattribution of arousal.

misattribution

misremembering the time, place, person, or circumstances of a memory; wrong source

Brenda is a sales clerk restocking sweaters on shelves. Because it is winter, the sweaters are not on sale and are marked at full price. However, Brenda places the entire inventory of sweaters on the "half-off" shelves. In signal detection theory, this would be considered a

miss

Dominic teaches a preschool class of 24 students. He makes a chart of his students' ages, and plots each student by their age in months. He finds that 12 of the students are 44 months of age, and the remaining students are either younger or slightly older. In Dominic's class, students who are 44 months represent a measure of central tendency called the ______________.

mode

The imitation of an observed behavior is a learning process called

modeling

A director of a senior center is designing programs for the senior participants. To support healthy aging and prevent dementia, which of the following components should the director consider?

moderate exercise, such as walking and swimming time for seniors to socialize cognitively stimulating games, such as Jeopardy

(Q009) As Fatima gazes out onto the mountain landscape, she is able to tell which objects are near to her and which are far away by using both ______________ cues, like occlusion, relative size, and linear perspective, and ______________ cues, like disparity.

monocular; binocular Section 5.B

(Q014) Although she and her roommate have the same ringtone, Lakisa can always tell whose phone is ringing based on whose side of the room it's coming from. She can do this not only because of the difference in time the sound takes to reach her left versus her right ear, but also because the sound is ______________ for the ear that is closer to the phone.

more intense

androgens

more prevalent in males

sports psychologist

motivates athletes and sports teams

Vincent, an 8-year-old, has been diagnosed with Tourette's syndrome, which often causes vocal tics where he can't control what he says. It horrifies Vincent that he repeatedly blurts out words that have nothing to do with what he is thinking or what people around him are discussing at the moment. Vincent also experiences embarrassing uncontrollable muscle spasms of his head and neck. What category of disorder is Tourette's syndrome best categorized as?

motor disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder

much more common in women than in men characterized by disturbances in identity, moods, and impulse control involves a desperate need to be in an exclusive and dependent relationship

Punit is an excellent trumpeter who plays any new music he is given without errors. Punit most likely has exceptional musical intelligence according to which theory of intelligence? multiple intelligences general intelligence practical intelligence fluid intelligence

multiple intelligences

Oncogene

mutated form of a proto-oncogene that can contribute to a ce ll becoming cancerous.

At a poker game with his friends, Moises wins a big pot and suddenly yells out in excitement. Then, three seconds later, he slumps over in his chair, fast sleep. His friends catch him before he hits the ground, and after another few seconds, he wakes up. From which sleep disorder does Moises probably suffer?

narcolepsy

Dr. Xiong thinks that people who drive red cars often violate the rules of the road. He sets up a hidden camera at a four-way stop sign to see which cars fail to make complete stops. Dr. Xiong is using the ______________ method of research. experimental naturalistic observation case study correlational study

naturalistic observation

Occlusion

near object occludes (blocks) an object that is farther away

need for achievement.

Shavonne collects data examining the frequency with which people brush their teeth. She finds that the more frequently people brush, the less likely they are to develop cavities. If Shavonne's data were expressed as a correlation, they would reflect a(n) ______________ correlation coefficient.

negative

Which type of symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders includes an absence (or deficit) in normally expected functions or behaviors?

negative

If you take away a child's toy because the child is banging it against the wall, what kind of punishment is this?

negative punishment

Your parents want to teach your little brother to stop whining. Your mother proposes taking away his toys whenever he whines. In this example, your mother wants to use ______________ to reduce your brother's whining.

negative punishment

When Kayla eventually answers her history professor's question in class, the professor moves back to the front of the room, and shifts her attention to the other students. Kayla is now more likely to answer more of the professor's questions in the future. Kayla has received which type of operant outcome?

negative reinforcement

Your parents want to teach your little brother to stop whining. Your mother proposes taking away his toys whenever he whines. In this example, your mother wants to use __________ to reduce your brother's whining.

negative reinforcement

Quan mows the lawn without his father having to ask him to. Afterward, his father says to him, "You don't have to do the dishes after dinner. I'll do it. Thanks for mowing the lawn!" Quan has been __________ for mowing the lawn.

negatively reinforced

consolidation

neural process for encoding information for storage

The current version of the DSM uses this term to describe a group of disorders that are most common among children. neurodevelopmental disorders dissociative disorders mood disorders communication disorders

neurodevelopmental disorders

The smallest units of communication in the nervous system, the cells that are responsible for all of your thoughts and behaviors, are called ________.

neurons

transmit neural impulses

neurons

What are mirror neurons?

neurons that are activated both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else perform the same action

mirror neurons

neurons that are activated by watching someone else perform an intentional action or performing the same action yourself

Carrie recently went through a very painful breakup with Devonne, with whom she had been in an intense relationship. Carrie's heart is broken, and she thinks about Devonne constantly. She seems to associate everything with her ex-girlfriend, including TV shows they watched together, clothes that reminded her of Devonne, and restaurants they ate at together. Before Carrie's relationship with Devonne, the TV shows, clothes, and restaurants were ________, but, after the breakup, they have become ________.

neutral stimuli; conditioned stimuli

Sexual inheritance

nheritance of traits and the genes that determine them through fusion of a gamete contributed by each parent; the characte ristics of the offspri ng are thus products of mixtures of parental contributions.

The blind spot in our visual field exists because

no rods or cones exist on the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the retina.

Moira hardly believed Professor Jaeger when he told her that we all have a blind spot in each visual field. The professor explained that blind spots exist because

no rods or cones exist where the optic nerve meets the retina

(Q008) Sergio is practicing the violin. His roommate, Stefan, is getting annoyed because the sound waves coming from the violin are of extremely high frequency. In other words, the ______________ is too ______________ for Stefan.

noise; high-pitched

One drug that can help to decrease persistence of unwanted memories after a trauma is propranolol, which works by blocking postsynaptic receptors for the neurotransmitter ______________.

norepinephrine NO-Repine-phrine no pining refrain

Q002) Your family recently adopted a dog from an animal shelter. Initially, the dog seemed nervous and territorial, but after a few weeks of care and attention from your family, she became calm and affectionate. Which of the following must play some role in your dog's behavior?

nurture

Your family recently adopted a dog from an animal shelter. Initially, the dog seemed nervous and territorial, but after a few weeks of care and attention from your family, she became calm and affectionate. Which of the following must play some role in your dog's behavior?

nurture

Researcher Stanley Milgram wanted to understand why normal citizens would follow orders to injure or kill innocent people during World War II. He wanted to know what factors influence people to follow orders given by an authority figure. In other words, he wanted to understand which phenomenon? discrimination prejudice obedience situational attributions

obedience

Which of the following would not be included in a valid definition of consciousness?

objective

Poor baby Ezra was born with a very specific type of brain damage: He has no mirror neurons in his brain. The lack of mirror neurons will most likely affect Ezra's ability to learn through

observation

Poor baby Ezra was born with a very specific type of brain damage: he has no mirror neurons in his brain. The lack of mirror neurons will most likely affect Ezra's ability to learn through

observation

Examined closely by psychologist Albert Bandura, this type of learning involves acquiring or modifying one's own actions after watching another engage in a similar behavior. What type of learning is this?

observational learning

Gustavo watched a cooking show on television demonstrating how to make chicken Parmesan. Even though he has never made chicken Parmesan, he explains to a friend how to make it. Gustavo's knowledge of cooking chicken Parmesan is best explained by

observational learning

Gustavo watched a cooking show on television demonstrating how to make chicken parmesan. Even though he has never made chicken parmesan, he explains to a friend how to make it. Gustavo's knowledge of cooking chicken parmesan is best explained by

observational learning

One day in class, Nigel notices that the students who sit at the front of the class are called on more often and seem to be favored by the professor. He sits at the front of the class the next day, and gets called on by the professor, as he had hoped. This demonstrates ________.

observational learning

is when an individual acquires or changes a behavior after being exposed to another person performing that behavior

observational learning

Prajeet is conducting a study wherein she observes the aggressive behaviors of monkeys. She believes that monkeys will exhibit more aggressive behavior before mealtimes, and less aggressive behavior after meals. She finds exactly those results, but other researchers who had no pre-existing hypotheses found that the monkeys behaved just as aggressively before meals as after. Prajeet has likely been affected by ______________.

observer bias

Among some people, anxiety becomes paired to a specific event, perhaps through classical conditioning. Reduction of anxiety following a certain behavior becomes reinforced through operant conditioning, which leads to a cycle of anxiety and the conditioned behavior to reduce it. Which psychological disorder can develop in this way?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Jeremy is seeing a behavioral therapist for a specific psychological disorder. The therapist uses a technique called exposure and response prevention. The technique is based on the idea that if Jeremy is prevented from engaging in maladaptive behaviors to reduce his anxiety, he will learn to deal with the anxiety in a healthier way. What condition has Jeremy most likely been diagnosed with?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Xun experienced a streptococcal infection as a child (can lead to)

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Sammy is conducting research that involves placing objects in the visual fields of visually impaired elderly men. He wants to discover the specific neurons that fire in response to the features of the various objects. The study requires electrodes to be implanted over the occipital lobes of the men's brains. In order to effectively conduct this study, Sammy should place the electrodes over the men's ______________ lobes.

occipital

Vicarious Learning (Observational Learning)

occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them

representativeness

one may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people

Cone cells

only function in bright levels of illumination, allow a person to see color and details.

