PSYC 2000

Standardization of a psychological test is important because the process ________. Select one: a. ensures that the test can accurately be administered in different languages b. ensures that the test is a reliable measure c. establishes scores on the test that can be compared to the scores of future test takers d. ensures that the test is a valid measure

c. established scores on the test that can be compared to the scores of future test takers

Carol gets her paycheck every 1 week from her employer, as long as she complete her assigned jobs in the week. Select one: a. variable ratio b. continuous reinforcement c. fixed interval d. fixed ratio

c. fixed interval

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. Select one: a. cortex; forebrain b. fissures; folds c. folds; grooves d. grooves; folds

c. folds; grooves

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. Select one: a. decreases b. depends on the CS-UCS relationship c. increases d. is not affected

c. increases

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? Select one: a. autonomy vs. shame/guilt b. industry vs. inferiority c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust

c. intimacy vs isolation

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. cognitive mapping b. conditioning c. latent learning d. reinforcement

c. latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? Select one: a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

c. learning

Sound waves have two properties: amplitude and frequency. Frequency is a measure of the ______________ of the wave and corresponds to our perception of _______________. Select one: a. length; loudness b. intensity; pitch c. length; pitch d. intensity; loudness

c. length; pitch

Compared to the other senses, olfaction has a much stronger, more immediate connection with the _________. Select one: a. thalamus b. parietal lobe c. limbic system d. association areas of the brain

c. limbic system

Which of the following is NOT a type of learning? Select one: a. observational learning b. classical conditioning c. maturation d. operant conditioning

c. maturation

The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called __________. Select one: a. functional fixedness b. confirmation bias c. mental set d. means-end analysis

c. mental set

Demitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident? Select one: a. blindness b. cannot move his fingers c. no sensation in his legs and feet d. no sensation in his legs and thumbs

c. no sensation in his legs and feet

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. Select one: a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. postformal d. sensorimotor

c. postformal

The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language, are referred to as Select one: a. syntax b. morphologies c. pragmatics d. grammar

c. pragmatics

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. Select one: a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

c. preoperational

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? Select one: a. acquisition b. extinction c. punishment d. recovery

c. punishment

Typically, individuals with an IQ of ____ or above are considered to be gifted. Select one: a. 120 b. 140 c. 100 d. 130

d. 130

Dr. Nwoambi is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the _________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder. Select one: a. Textbook of Psychological Disorders b. Textbook of Physiological Disorders c. Physician's Desk Reference d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Jenny has a strong interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks incredibly thin, she feels "fat" and does not eat enough to maintain a normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from __________. Select one: a. bulimia nervosa b. obesity phobia c. hormone under secretion d. anorexia nervosa

d. anorexia nervosa

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. Select one: a. safety b. generalized c. social d. anxiety

d. anxiety

Maria opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that the puzzle pieces inside had nothing to do with the picture on the box. With no picture to go by, she realized she would have to use ___________. Select one: a. random processing b. middle-up processing c. top-down processing d. bottom-up processing

d. bottom-up processing

Cones are specialized for _________ conditions and rods are specialized for _________ conditions. Select one: a. dim light; bright light b. distant; proximal c. proximal; distant d. bright light; dim light

d. bright light; dim light

As an infant, Stephanie received many injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a long, white coat that was similar to a doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of _____________. Select one: a. an unconditioned stimulus. b. observational learning. c. operant conditioning. d. classical conditioning.

d. classical conditioning

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. Select one: a. B. F. Skinner b. Edward Thorndike c. Ivan Pavlov d. John B. Watson

d. john b watson

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. Select one: a. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm b. equipotentiality hypothesis c. levels of processing theory d. misinformation effect paradigm

d. misinformation effect paradigm

We learned about some cats who learned through trial and error to escape from a box and get food. This was an example of: Select one: a. observational learning b. instinctive drift c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Ego identity is our ________. Select one: a. early personality b. nature c. primary character d. sense of self

d. sense of self

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? Select one: a. acquisition b. learning c. reinforcement d. shaping

d. shaping

A sleep disorder characterized by episodes of problematic breathing is called Select one: a. sleep debt b. hyperventilated sleep c. somnambulism d. sleep apnea

d. sleep apnea

Kaylee refuses to change in the locker room during gym class. She is afraid that someone will see her body, make fun of it, and embarrass her. As a result, Kaylee skips gym class to avoid the situation. She gets very anxious when she has to speak up in class because she is afraid she will say something others think is dumb. Based on this information, it is possible that Kaylee has (a) ________. Select one: a. mood disorder b. schizophrenia c. generalized anxiety disorder d. social anxiety disorder

d. social anxiety disorder

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. Select one: a. immediately applying new information to a practical problem b. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks c. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. Select one: a. blocking b. misattribution c. persistence d. transience

d. transience

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. Select one: a. visual b. sensory c. acoustic d. semantic

c. acoustic

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. Select one: a. accommodation b. acquisition c. assimilation d. attainment

c. assimilation

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. Select one: a. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" b. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" c. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" d. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

c. change the word "sensory" to the world "acoustic"

