PSYC 2000.371I MIDTERM
Which of the following correctly describes the range of correlation coefficients?
-1.00 to + 1.00
Which of the following people is subject to a strong psychological influence that could contribute to drug abuse?
17-year-old Carrie, who has a history of depression and anxiety
Infantile amnesia disappears by age:
4
Memories of events occurring before age ____ are often unreliable.
4
Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories found that when shown anatomically correct dolls, ________ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were touched during their examinations.
55
In 1890, the average interval between a woman's first menstrual period and marriage, which typically marked a transition to adulthood, was about _____ years.
7
Sexual desire tends to wane after the age of:
75.
A woman's egg is _____ times the size of a single sperm.
85,000
The sleep cycle repeats itself about every ___ minutes for younger adults.
90
One can think of Alzheimer's disease as the deterioration and breakdown of __________ neurons.
ACh-producing
A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a toy store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior seems consistent with the findings in studies conducted by:
Albert Bandura.
Which of the following statements about alcohol's effects is FALSE?
Alcohol is classified as a stimulant because it initially produces mild euphoria, talkativeness, and feelings of good humor.
Melissa is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking isn't the best way to control their child's behavior. Which of the following arguments should she use to support her position?
All of these arguments support her position that parents should avoid spanking.
Which of the following is an example of a biological constraint on conditioning?
An animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning.
_____ use advanced technologies to study the links between biological and psychological processes.
Biological psychologists
_____ is a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
Blindsight
Tom is trying to determine if something his 8-year-old daughter is telling him about really happened when she was 4 years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. Her description of the event is a bit vague, and also sounds similar to a cartoon he remembers her watching then. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event?
Children of either age cannot be trusted to have accurate memories, so it is likely a FALSE memory.
_____ mood states are linked to low levels of serotonin and low levels of norepinephrine.
Depressed
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Each part of the body has the same degree of representation on the motor cortex.
This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.
Ecstasy
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
External events are first processed by sensory memory.
A number of antidepressant medications work to increase this neurotransmitter since low levels of it are linked to depression.
GABA
This famous experiment by ____________ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers.
Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow
Your grandmother is in her early 80s, and she is starting to seem frail to you. Based on what you know about general abilities of the elderly, which of the following are you likely to notice about her abilities?
Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.
___________ memory refers to the retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___________ memory refers to memory for facts and experiences.
Implicit; explicit
Which of the following individuals is in the late adulthood stage of development?
Juanita, who is 70 years old
The use of _____ is most likely to trigger perceptions of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes.
LSD
Which of the following students is less likely to see an improvement on his or her exam scores?
Lee waits to study for the exam until the night before and then uses massed practice to study.
Claire is fond of attending all-night raves at a dance club near her home. Some of the raves are drug-free, but at one rave she saw a friend who was sweating profusely, chewing ice and a plastic pacifier, drinking large quantities of water, and hugging everyone in reach as he proclaimed his love for all humanity. Claire suspected that her friend was probably high on:
MDMA (Ecstasy).
________________ to psychology as the microscope is to biology.
Modern brain imaging techniques are
Which of the following is the BEST evidence for the environmental (as opposed to genetic) transmission of aggression?
Monkeys who were raised apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults.
______________ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state. In other words, if you aren't feeling well, you will be more likely to have negative associations.
Mood-congruent memory
_____ is a type of descriptive research method.
Naturalistic observation
_____ parents are uninvolved.
Negligent
Which of the following statements about nicotine is FALSE?
Nicotine is technically classified as a depressant because the nicotine in cigarette smoke and other tobacco products relaxes the person taking it in.
Which of the following is TRUE about the comparison of the emotional well-being of older adults (over 65) and younger adults?
Older adults experience more positive feelings, supported by enhanced emotional control and the subsiding of negative feelings.
Which of the following is TRUE about one study of sexual content and dreams?
Only 1 in 10 dreams among young men and 1 in 30 among young women had sexual content.
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following strategies would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl, but let her stay home once in a while.
This theorist believed that children's moral judgments build on their cognitive development.