Mr. Craven lacks imagination and is a complete conformist. With respect to the Big Five personality traits, Mr. Craven probably would score low on which of the following? agreeableness extraversion openness to experience conscientiousness

openness to experience

An association is made between events that the human or animal learner CAN control. This is an example of

operant conditioning

This type of learning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning, involves choosing which behaviors to repeat in the future based on the consequences of that action. What is another name for this type of learning?

operant conditioning (B.F skinner)

Dr. Brown, a prison psychologist, is attempting to treat a patient diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and has found CBT to be largely ineffective. In terms of increasing the likelihood of success, which of the following therapeutic approaches would you recommend he try next?

operant procedures

Vanna administers a survey about people's romantic relationships. The highest possible score is 20 points. If her participants obtain a score of 15 or higher, she classifies them as "in love." Achieving a score of 15 or above is Vanna's ______________ for being "in love." operational definition independent variable theory hypothesis

operational definition

how a variable is measured (how do you get a score for the variable), or a manipulation is made (what exactly is done)

operational definition

(Q005) Your little cousin Athena wants to know why she has crayons with colors called blue green and orange-yellow but not blue-yellow or orange-green. You explain that cells in your eye help create the perception that some colors are opposites. Good thing you learned about the ______________ theory!

opponent-process

(Q006) The Gestalt psychologists identified several principles that explain how visual grouping works. Which of the following was not one of the Gestalt principles?

opponent-process

The Gestalt psychologists identified several principles that explain how visual grouping works. Which of the following was not one of them?

opponent-process

set-point

optimal level for a physiological state

After dating for only two months, Joel and Natalie broke up. Joel had always wanted to run off to the next party or club, while Natalie was happier staying home and reading mystery novels. Which motivational factor was out of sync?

optimal level of arousa

After dating for only 2 months, Joel and Natalie broke up. They were unhappy together because Joel had always wanted to run off to the next party or club while Natalie was happier staying home and reading mystery novels. Which motivational factor was out of sync?

optimal level of arousal

gate control theory

pain traveling on thin nerves can be blocked at the spinal cord by thicker nerves, which prevents it from being felt. When we are not distracted, sharp initial pain travels quickly to the brain on myelinated axons, and dull pain travels more slowly on unmyelinated axons

Linear perspective

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

Lara has not earned an advanced degree, and she has limited advanced training. She works at a suicide hotline providing crisis intervention and is supervised by a licensed professional. Which of the following would be the best job title for Lara?

paraprofessional

After a very stressful midterm exam, Sherri needed to relax. As she lay on her bed, she felt her breathing slow and her heart rate decrease. Which of the following divisions of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was likely in control of her organs?

parasympathetic

After completing a very stressful midterm exam, Sherri needed to relax. As she lay on her bed, she felt her breathing slow down and her heart rate decrease. Which of the following divisions of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was likely in retaining control of her organs?

parasympathetic

When you receive touch information it is processed in the somatosensory cortex of your brain, which is located in the ___________ lobe.

parietal

Sharnisse jumps into a swimming pool on a hot, 102°F day. The pool is at its normal temperature of 82°F, but the water feels much colder to Sharnisse than it usually does because of how hot it is outside. Which part of Sharnisse's brain is responsible for perceiving these tactile sensations of temperature?

parietal lobe

Neil and Gretchen recently started dating, and they feel an overwhelming urge to be together all of the time and to have sex as often as possible. Armando and Jenny have been married for several years, and they each feel lucky to be married to their best friend. Neil and Gretchen are experiencing __________ love while Armando and Jenny's relationship has evolved into __________ love. companionate; passionate passionate; companionate egotistic; altruistic altruistic; egotistic

passionate; companionate

hindsight bias/accepting after-the-facts explanations

people expect the world to make sense, they come up with explanations for why events happen. they do so even when they have incomplete information. This is known as ___

(Q001) The detection of physical stimuli, such as odors, lights, and sounds, is called ______________.

perception

(Q003) The brain's processing, organization, and interpretation of stimuli received by our sensory organs is called ________.

perception

mind

perceptual experiences (sights, smells, tastes, sounds, and touches) we have while interacting with the world.

Leonardo da Vinci

performed dissections of the brain and theorized that all sensory messages arrive at a single location in the brain.

Tonya knows that people seeing her billboard will be busy driving, talking, or otherwise distracted. Instead of outlining thoughtful reasons for why people should call her real estate firm, she decides to limit the billboard to a picture of a beautiful house with an attractive, happy family standing out front. In the terminology of researchers Petty and Cacioppo, which route will the information on the billboard target?

peripheral

The system of nerve cells that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord is called the ______________ system.

peripheral nervous

Which of the following is NOT a part of the definition of learning?

permanent

Stephanie struggles with false beliefs that she is under constant government surveillance. Which type of delusion is she experiencing? grandiose persecution identity control

persecution

humanistic

personal growth and self-understandinghumanistic Correct

(Q012) Marwan has been shy his whole life, and he is not sure what underlies this trait. Marwan might find some answers by examining the subfield called ______________ psychology.

personality

Marwan has been shy his whole life, and he is not sure what underlies this trait. Marwan might find some answers by examining the subfield called ______________ psychology.

personality

Marwan has been shy his whole life, and he is not sure what underlies this trait. Marwan might find some answers by examining the subfield called ______________ psychology. personality cultural clinical social

personality

Which term concerns the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual across time and circumstances? personality self-schema self-concept self-esteem

personality

Marcella is writing a research paper for a psychology class that summarizes the various theories that explain the relatively stable thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that individuals have. Marcella's research paper is on

personality theories

Megan stepped on a beehive and got stung all over (can lead to)

phobia

The term "gender" includes several different aspects of masculinity and femininity. Which of the following is NOT one of those aspects?

physical

Which of the following is the best definition of one's biological sex?

physical aspects

Norman was injured in a severe car accident, and now, according to his doctors, his hormone levels are highly irregular. In order to have created such havoc in his endocrine system, Norman's injury probably involved damage to his ______________.

pituitary gland

(Q007) The mechanism for encoding frequency is called ______________.

place coding

The mechanism for encoding high frequency auditory stimuli is called

place coding

When listening to her favorite female vocalist, Maggie's auditory system encodes different frequencies at different locations on her basilar membrane. This mechanism for encoding frequency is called

place coding

Seven-year-old Samantha suffered trauma to the language centers in the left hemisphere of her brain as a result of a bicycle accident. Although she did have some language deficits after the trauma, she eventually was able to recover much of what she had lost because new growth in unaffected areas of the brain made up for the damage. Samantha's recovery is an example of which property or quality of the brain?

plasticity

dopamine

plays a role in experiencing physical pleasure

(Q017) The skin contains many different kinds of receptors, each of which is sensitive to a different kind of sensory input. Which of the following is not a sensory input detected by a specific type of receptor in the skin?

pleasure

The skin contains many different kinds of receptors, each of which is sensitive to a different kind of sensory input. Which of the following is not a sensory input detected by a specific type of receptor in the skin?

pleasure

Ebony is currently asleep in her bed, and her brain is getting ready to wake her up to start the day. Which part of her hindbrain is responsible for regulating these functions, as well as coordinating movement in the left and right sides of her body?

pons

Dr. Lacshmi encourages her graduate students to conduct research that focuses on issues related to faith, values, creativity, courage, and hope. Dr. Lacshmi is probably a _________ psychologist.

positive

Kayla forgets that the cold and hot beakers look exactly alike, so she doesn't wear gloves or use tongs when she grabs the hot beaker in chemistry class. This results in her hand getting burned. She is therefore not likely to grab a beaker with bare skin in the future unless she is certain that the beaker is cold. The application of an unpleasant outcome is going to reduce the future repetition of the associated behavior. This is called ________.

positive punishment

The probability of an action potential being propagated from neuron to neuron is increased when the ______________ neuron's signal is ______________.

postsynaptic; excitatory

Ming is figuring out the best way to sequence the various tasks he has to complete today. What part of Ming's brain is most involved in organization, planning, and complex thinking?

prefrontal cortex

Maya and her family moved into a new house over the summer, and she dreaded having to start at a new school, where she would have to interact with girls whom her old friends had despised. However, after a few weeks in the new school, Maya realized that both groups of girls were pretty similar. Maya's experience dispelled her

prejudice

prejudice.