In order to remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experience so that it has meaning. Susan's strategy is an effective method of: Select one: a. eidetic memory b. selective attention c. elaborative rehearsal d. maintenance rehearsal

c. elaborative rehearsal

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep. Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

a. 1

Regarding the violence we see in schools today. The work of ___________ is most relevant to their discussions due to his theory of____________? Select one: a. Bandura; Observational Learning b. Skinner; Operant Conditioning c. Watson; Emotional Learning d. Seligman; Learned Helplessness

a. Bandura; observational learning

Who described the collective unconscious? Select one: a. Carl Jung b. John Hobson c. Rosalind Cartwright d. Sigmund Freud

a. Carl Jung

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? Select one: a. IQ below 70 b. evidence of brain damage c. onset of deficits prior to age 6 d. slower than normal reflexes

a. IQ below 70

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Select one: a. acquisition b. conditioning c. extinction d. neutral stimulate

a. acquisition

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. Select one: a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. kappa

a. alpha

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________. Select one: a. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy b. creative, moody, and flexible c. disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy d. quiet, shy, humble

a. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? Select one: a. breathing b. emotion c. memory d. reasoning

a. breathing

The Müller-Lyer illusion exists mostly in cultures in which there are ___________. Select one: a. buildings with lots of corners b. more men than women c. lots of roads d. a lot of artificial lighting sources

a. buildings with lots of corners

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. Select one: a. chromosomes; DNA b. chromosomes; genes c. DNA; genes d. genes; DNA

a. chromosomes; DNA

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. chunking b. elaborative rehearsal c. mnemonic device d. persistence

a. chunking

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. Select one: a. circadian b. homeostatic c. meta d. pineal

a. circadian

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study. Select one: a. conditioned stimulus b. discriminative stimulus c. counterconditioning stimulus d. unconditioned stimulus

a. conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage? Select one: a. conservation b. language acquisition c. object permanence d. stranger anxiety

a. conservation

Professor Williams wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. She should ___________________. Select one: a. draw a representative sample among college juniors from multiple colleges b. give the survey to every college junior in the country c. give her junior level students extra credit if they complete her survey d. ask her daughter, who is a college junior, about her drinking habits

a. draw a representative sample among college juniors from multiple colleges

Freud stressed the importance of the unconsciousness, dreams, and: Select one: a. early childhood experiences b. hierarchy of needs c. neural bases of behavior d. cultural influences

a. early childhood experiences

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves. Select one: a. electroencephalography (EEG) b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. positron emission tomography (PET)

a. electroencephalography (EEG)

Diabetes is a(or an) ________ disorder because insulin is a________. Select one: a. endocrine; hormone b. endocrine; neurotransmitter c. neurological; hormone d. neurological; neurotransmitter

a. endocrine; hormone

The focus of functionalism is Select one: a. finding how the parts of the mind work together to enable us to perform certain actions b. finding the smallest units of experience c. explaining how we have higher cognition d. explaining emotional experience

a. finding how the parts of the mind work together to enable us to perform certain actions

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain? Select one: a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal

a. frontal

Discussing the idea that a square is a square, as opposed to thinking of it as four separate lines, this viewpoint is an example of: Select one: a. Gestalt Psychology b. Structuralism c. Behaviorism d. Psychoanalysis

a. gestalt psychology

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? Select one: a. homeostasis b. insomnia c. melatonin d. rhythm

a. homeostasis

The main goal of correlational research is to determine: Select one: a. How two or more variables are related to one another b. Which variables are easiest to measure c. How changes in one variable cause changes in another variable d. Why scores on a test are so variable

a. how two or more variables are related to one another

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. Select one: a. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories b. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory c. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant d. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up

a. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________. Select one: a. latent learning b. behavior modification c. placebo learning d. innate learning

a. latent learning

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. punishment reinforcement

a. negative reinforcement

The major purpose of the iris is to Select one: a. regulate the amount of light entering the eye b. focus light on the retina c. protect the eye from injury d. transduce light energy

a. regulate the amount of light entering the eye

A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age, gender, etc., is called ________. Select one: a. a representative sample b. a convenience sample c. a biased sample d. a product sample

a. representative sample

You are trying to train your dog to do a series of complex tricks: opening the door, retrieving the paper, and putting it on the table. The best way to teach the series of behaviors needed for this complex task would be to use: Select one: a. shaping b. classical conditioning c. ratio reinforcement d. habituation

a. shaping

The main advantage of a case study is: Select one: a. the amount of detail it provides about an individual b. we can systematically manipulate the variables to determine cause and effect c. the large number of people that can be studied at one time d. the ease of generalizing the results to others

a. the amount of detail it provides about an individual

Tanya is walking near a university campus and sees a man dressed in a tweed jacket, button down-shirt, and dress slacks. He is wearing glasses and has a neatly trimmed beard. Tanya assumes the man is a professor. Tanya's assumption best illustrates _______________. Select one: a. the representativeness heuristic b. inductive reasoning c. analogical reasoning d. the availability heuristic