Research correlates meditation with which of the following benefits?

preserved cognitive functioning lowered blood pressure in heart patients structural changes in the brain

Anisomycin

prevents reconsolidation only after recollection of the information, so that the information is forgotten

Your best friend growing up now likes to be called Kathleen rather than Katie, which is what you always called her. Now when you see her, you forget she likes to be called Kathleen. Why?

proactive interference has caused forgetting, as old information inhibits the storage of new information

Practicing a dance routine requires what type of implicit memory?

procedural memory, which is also called motor memory

encoding

processing information for storage

Daryl is taking a personality test in which he is shown a series of simple scenes. He is supposed to tell a story about what is happening in each scene and suggest what the characters are feeling. Daryl is taking what type of personality measure?

projective

Marcus and Geoff are in a boat on the ocean fishing. Marcus likes looking at the different piles of seaweed that drift past the boat. He keeps annoying Geoff by calling out what each pile looks like, with comments like "That one looks like a hamburger." Marcus's interpretation of the seaweed was similar to what happens on a(n) __________ measure of personality.

projective

nitric oxide

promotes blood flow to the genitals

oxytocin

promotes feelings of love and attachment

penetrance

proportion of individuals with a specific genotype who show the corresponding characteristic. For example, 80% of individual s with the fragile-X genotype will have fragile-X mental retardation; fragile-X s yndrome is thus 80% penetrant.

Chuck tells his son Jeff that it's complicated to explain what a "muscle car" is. But, Chuck says, "the best example of a muscle car from the 1960s is the Mustang." Chuck has explained this concept of the muscle car based on using the

prototype model

A person groups together objects that are near one another.

proximity

Stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenics are all types of __________ drugs.

psychoactive

Stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens are all types of __________ drugs.

psychoactive

Stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens are all types of ______________ drugs. Group of answer choices

psychoactive

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic

(Q003) Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychological and physical problems?

psychoanalytic theory

Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychological and physical problems?

psychoanalytic theory

Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychological and physical problems? psychoanalytic theory functionalism natural selection introspection

psychoanalytic theory

drive

psychological state that creates arousal

(Q001) The scientific study of our mental activity and behavior is called ______________.

psychology

The scientific study of our mental activity and behavior is called ______________.

psychology

The scientific study of our mental activity and behavior is called ______________. psychoanalysis psychology behaviorism introspection

psychology

Match the theorists with the major tenets of their personality theories

psychosexual developmentSigmund Freud Correct label:Sigmund Freud unconditional positive regardCarl Rogers Correct label:Carl Rogers traitRaymond Cattell Correct label:Raymond Cattell locus of controlJulian Rotter Correct label:Julian Rotter

Drugs that act by changing brain neurochemistry are known as what type of medications?

psychotropic

Benton hears voices when no one is present. His psychiatrist prescribes an antipsychotic, which is a type of ________that works by __________. biological therapy; producing a seizure psychotropic medication; changing brain neurochemistry alternative therapy; changing brain neurochemistry psychological therapy; restructuring delusional thinking

psychotropic medication; changing brain neurochemistry

"Chunking" in working memory?

rabbit hat banana The image of "a rabbit wearing a hat while eating a banana" is a chunk

Dr. Fischer conducts a research study examining whether using a pen or pencil will result in higher test grades in her mathematics class. She writes "pencil" on half a stack of cards and "pen" on the other half. Then she has students draw cards out of a hat to determine which writing utensil they will use. Dr. Fischer is using ______________ to assign her students to the different research groups.

random assignment

echnique for minimizing systematic bias

random sampling from a population

why is sampling important?

random sampling lets usgeneralizeto a population

Gwen tells her college roommate Lindsey that she thinks clowns are disgusting and that she is repulsed by the idea of watching clowns at the circus. Deep down inside, however, Gwen has always wanted to be a clown but her parents repeatedly said it was a waste of time and not a proper career. Which defense mechanism is Gwen demonstrating when she speaks badly of clowns?

reaction formation

When people are aware that they are being observed, they might change their behavior. This phenomenon is known as ______________. social desirability response reactivity observer bias variability

reactivity

Your friend Dave has concluded that the rock band U2 is the greatest band of all time. If you carefully consider the information that would test the validity of this claim, you are engaging in a form of thought called a)decision making. b)reasoning. c)logic. d)problem solving.

reasoning.

Jess has quit smoking, and she's trying very hard not to even think about cigarettes or how much she wants one. However, she feels like this plan has backfired—she thinks about cigarettes every waking moment! What phenomenon has Jess encountered? rebound effect rumination reappraisal excitation transfer

rebound effect

Michaela is very stressed out and decides to get a massage. In order to fully experience the stress-relieving benefits of touch, the three functions of her nervous system must be intact. That is, her nervous system has to be able to first ______________, then ______________, and finally ______________ sensory information.

receive, integrate, transmit

In terms of learning, what is the main cause of superstitious behavior?

receiving chance reinforcement

Studying an extra hour per day for the exam produced an impressive grade. What is the likely reinforcer?

receiving the grade

Neurotransmitters released from the sending (presynaptic) neuron's axon diffuse across the gap. They bind to ___ on the receiving (postsynaptic) neuron's dendrites. Receptors are specialized to receive particular neurotransmitters, as a lock and key.

receptors

Recently, researchers have shown that during this process, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased.

reconsolidation

(Q005) Abel is an artist who works with paints. He is currently using a pigment that produces light of the longest wavelengths a human being can see. What color paint is Abel using?

red

serotonin

reduces sexual interest

drug cues

refer to stimuli associated with drug use, such as friends, favorite hangouts, and other things that stimulate further drug use

Ricky's favorite band is about to release a new album, and Ricky believes that the music contains a secret message meant just for him. Which type of delusion is Ricky experiencing?

referential

Somatic

referring to all cells of a multicellula r organism other than the gametes.

Dopamine

regulates voluntary movements.

Of the following functions, which is NOT handled by the reticular activating system in the brain?

regulating hormones associated with hunger

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

(consistency of measurement)

reliability

Coleman is currently 30 years old. He took the WAIS and was told that his score was 110. If the test is __________, when Coleman retakes the same intelligence test again at age 50, his score will likely still be 110.

reliable

Coleman is currently 30 years old. He took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and was told that his score was 110. If the test is __________, when Coleman retakes the same intelligence test again at age 50 his score will likely still be 110.

reliable

amiable skepticism

remains open to new ideas but is wary of new "scientific findings" when good evidence and sound reasoning do not seem to support them

Ken, who is now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger except for

remembering events that occured as a child

Ken, now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger, except

remembering events that occurred when he was a child

Ken, who is now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger except for

remembering events that occurred when he was a child.

Which of the following are examples of nondeclarative memory?

remembering how to tie a square knot remembering how to paint a ceiling forgetting you saw a movie trailer but wanting to go see the movie

retrieval

remembering stored information

Savana is seeing a counselor to help her reduce the anger she is feeling. The counselor suggests several techniques that Savana can use to regulate her own emotional responses. Which of the following is NOT an effective method of emotional self-regulation?

repeatedly thinking about the issue that is making her angry

Marni has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Which of the following is an example of a compulsion that Marni might have? repeatedly washing her hands intensely fearing germs intrusively thinking about disturbing mental images experiencing constant worry about accidents

repeatedly washing her hands

Which of the following types of information will probably have well supported evidence?

reports in peer-reviewed journals evidence

Hank feels fine when things are going well, but he becomes a grouch whenever adversity hits. Hank appears to be low in which potentially health-promoting attribute? social support resilience hardiness positivity

resilience

Mike has been working continuously for two months on a presentation he must give next week. He is noticing that he often feels very tired, but he has not gotten the flu that is spreading around campus. Mike is most likely experiencing which phase of the GAS? avoidant overload resistance exhaustion

resistance

Alexis was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder because she has to check the locks on her house and car many times before she can leave them. Her therapist asks her to lock a door then takes away the keys so Alexis cannot lock the door again. Taking away the keys is __________ and locking the door is __________. systematic desensitization; exposure exposure; response prevention response prevention; exposure response prevention; systematic desensitization

response prevention; exposure

storage

retention of information

The "Tip of the Tongue" phenomenon appears to be caused by a problem in

retrieval

Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. Which of the following is this a case of?

retroactive interference

Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. This is a case of ______________.

retroactive interference The OLD KNOWLEDGE is DISRUPTED by the new Proactive interference would be new knowledge disrupted by the old

After striking her head on a window during a car accident, Shani is knocked unconscious. When she wakes up, she knows who she is but has no memory of the accident or where she was for several hours before the collision took place. What condition is Shani experiencing?

retrograde amnesia

Neurotransmitters are then recycled through a process called ____, or deactivated by enzymes, or taken up by auto receptors of the sending neuron.

reuptake

Professor Newton is planning a research study with human participants who will have to wear a head-mounted eye-tracking device during data collection. While the device is neither painful or dangerous, it can be a bit uncomfortable, to the point where some participants may develop a headache from wearing it. In order to conduct the study ethically, Professor Newton must ensure that which of the following is/are favorable? random assignment risk/benefit ratio scientific standards privacy and confidentiality

risk/benefit ratio

To try to get her baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in her newborn baby?

rooting reflex

To try to get her newborn baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in him?

rooting reflex

ruminating

the Law of Large Numbers

sample size

Kim has an IQ of only 85, but can perform amazing feats of memory, such as memorizing the contents of over nine thousand books. People like Kim, who have low IQs but show extraordinary ability in some intelligent process, are known as geniuses. savants. prodigies. cognitive elites.

savants.

Your niece loves fairy tale books. Even though she cannot read yet, she has many of them memorized. When you get her a new fairy tale book, she is able to memorize it quickly, probably because she has developed a __________ for fairy tales.

schema

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how do humans organize information?

schemes formed assimilation accommodation

This disorder, which literally means "splitting of the mind," affects less than 1 percent of the population; those affected have trouble distinguishing whether their thoughts, perceptions, and experiences are real or imagined. autism spectrum disorder dissociative amnesia schizophrenia borderline personality disorder

schizophrenia

Dr. Martinez's patient has __________. The doctor wants to use an evidence-based treatment to reduce the symptoms; therefore, she will treat the patient with __________. schizophrenia; social skills training OCD; lithium panic disorder; ECT schizophrenia; an antipsychotic medication

schizophrenia; an antipsychotic medication

is an ongoing cycle of critical thinking and developing observations (data).

science

Ellie and Samantha are monozygotic twins who were raised in different families and have never met. What characteristic(s) could one expect them to have in common?

scores on IQ tests likelihood to start fights career achievement

(Q003) Before stepping up to the plate in a baseball game, Lucia spits her gum out onto the ground. On the very first pitch, she hits her first home run of the season. Now, whenever she is up to bat, she spits on the ground, believing that it will bring her luck. Which type of bias is Lucia demonstrating?

seeing a relationship that does not exist

Before stepping up to the plate in a baseball game, Lucia spits her gum out onto the ground. On the very first pitch, she hits her first home run of the season. Now, whenever she is up to bat, she spits on the ground, believing that it will bring her luck. Which type of bias is Lucia demonstrating? Correct!

seeing a relationship that does not exist

Western countries (europe, australia, usa, etc)focus on

the figures and ignore the background.

After years of false starts in disappointing career paths, Bruce feels happy. More than that, he feels that he is living up to his potential and doing what he is meant to do with his life. What state has Bruce reached? drive reduction satisfaction of needs optimal level of arousal self-actualization

self-actualization

Janelle's college advisor discouraged her from taking computer science because those classes tend to be difficult. Even though Janelle had an interest in programming, she began to doubt herself and worried that she would be unable to succeed in difficult, analytical courses. Her advisor's expectations had the potential to turn into which type of outcome? self-fulfilling prophecy discrimination prejudice subtyping

self-fulfilling prophecy

When Madison was hired in her dream job, she told her friends that her hard work had paid off, but when she was skipped over for a promotion, she told her friends that her colleagues were preventing her from getting her work done. Madison is displaying which of the following?

self-serving bias

Although short-term memory stores information in terms of physical qualities, long-term memory stores information in terms of

semantic does

Florian loves the boy band Directionless. When anyone asks him facts about the songs, such as how many top ten hits they have had, Dorian can tell them the correct information by accessing it from his __________ long-term storage.

semantic rehearsal

EunKyung's oven is dirty, and it smokes whenever she bakes anything. EunKyung is worried that it will catch fire, so anytime she smells smoke while baking, she quickly checks the oven. EunKyung is most likely experiencing a form of nonassociative learning called

sensitization

EunKyung's oven is dirty, and it smokes whenever she bakes anything. EunKyung is worried that it will catch fire, so whenever she smells smoke while baking, she quickly checks the oven. EunKyung is most likely experiencing a form of non-associative learning called

sensitization

After the room went dark, Gavin had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. What type of memory store was Gavin experiencing?

sensory

After the room went dark, John had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. John was experiencing this type of memory store.

sensory

As you read this question, specific receptor cells in your eyes are sending the words to your brain so that you can know what the question is asking. The type of neuron that facilitates this process is called a(n) ______________ neuron.

sensory

(Q004) When Marla first moved to New York City, she could hardly sleep because of all the noise from the street. After a month or two, she stopped noticing these noises, and now she feels she would have a hard time sleeping in a quiet country village. What explains this change?

sensory adaptation

Jed works for an animation studio where movies are drawn frame by frame. Audiences will experience his movies as continuous streams of animated movement, rather than simply series of still drawings, thanks to which ability of the human memory system? short-term memory working memory chunking sensory memory

sensory memory

Sensory adaptation

sensory systems become less sensitive to repeated stimuli.

There is some evidence that prenatal exposure to hormones might play some role in which of these? obesity eating preferences motivation sexual orientation

sexual orientation

When you bring home a new cat, you have to teach him to use the litter box. First you show him the box, and give him a treat. Then you put his paws in the box, and you give him a treat. Finally you give him a treat once he uses the box when it is "time to go." You have used the process of __________ to teach your cat to use the litter box.

shaping

Working memory is a special function of

short-term memory

A person groups together objects that look the same

similarity

Jessie is taking a specific kind of cognitive test. She is asked to watch a light while she keeps one finger on a button. If the light flashes red she is to press the button, but if it flashes blue she is to leave the button untouched. The experimenter records how long it takes her to push the button in this task. This is an example of a __________ test.

simple reaction test

simple reaction time

When college students were asked which personal characteristics they found to be the most positive and most negative in a friend or romantic partner, the most positive trait was being __________ and the most negative trait was being

sincere, unkind

sincere; unkind.