a. the representative heuristic

When you hear music or see a light, you receive physical energy from a stimulus in the world. Your process of converting physical energy from the world into electrochemical energy is called Select one: a. transduction b. perception c. propagation d. sensation

a. transduction

The research method that includes the manipulation of one or more independent variables in attempts to determine causality is: Select one: a. true experiment b. correlation c. case study d. quasi-experimental design

a. true experiment

Juan and Sergei are making a display about water conservation. To make a greater visual impact, they decide to add blue food coloring to the water, but just enough that it is noticeable. Juan adds 2 drops of food coloring to the water, and stops because he can see the blue color. Sergei tells him to put another drop in because he doesn't see any blue yet. Juan's _______________ is probably lower than Sergei's. Select one: a. Weber's constant proportion b. Absolute threshold c. Sensory adaptation level d. Habituation threshold

b. absolute threshold

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. Select one: a. acetylcholine b. beta-endorphin c. GABA d. norepinephrine

b. beta-endorphin

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? Select one: a. primary cortex b. cerebellum c. amygdala d. hippocampus

b. cerebellum

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. Select one: a. artistic b. cognitive c. emotional d. psychosocial

b. cognitive

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. Select one: a. cognitive developments b. developmental milestones c. naturalistic observations d. psychosexual stages

b. developmental milestones

All of the following make up important aspects of emotional intelligence EXCEPT for. Select one: a. perceiving and understanding emotion b. emotional reasoning c. managing emotions d. using emotion

b. emotional reasoning

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of: Select one: a. source amnesia. b. encoding failure. c. retroactive interference. d. proactive interference.

b. encoding failure

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high? Select one: a. feelings of despair b. feelings of intense elation and pleasure c. intense tactile sensation d. time distortion

b. feelings of intense elation and pleasure

The myelin sheath consists of a(or an) ________. Select one: a. axon b. glial cell c. soma d. terminal button

b. glial cells

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. Select one: a. depressant b. hallucinogenic c. opioid d. stimulant

b. hallucinogenic

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores? Select one: a. identical twins reared apart b. identical twins reared together c. siblings reared together d. fraternal twins reared apart

b. identical twins reared together

The sleep debt is the result of ________. Select one: a. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior b. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis c. the circadian rhythm d. travel from one time zone to another

b. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. Select one: a. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage b. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running c. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward d. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

b. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. Select one: a. cognition b. model c. response d. stimulus

b. model

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. Select one: a. latent b. observational c. Pavlovian d. vicarious

b. observational

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________. Select one: a. associated with lucid dreaming b. outside periods of REM sleep c. that always occurs immediately after REM sleep d. that overlaps REM sleep

b. outside of REM sleep

Babies all across the world are born with the inherent ability to differentiate between and potentially produce all possible __________, but as they grow older, lose the ability to differentiate those which are not part of their native language(s). Select one: a. morphemes b. phonemes c. graphemes d. semantics

b. phonemes

Sometimes autocorrect can really mess up our communications. The sentence "I'll go top off my unicorn" (instead of the intended "I'll go drop off my uniform" has ________. Select one: a. proper syntax and good semantics b. proper syntax but poor semantics c. improper syntax and poor semantics d. improper syntax but good semantics

b. proper syntax but poor semantics

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? Select one: a. Atkinson-Shiffrin model b. self-reference effect c. sensory memory d. Stroop effect

b. self-reference effect

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. Select one: a. sexism b. suggestibility c. recognition d. reconstruction

b. suggestibility

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? Select one: a. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. b. Receptors on different sections of the malleus, incus, and stapes are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. c. Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. d. Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves.

c. receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

You are more likely to perceive OOOOXXXX as one group of Os and one group of Xs, rather than one group of 8 letters. This example illustrates which of the following Gestalt Laws? Select one: a. Closure b. Continuity c. Similarity d. Figure-ground relationship

c. similarity

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. Select one: a. contaminant b. mutagen c. teratogen d. zygote

c. teratogen

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders. Select one: a. growth hormone b. insulin c. testosterone d. thyroxine

c. testosterone

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? Select one: a. dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her b. remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles c. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind d. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune

c. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. Select one: a. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b. how to play the piano c. what the word chocolate means d. your most recent visit to the dentist

c. what the word chocolate means

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. Select one: a. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b. how to use the microwave c. your first day of school d. what the word January means

c. your first day of school

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Select one: a. you cook dinner for your partner who then gives you a big hug and kiss b. taking aspirin to get rid of your headache c. your parents take away your car because you missed curfew d. during a basketball game someone commits too many fouls and is thrown out of the game

c. your parents take away your car because you missed curfew

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. Select one: a. can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist b. report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized c. usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors d. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

d. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

The focus of structuralism is: Select one: a. finding the smallest units of experience b. finding how the parts of the mind work together to enable us to perform certain actions c. explaining how we have higher cognition d. explaining emotional experience

finding the smallest units of experience