Since Dr. Snodgrass is a situationist, he likely believes that personality is determined more by __________ than by __________. genetics; environmental factors self-schemas; environmental factors traits; situations situations; traits

situations; traits

(Q010) Professor Atlas has a dull ache in his lower back, probably from hunching over his philosophy books for the past several weeks. Which nerve fibers are carrying the pain information to his brain?

slow fibers

Professor Atlas has a dull ache in his lower back, probably from hunching over his philosophy books for the past several weeks. Which nerve fibers are carrying the pain information to his brain?

slow fibers

After staying out late with friends, you arrive back at your dorm in the middle of the night. You stub your toe on your desk and knock over a vase, but luckily your roommate does not wake up. Which type of sleep is she probably experiencing? Group of answer choices

slow wave sleep

successive approximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

Difference threshold

smallest difference you can notice between two things

(Q005) Gary was in a motorcycle accident and damaged his thalamus. Gary will have no difficulty carrying out which of the following actions?

smelling roses in his garden (section 5.E)

When walking home from work, Eric noticed a group of men standing near the intersection. Eric decided to take a different route home either instinctively or because of which of the following? prejudice snap judgment observer bias situational attribution

snap judgment

Fred's sister just got a cat. Fred is allergic to the cat, and whenever it gets near him, Fred sneezes. Fred's sister puts a collar with a bell on the cat, so Fred will know when it is nearby. Soon, whenever Fred hears the bell, even from far away, his nose begins to itch. In this situation, Fred has experienced classical conditioning, where the unconditioned response is the

sneezing

(Q007) The ______________ level of analysis in psychology involves how group contexts affect the ways in which people interact and influence each other.

social

The ______________ level of analysis in psychology involves how group contexts affect the ways in which people interact and influence each other.

social

As a child, Doona, who displayed an inhibited personality, overreacted to new situations by crying (can lead to)

social anxiety

When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. Once a few other people sat down at nearby bikes, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called? social facilitation social loafing deindividuation group decision making

social facilitation

Porche has many close friends on whom she can rely, especially during stressful times. Porche has high levels of which of the following? hardiness resilience social support tangible support

social support

Brandon got hypnotized at a student life activity as part of a performance. The crowd laughed as Brandon was told by the hypnotist to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Martian. Afterward, his friends speculated that Brandon was not faking hypnosis but that he was behaving as he expected hypnotized people to behave. This represents the __________ theory of hypnosis.

sociocognitive

Brandon was hypnotized at a student-life activity as part of a performance. The crowd laughed as Brandon was told by the hypnotist to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Martian. Afterward, his friends speculated that Brandon was not faking hypnosis but behaving as he expected hypnotized people to behave. This represents the __________ theory of hypnosis.

sociocognitive

Brandon was hypnotized at a student-life event as part of a performance. The crowd laughed as the hypnotist instructed him to recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Martian. Afterward, Brandon's friends speculated that he was not faking having been hypnotized, but rather behaving as he expected hypnotized people would. This represents the ______________ theory of hypnosis.

sociocognitive

Don thinks that being accepted by society gives people high self-esteem. Don believes in which theory of self-esteem?

sociometer

When Debbie twisted her ankle while running, which nervous system transmitted information from specialized receptors in her ankle joints to her brain?

somatic

When Elaine accidentally touched the hot stove, she immediately pulled her hand away without even having to think about it. This seemingly automatic movement of her hand could not have been possible without the effective operation of the ______________ nervous system.

somatic

When Elaine's hand accidently touched the hot stove, she quickly pulled it away. She didn't even have to think about it; moving her hand seemed to occur automatically. It is unlikely that this could have been possible without the effective operation of which nervous system?

somatic

Which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

somatic, autonomic

some people are more vulnerable than others to processing cues related to food.

Merlin is getting older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well but also can use cues to locate where a sound came from. The owl is able to do this because

sounds reach the closest ear first and this small timing difference gives away the location

Merlin is getting older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well but also can use cues to locate where a sound comes from. The owl is able to do this because

sounds reach the closest ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the location.

work memory includes

sounds, images, and ideas

Identify the following ways in which long-term memory can be distorted.

source amnesia cryptomnesia suggestibility recall of flashbulb memories reconstruction

(Q013) Your roommate asks what you want for dinner, and you reply sarcastically, "I am in the mood for some amazing umami flavor tonight!" Your roommate is also taking an introductory psychology course, so he knows that this means he should serve a meal that is accompanied by ______________.

soy sauce

Your roommate asks what you want for dinner, and you reply sarcastically, "I am in the mood for some amazing umami flavor tonight!" Your roommate is also taking an introductory psychology course, so he knows that this means he should serve a meal that is accompanied by ______________.

soy sauce

Glutamate

speeds up learning and memory. A loss of memory may have resulted from disruption in levels of this.

You and your girlfriend are watching your favorite movie when you glance over and notice that she has dozed off. When you nudge her awake, she denies having fallen asleep. Your girlfriend was probably experiencing which type of sleep?

stage 1 sleep

You and your girlfriend are watching your favorite movie when you glance over and notice that she has dozed off. You shake her awake, and she denies having been asleep. She was probably experiencing which type of sleep?

stage 1 sleep

You and your girlfriend are watching your favorite movie when you glance over and notice that she's dozed off. You shake her awake but she denies having been asleep. She was probably experiencing which type of sleep?

stage 1 sleep

measured the same way for everyone, provide norm groups).

standardization

Haploid :

state of a cell that possesses one copy of each type of chromosome.

Jesenia is turning 5 and her aunt has taken her to the toy store to shop for a birthday present. "What would you like, dear?" the woman asks. "Are you interested in sports? Do you want Legos? How about a bicycle?" Jesenia turns up her nose and informs her aunt that those are all "boy toys," and that she wants to buy a new dollhouse. Jesenia's belief that girls should play with certain types of toys reflects her gender

stereotype

Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen standing in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV). They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worse on the exam than other groups of people, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of

stereotype threat

Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. The girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing a stereotype threat. mental set. schema. confirmation bias.

stereotype threat.

Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen standing in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles. They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worse on the exam than other groups of people, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of

stereotype threat.

Butch was recently rear-ended by a woman in a parking lot. Later his best friend tells him that he, too, was recently in an accident in which a woman driver was at fault. Based on these experiences, Butch develops a __________ about female drivers that includes the belief that __________. a)prototype; most women are bad drivers b)concept; these two women are bad drivers c)stereotype; all women are bad drivers d)category; all women are bad drivers

stereotype; all women are bad drivers

The effects of particular drugs depend on how the drugs activate different neurotransmitter systems. While ______________ increase behavior and mental activity, ______________ decrease them.

stimulants; depressants

To feel pain, there must be sufficient ______________ of a neuron to create ______________, which is the first step in neural communication.

stimulation; an action potential

primary reinforcers

stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement value without learning

A person's recognition that two similar stimuli do not both produce the same conditioned response is called ______________.

stimulus discrimination

Which learning process helps you tell one of your friends from her identical twin?

stimulus discrimination

Anya was taking some medicine that upset her stomach. Later that day, when she drank orange juice, she became violently ill. Since then, Anya feels sick to her stomach if she even thinks about orange juice. One day when Anya is out with friends, the waitress puts a glass of grapefruit juice near her. Anya immediately feels sick to her stomach. Anya's nausea in response to the grapefruit juice is most likely the result of

stimulus generalization

Courtney was bitten by her brother's pet white rat. Since then, Courtney has developed an irrational and excessive fear of all small white animals. She even feels fearful when she sees a photo of such an animal. Courtney's reaction to small white animals is best explained by ______________.

stimulus generalization this occurs when stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus trigger the conditioned response

Anya was taking some medicine that upset her stomach. Later that day, when she drank orange juice, she became violently ill. Since then, Anya feels sick to her stomach if she even thinks about orange juice. One day when Anya is out with friends, the waitress puts a glass of grapefruit juice near her. Anya immediately feels sick to her stomach. Anya's nausea to the grapefruit juice is most likely the result of

stimulus generalization.

Rommell is studying for her final exam in Introduction to Art History. To do this, Rommell is putting information into her memory in the hopes that it will stay there, unaltered, until she has to access the information during the test. This process of maintaining information in her memory is called

storage

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

(Q010) Howard loves everything about movies, including movie history. He knows that many of the tricks used in special effects have their origins in the Gestalt phenomenon called ______________.

stroboscopic motion

Although your friend is much more outgoing and boisterous than you are, at your college graduation you were both somber and quiet. Graduation was probably an example of a(n) __________ situation. strong weak objective projective

strong

(Q014) Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to report on his own sensations as objectively as he can. Jordan's research is similar to how the ______________ school investigated psychology.

structuralist

Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to report on his own sensations as objectively as he can. Jordan's research is similar to how the ______________ school investigated psychology.

structuralist

Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to report on his own sensations as objectively as he can. Jordan's research is similar to how the ______________ school investigated psychology. structuralist Gestalt behaviorist functionalist

structuralist

developmental psychologist

studies changes in morals over a lifespan

personality psychologist

studies enduring characteristics of people

clinical psychologist

studies how the hospital setting created severe anxiety

biological psychologist

studies how underlying brain structure and genetics influence cognitive functioning and behavior

cognitive psychologist

studies speed of processing new information

cognitive psychologist

studies the children's errors with problem solving

Dottie is watching a television commercial for a well-known beer. The words "Buy Beer" flash on the screen, but they flash so quickly that Dottie is not consciously aware of them. The advertisers are hoping that the commercial will make Dottie and other viewers want to buy more of their beer based on __________ perception of the words.

subliminal

Tawny has had a strong desire for a Dr Pepper all day. She is not sure why, because she rarely drinks this beverage. But her roommate, Abigail, reminded her that last night several of the people they were out with were drinking Dr Pepper. Which of the following has Tawny experienced?

subliminal processing

The study of mental disorders in young persons is so important because the third leading cause of death among teenagers is

suicide

) In the cycle of the scientific method, descriptive statistics help you determine whether your theory is supported. define a hypothesis. summarize the basic pattern of the data you collected. analyze your results after they are published in a research journal.

summarize the basic pattern of the data you collected.

What are the five basic taste qualities?

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory)

The word "crow" is a(n) __________ for a type of bird, whereas the word "caw" is a(n) __________ for the sound a crow makes.

symbolic representaion, analogical representation

The sound of the word "cow" is a(n) __________ for a cow, while the sound of the word "moo" is a(n) __________ for the sound a cow makes. a)symbolic representation; analogical representation b)analogical representation; symbolic representation c)exemplar; prototype d)prototype; exemplar

symbolic representation; analogical representation

The word "crow" is a(n) __________ for a type of bird, whereas the word "caw" is a(n) __________ for the sound a crow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

The word crow is a(n) __________ for a type of bird, while the word caw is a(n) __________ for the sound a crow makes.

symbolic representation; analogical representation

On the first day of class, Professor Wilson asked her students go around the room and introduce themselves. When it was Jaron's turn to speak, he began to perspire, and his heart started racing. His hands became cold and clammy, and his respiration rapid and shallow. Which of the following divisions of Jaron's autonomic nervous system was activated in this experience?

sympathetic

While on spring break in Acapulco, May decided to try cliff diving. As she stood at the edge of a 50-foot cliff, her heart raced and her respiration increased. She also began to sweat profusely. Which of the following divisions of May's autonomic nervous system was activated by this experience?

sympathetic

While trick-or-treating, Jaquelline is startled by a scream that came from a speaker in the window of a nearby house. Her heart starts beating very quickly, and her stomach feels as if it has a pit in it. Jaquelline's ______________ system has been activated by the frightening noise.

sympathetic

Neurons don't touch, the ____ is the tiny gap that separates them. Chemical transmission of the neural message happens at the synapse.

synapse

While Carmella is bowling, she notices that the pins at the end of the lane are all placed with a tiny bit of space between one another. When the ball hits one pin, the pin tips into that space and bumps into another pin, which creates a chain reaction of pins being tipped over, or activated, one after another. If the bowling pins were neurons, the spaces between them would be called ______________.

synapses

If a person heard the taste of food, what would this form of perception be called?

synesthesia

To help Charlie overcome his phobia of heights, his therapist trains him to relax and then has him imagine climbing a ladder. After Charlie visualizes climbing a ladder without anxiety, he attempts to imagine standing at the top of a tall building without feeling anxious. Charlie's therapist is using a technique known as systematic desensitization. phototherapy. client-centered therapy. a systems approach.

systematic desensitization.

(Q008) Psychological science is based on critical thinking. This means that psychological scientists

systematically question and evaluate information before they accept it.

Psychological science is based on critical thinking. This means that psychological scientists

systematically question and evaluate information before they accept it.

Psychological science is based on critical thinking. This means that psychological scientists do not believe anything that they did not discover themselves. accept scientific discoveries without question. systematically question and evaluate information before they accept it. only accept information that is consistent with their personal beliefs.

systematically question and evaluate information before they accept it.

Signal detection theory

takes into account how a signal, distractions, and decision bias affect detection

Taking traditional antipsychotic drugs can lead to a side effect characterized by involuntary spastic movements, which is called

tardive dyskinesia

(Q009) When Gretchen eats her favorite brand of pickle, the molecules stimulate taste receptors located in her` ______________ that are grouped within ______________.

taste buds; papillae

(Q009) When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors in the ________ convert the chemical molecules into signals which are then transmitted to the brain by process of ______________.

taste buds; transduction

Match the methods of quitting smoking with their descriptions

teaching people alternative ways of dealing with stressbehavioral treatment Correct label:behavioral treatment reduces cravingsprescription drugs such as Chantix or Wellbutrin Correct label:prescription drugs such as Chantix or Wellbutrin smoking e-cigarettes, chewing nicotine gum, or wearing a nicotine patchnicotine replacement therapy Correct label:nicotine replacement therapy method used by 90 percent of people who have quit permanentlyquitting "cold turkey" on one's own Correct label:quitting "cold turkey" on one's own

The biologically based tendency for us to act or feel in certain ways is known as which of the following?

temperament

(Q012) Paulo is playing an instrument in his school's marching band. One section requires the low instruments (tubas, trombones, and bass drums) to all play at once, while the higher instruments remain silent. At band practice, Paulo listens intently to the low noises of his bandmates' instruments. Paulo is capable of hearing these low notes because of ______________ coding.

temporal

Paulo is playing an instrument in his school's marching band. One section requires the low instruments (tubas, trombones, and bass drums) to all play at once, while the higher instruments remain silent. At band practice, Paulo listens intently to the low noises of his bandmates' instruments. Paulo is capable of hearing these low notes because of ______________ coding.

temporal

(Q007) Pum is lying awake and listening to the sounds of the city. He hears a very low pitched sound in the distance. How does his auditory system code this type of pitch?

temporal coding

Wilhelm is listening intently to his professor lecture on the history of Spain and Portugal, knowing that he will be asked about this information in an upcoming exam. Which lobe of Wilhelm's brain is most responsible for both hearing the information as it is presented as well as helping to encode, store, and later retriev the memory of this lecture?

temporal lobe

Stacia has learned that she is likely to lose her job due to a company downsizing. She responds to the stress that this causes by spending extra time with her children and by leaning on her closest friends for support. Stacia's stress-response style, which is often seen in women, is the

tend-and-befriend

If Marilyn starts cooking nice dinners for her husband and children whenever she's stressed out, this behavior can be qualified as a form of which response?

tend-and-befriend response

tend-and-befriend response.

Tashina is studying the process of prenatal development and is interested in the way the environment affects a baby's prenatal development. She spends time studying how birth defects can occur in a developing baby due to environmental influences called

teratogens

teratogens.

One reason why the amygdala might play an important role in aggression in males is because it has many receptors for the hormone seen in greater amounts in males. In other words, the amygdala is linked to aggression because it has more receptors for

testosterone

testosterone.

(Q002) Visual signals must first pass through which part of Ayumi's brain before they are directed to the brain areas involved with interpreting those signals and converting them into meaning?

thalamus

(Q015) Which early relay station in the brain is used by all other sensory systems but bypassed by your olfactory system?

thalamus

Which early relay station in the brain is used by all other sensory systems but bypassed by your olfactory system?

thalamus

Gestalt principle

that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

stereoscopic vision

the ability to determine an object's depth based on that object's projections to each eye

perception

the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses; interpretation of sensory input perception

Dreams are often not random collections of images, but rather seem to reflect the events that we experience in our waking lives. This fact is a big problem for which theory of dreaming?

the activation-synthesis theory

(Q003) Charles Darwin and William James both understood the importance of

the adaptive purpose of specific traits and characteristics

Charles Darwin and William James both understood the importance of ______________.

the adaptive purpose of specific traits and characteristics

Charles Darwin and William James both understood the importance of ______________. environmental stimuli on behavior the adaptive purpose of specific traits and characteristics the influence of childhood and parenting on future behavior the connection between physical and psychological problems

the adaptive purpose of specific traits and characteristics

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring (unpleasant stimulus)

Jenny's best friend Doris got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Mexican restaurant. For weeks afterward, every time Jenny spent time with her, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Mexican food, because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called

the availability heuristic

Bliss is hooked on a horror television series about serial killers. Based on the number of programs that she has watched, she decides that she is likely to be victimized by a serial killer and purchases an expensive home security system. Bliss is demonstrating the availability heuristic. the representativeness heuristic. the illusory correlation. counterfactual thinking.

the availability heuristic.

Synaptic plasticity

the basis of learning involving a change in synaptic structure or biochemistry that alters the efficiency of the synapse in a positive or negative way.

prototype

the best, most typical member of a category

Both of Aiden's parents and all of his grandparents have diabetes. Although Aiden knows he should take care of himself by exercising more and maintaining a healthy diet, he thinks that getting diabetes is inevitable for him. It doesn't help that his mother bakes him cookies every week. As a result of the combination of his poor diet, pessimism about exercise, and genetic predisposition, Aiden gains weight and begins to show symptoms of diabetes. Which of the following does this case illustrate best? overeating due to variety body weight being socially contagious ineffectiveness of restrictive dieting the biopsychosocial model

the biopsychosocial model

According to the activation synthesis hypothesis of sleep, dreaming results from

the brain's attempt to make sense of random brain activity during sleep.

Germ-line

the cell lineage from which gametes are deri ved; referring to ge nes that are carried through gametes.

What is prediction error as described by the Rescorla-Wagner model?

the difference between an outcome that is anticipated and the outcome that actually occurs

prediction errors

the difference between the expected and actual outcomes

binocular disparity

the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

Retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information Study PSY, study ANTH, take PSY test, PSY is impaired by ANTH info

Proactive interference:

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information I study PSY, then study ANTH, then take my ANTH test. The PSY study interferes

While standing in line at the pharmacy, Mitrell notices that a woman walks in, picks up an allergy medication, and cuts in front of everyone who is waiting to pay. She walks up to the register, drops a $10 bill on the counter, and walks out. Mitrell assumes that this woman is very rude, but he does not know that there is a child in her car who is having an allergy attack. Mitrell's judgment in this situation reflects

the fundamental attribution error

the fundamental attribution error.

According to one theory, consciousness arises from the activity of specific areas of the brain. In other words, the currently active parts of your brain contribute to your moment-to-moment experience. What is the name of this theory?

the global workspace model

According to one theory, consciousness arises from the activity of specific areas of the brain. In other words, the parts of your brain currently active contribute to your moment-to-moment experience. What is the name of this theory?

the global workspace model

Which are the primary auditory receptors?

the hair cells on the basilar membrane, which bend when auditory information is received

(Q007) What is evolutionary theory's primary contribution to psychology?

the idea that the brain's functions (e.g., memory, attention, and language) result from adaptation

What model of memory suggests that thinking about the meaning of information will lead to greater memory than simply reading the information?

the levels of processing model

(Q016) Natural selection is

the mechanism of evolution that passes along adaptive changes and eliminates nonadaptive changes.

Natural selection is

the mechanism of evolution that passes along adaptive changes and eliminates nonadaptive changes.

Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution that passes along adaptive changes and eliminates nonadaptive changes. the idea that the observable environment affects behavior in predictable ways. based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying thoughts. how systems of rewards increase desired behaviors.

the mechanism of evolution that passes along adaptive changes and eliminates nonadaptive changes.

(Q007) Doug believes that the "mind" is really just a result of the workings of our brain. Renee believes that each person has a mind that is separate from the body. Their different opinions reflect ______________.

the mind/body problem

(Q017) Doug believes that the "mind" is really just a result of the workings of our brain. Renee believes that each person has a mind that is separate from the body. Their different opinions reflect ______________.

the mind/body problem

Doug believes that the "mind" is really just a result of the workings of our brain. Renee believes that each person has a mind that is separate from the body. Their different opinions reflect ______________.

the mind/body problem

(Q001) Sandy is pregnant, and every evening she plays classical music loud enough for her unborn baby to hear. She hopes that putting her baby in a stimulating environment will help it develop strong cognitive skills. Her husband thinks that playing the music is a waste of time, since the baby's intelligence will probably just be based on how smart he and Sandy are. What age-old issue are Sandy and her husband rehashing?

the nature/nurture debate

Jacob's father believes Jacob was born to be a skilled ice skater just like his mother and older sister. Jacob's mother thinks that his skills and interest in the sport come from growing up in a household of ice skaters. What long-standing psychological issue is at the heart of the disagreement between Jacob's parents?

the nature/nurture debate

memory

the nervous system's ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information memory

udith is conducting an experiment on mood and problem solving. She plans to have study participants read either a funny story or a sad story before taking a math test. What is the dependent variable in Judith's study? the number of math problems participants correctly solve the type of story participants read the personalities of the participants who choose to be in the study the experimental group of participants

the number of math problems participants correctly solve

Which of the following is the best definition of one's biological sex?

the physical aspects of one's sex

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment; detection of sensory input

fear conditioning

the process of classically conditioning animals to fear neutral objects

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Livinia and Matthew are arguing about the most typical sport to play. Livinia says that it is football and Matthew says that it is baseball. Livinia and Matthew are disagreeing about how to organize concepts according to

the prototype model

the prototype model.

While preparing for his first Chemistry exam, Jaden is studying the elements and trying to memorize their abbreviations. On test day, he is frustrated because he studied 30 elements but can only remember the abbreviation for the last 5. This tendency to remember items at the end of a list of data is called

the recency effect

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring (pleasant stimulus)

Sarah and Imani strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Imani thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Imani that she works at an elementary school, Imani assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually the secretary. Imani used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion? the representativeness heuristic the availability heuristic an algorithm framing

the representativeness heuristic

vestibular sense

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A commercial that ran on television for many years during your childhood claimed that eating dozens of grapefruits each week could cause a person to lose weight. If, years later, you believe that grapefruit is a natural weight loss product but forget that this information came from the television commercial, you are experiencing ______________. - the serial position effect - the sleeper effect - the primacy effect - encoding specificity

the sleeper effect The sleeper effect occurs when a claim that comes from a dubious source will, over time, become more persuasive because the original source is forgotten while the message is not.

In which model of hypnosis would people's preformed expectations about how they are expected to behave play a role in their post-hypnotic behaviors?

the sociocognitive theory

Genotype

the specific gene or combination of ge nes that determines a characteristic.

contiguity

the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

An often-used example of a positive correlation is the fact that ice cream sales in major cities is strongly correlated with the murder rate of those cities. It would be foolish, however, to assume that one variable causes the other. In fact, both changes seem to be related to the outside temperature, in the sense that hotter temperatures are associated with both higher murder rates and higher ice cream sales. This demonstrates which of the following problems with correlational research?

the third variable problem

What is transduction?

the translation of physical stimuli received by sensory receptors into signals the brain can interpret

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior; eliminate unwanted behaviors

(Q011) George is looking for a research project. To start, he could formulate and draw on a theory because ____________________________. theories can be replicated theories are shown to be true, so subsequent research is successful theories lead to testable hypotheses theories are likely to result in serendipity, which leads to successful research

theories lead to testable hypotheses

David Dunning and Justin Kruger

theorize that a person who is incompetent in a field will naturally be a poor judge of his or her own level of competence. That is why people often think they are more competent than they really are.

An explanation or model of how a given phenomenon works is called a(n) ______________.

theory

Da'trell has just fallen asleep in his psychology class. The professor notices that he has nodded off and calls out his name. Da'trell quickly wakes up, apologizes, and tries to stay awake for the rest of the class. What kind of electrical activity was likely occurring in Da'trell's brain during his brief nap?

theta waves

they are all correct, because disease has biological, psychological, and social origins

What do episodic and semantic memories have in common?

they are easily described in words

When Carmella wakes up in the morning, the smell of freshly brewed coffee permeates the air. The chemicals in the air are received by her nose, and then transformed into a neural signal that is sent to her brain. This transformation is called ______________.

transduction

Angela accidently ingested an acetylcholine antagonist. Which of the following statements accurately describes the most likely effect of the drug?

this drug may cause deficits in memory

dualism

this term refers to the idea that the mind and the body are separate yet intertwined

cognitive

thought processes

Recently, Mahogonie has been getting sick quite often. She seems to catch every cold and virus, and she can't remember a week in the last 4 months when she has not had some sort of illness. If Mahogonie were to visit an endocrinologist, which part of her body that governs the immune system would this specialist investigate?

thymus

What is it called when children earn points for good behavior that they can use to trade for items they want?

token economy

Bruce used to experience a great deal of euphoria from a small amount of heroin. Now, however, due to __________, he must consume a great deal more to get high.

tolerance

Bruce used to experience a great deal of euphoria from a small amount of heroin. Now, however, due to ______________, he must consume a great deal more to get high.

tolerance

(Q006) Hunter and Marissa went out on their patio late at night to look at the stars. Hunter had been reading about constellations, and sure enough, he saw that several clusters of stars seemed to be organized into identifiable shapes. Hunter's interest in constellations may have led to ______________.

top-down processing

According to the text, most contemporary personality psychologists focus on which approach to personality? psychodynamic humanistic cognitive trait

trait

Co-dominant

trait (or the gene that determines the trai t) that appears in an organism with a mixed genotype. The effect of a dominant gene masks the presence of the r ecessive gene (e.g., the effect of the A gene masks the presence of the O gene in the A/O genot ype, since the resulting trait is the A blood type).

(Q001) When Ayumi is watching television, the light waves generated by the television are received by her eyes and are then changed into neural signals that can be sent to the brain. This process of converting a physical stimulus to a neural message is called ________.

transduction

(Q002) When Carmella wakes up in the morning, the smell of freshly brewed coffee permeates the air. The chemicals in the air are received by her nose, and then transformed into a neural signal that is sent to her brain. This transformation is called ______________.

transduction

When Lola walks into her favorite Chinese restaurant, she instantly smells delicious food that she cannot wait to taste. As the oderants enter her nose, they are converted from a physical stimulus to a neural signal in a process called

transduction

A bee stung Franco on the wrist while he was gardening, resulting in a sharp pain. In order to cause him to experience the pain in his wrist, Franco's neurons had to ______________, ______________, and ______________ action potentials.

transmit, receive, integrate

situational factors

traumatic events, difficult family life, socioeconomic status, cultural expectations

controlled manipulations

treatment

correlation does allow prediction of one variable from another true or false?

true

correlation does not imply one variable causes another: directionality and third-variable problems true or false?

true

dissociative identity disorder

two or more distinct identities in one person

(Q015) Which of the following taste sensations results from detecting glutamate?

umami Section 5.D

Cici gave up her dream of becoming an artist because her parents expected her to become a lawyer. According to Rogers, Cici likely did not experience which of the following from her parents while growing up?

unconditional positive regard

What type of stimulus is food?

unconditioned stimulus

Whenever Dylan walks into his room, his roommate loudly blows an air horn, which startles Dylan. Dylan doesn't think this is funny, and after several such episodes, he tenses up and opens the door more slowly and carefully. In this practical joke, the blast of the air horn that causes Dylan to jump out of his shoes is the ________.

unconditioned stimulus

When Marcus goes to play golf, he steps up to his ball and swings the club without thinking at all about his technique. Due to years of practice and repetition Marcus has most likely begun to use __________ processes when swinging his golf club.

unconscious

psychodynamic

unconscious forces

projective measures

use ambiguous pictures or stories to examine unconscious processes

Match the terms about attributions with their definitions. personal attributions

using personal attributions to explain someone else's actions, but using situational attributions to explain one's own actionsactor/observer discrepancy Correct label:actor/observer discrepancy explaining a person's actions based on his traits or personalitypersonal attributions Correct label:personal attributions explaining a person's actions based on the context or external factorssituational attributions Correct label:situational attributions explaining a person's actions by his personality without considering the situationfundamental attribution error Correct label:fundamental attribution error

(measure what they are supposed to measure)

validity

any characteristic or factor that can vary

variable

Steve's Intro Psych instructor collects homework assignments after every class. There are periods when she awards extra credit after every assignment; at other times, five assignments will go by without extra credit. To increase his chances of getting the extra points, Steve consistently turns in the homework. Steve is reinforced on a

variable ratio schedule.

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action is known as

vicarious conditioning

When Winnie's parents come home from work, they praise and reward Winnie's older sister for having cleaned up the house. Winnie watches as her sister gets praised and rewarded. The next day, Winnie cleans up the house as soon as she gets home from school. This is an example of ________.

vicarious learning

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model, place the types of encoding in order of how deeply the memories will be encoded, from shallowest to deepest

visual acoustic semantic elaborative semantic

Gordon is sexually aroused by watching women get undressed when they don't know that he is watching them. He has been arrested and fined for this behavior twice in the past. Gordon may be experiencing the paraphilia called

voyeurism

Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identify versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, what might Abrahim be doing?

wanting to change his major every few months

Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identify versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, what might Abrahim be doing?

wanting to change their major almost monthly

amygdala

what brain structure allows Brian can tell by the look on the lost child's face that she is frightened.

basal ganglia

what brain structure allows Catherine is able to plan and execute her service return against a tennis opponent

hypothalamus

what brain structure allows Ian really wants to eat because he is hungry.

cerebral cortex

what brain structure allows Sheila is able to reflect upon her unusual behavior around the boy she just met

hippocampus

what brain structure allows Susan remembers the names of the people she met at the party.

Casey is jealous of his sister Yvette, who seems to get special treatment because she is very physically attractive. Yvette always breezes through airport security, and whenever she gets pulled over for speeding, she is able to talk her way out of getting a ticket. From which stereotype does Yvette benefit? birds of a feather reciprocal helping what is beautiful is good eye of the beholder

what is beautiful is good

central nervous system

what system do the brain and spinal cord belong to?

parasympathetic nervous system

what system is sympathy part of?

peripheral nervous system somatic nervous system

what systems is your skin, muscle, and joints send signals to the spinal cord and brain and brain and spinal cord send signals to skin, muscle, and joints apart of?

operant conditioning (instrumental)

when we learn that a behavior leads to a certain outcome

classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus

smaller language processing less impaired after strokes language process in both hemisphere

which are more of female brains? smaller language processing less impaired after strokes larger language process in both hemisphere language process in the left hemisphere language processing more impaired after strokes

larger language process in the left hemisphere language processing more impaired after strokes

which are more of male brains? smaller language processing less impaired after strokes larger language process in both hemisphere language process in the left hemisphere language processing more impaired after strokes

After going several days without using heroin, her drug of choice, Camilla began suffering terrible stomach cramps, feels nauseous, and has vomited twice. She also feels chills accompanied by profuse sweating and complains of severe physical pain. Camilla is experiencing symptoms of ______________.

withdrawal

One technique to help overcome the limited capacity of STM is called

working memory

According to the five-factor theory, which of the following describes neuroticism?

worried vs calm

Jason, a health teacher, explains to his class that for a __________ to be created, the sperm of a person must unite with the egg from another person, a process that takes place during the __________ prenatal period.

zygote, germinal

Jason, a health teacher, explains to his class that for a __________ to be created, the sperm of a male must unite with the egg from a female, a process that takes place during the __________ prenatal period.

zygote; germinal

Normative decision theories

• Assume that people make rational decisions that maximize gain • Prescribe the optimal decision strategy

Cognitive Psychology is based upon what two principals

• Information about the world is represented within the brain i.e. mental representations •Thinking is the act of manipulating (processing) these representations

Encoding?

• Processing of information • Occurs at time of learning • Prepares information for storage

Retrieval

• Recalling or remembering information • Occurs when stored information is needed for a task

Benefits of Heuristics Learning

• Require fewer cognitive resources than an optimal strategy (carefully weighing all evidence), allowing us to focus attention on other things • Faster than an optimal strategy, allowing us to respond more quickly • Accurate enough for most purposes, BUT occasionally prone to errors and biases under certain circumstances

Storage?

• Retention of encoded representations • Involves a change in the nervous system • The process of neural change that allows encoded information to become stored in memory is called consolidation

LTP Receptor?

•Causes insertion of additional glutamate receptors into postsynaptic membrane •Causes structural changes of the synapse that lead to the creation of new synapses •Causes creation of the neuromodulator Nitric Oxide, which diffuses to presynaptic neuron and enhances glutamate release

Expected Utility Theory

•Example of a normative model •Assumes that people carefully consider all possible alternatives and choose the most desirable one (i.e., the one with the greatest expected utility) •Expected utility = value of the outcome x probability of obtaining it

Where are memories stored?

•Hippocampus needed for consolidation, but is not the location where memories are stored. •Memories thought to be stored in the cortex

Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion: Clive Wearing

•In 1985, damage to the medial temporal lobe due to an encephalitis infection. •Profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia. •Can still play the piano, although he has no recollection of ever having been trained.

Evidence for Role of LTP in Learning

•LTP prominent in brain areas involved in learning •Drugs that block LTP also impair learning abilities. •Drugs that facilitate LTP also enhance learning abilities •Mice genetically-enhanced to have more NMDA receptors have better learning abilities (Doogie mice).

Medial Temporal Lobectomy: Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison)

•Underwent surgery for severe epileptic seizures in 1953 at age 27. •Bilateral removal of medial temporal lobe, including hippocampus •Almost total loss of the ability to encode new long term memories •But preserved short term memory...holds normal conversations, intact reading ability, and other skills that require only temporary maintenance of information.

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