Piaget
Professor Boyd believes that children in every culture can distinguish between costs and benefits because humans have an inborn understanding of economics. This belief is most consistent with the views of:
Plato
Which of the following statements about dreams is FALSE?
Positive feelings and events are more common than negative ones.
Vivid dreams occur during this recurring sleep stage, also known as paradoxical sleep.
REM sleep
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?
Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
Your 3-year-old niece has just started in preschool and her teachers are reporting that she is extremely emotionally reactive and impulsive. What do you think she will be like as a young adult?
Research findings suggest she will be somewhat impulsive and conflict-prone.
_____ consists of all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Self-concept
Selby is 15 years old and has been devastatingly neglected her entire life. She has never been exposed to spoken language. What is the likelihood that she will learn language now?
She will never learn language as the critical period for language development has passed.
Today, who among the following is most likely to earn a doctorate degree in psychology in the United States, Canada, and Europe?
Shelly
Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is TRUE?
Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.
_____ is the periodic, natural loss of consciousness one experiences within a 24-hour period.
Sleep
Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem?
The book was never purchased and placed in the library.
Godden and Baddeley conducted a memory experiment using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. Then the groups were tested on the words. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?
The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).
Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Danielle got extremely nauseous. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. How can this best be explained?
The nausea from the fast food is an unconditioned response (UR).
Which of the following statements about the two hemispheres of the brain is TRUE?
The right hemisphere of the brain helps orchestrate our self-awareness.
He referred to priming as the "wakening of associations."
William James
Who said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing?"
William James
___________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Working memory
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis is called:
a biopsychosocial approach.
Which of the following is a statistical measure used to assess the extent to which two factors vary together and, therefore, how well the variables predict each other?
a correlation coefficient
In a national survey, which would give the MOST reliable results?
a random sample of 3,000 people from all areas of the country
Mark is a 25-year-old who has decided to ask his doctor about whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. He knows at puberty it was supposed to be at a rate of:
about 1000 sperm per second.
In which of the following dream theories does REM sleep trigger neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain then weaves into stories?
activation-synthesis theory
Endocrine glands that play an important role in helping us respond to stress are the:
adrenal glands
In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:
after a few hours without the food (US), the tone (CS) was presented again.
In his research on the limbic system, Professor Caste electrically stimulates the ____________ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.
amygdala
Jorge, who is terrified of snakes, is walking down the street when he sees a stick that looks somewhat like a snake. He immediately becomes fearful, despite knowing that what he sees is only a stick. An area of the brain called the _____ is responsible for Jorge's fear reaction.
amygdala
Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:
amygdala
Brain activity results in telltale electrical signals that can be detected by:
an electroencephalogram (EEG).
Daniella can remember the past just fine but is unable to form new memories. She is experiencing:
anterograde amnesia.
Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by:
antisocial and aggressive behavior.
Most dreams:
are about everyday settings, people, activities, and events.
The ______________ of the cerebral cortex are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking.
association areas
Each time Brenda eats yogurt, she feels sick. Brenda has learned that eating yogurt and sickness go together, so she now refuses to eat yogurt. This kind of learning is called:
associative learning.
If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:
associative learning.
The process of learning associations between a stimulus and a response is called:
associative learning.
The term used by psychologists to describe and measure the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers is called:
attachment
Psychology is a collection of diverse subfields. Psychologists who conduct ____________ research contribute by expanding the knowledge base of psychology.
basic
Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to
be granted a Ph.D. in psychology.
Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to:
be granted a Ph.D. in psychology.
A focus on how much nature and nurture influence our individual differences is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.
behavior genetics
Which of the following perspectives examines the degree to which nature and nurture determine individual differences such as personality traits, intelligence, and sexual orientation?
behavior genetics
Dr. Gray studies the relative influence of heredity and environment on emotional intelligence. Her research belongs to the field of:
behavior genetics.
The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior is known as:
behavior genetics.
A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.
behavioral
Studies show that chronic sleep deprivation is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
better academic performance.
Kevitt was in a motorcycle accident that left him unable to recognize and discriminate objects visually. When his therapist tosses a crumpled piece of paper toward his head he can move out of the way but he cannot identify the tossed object. Kevitt is demonstrating the phenomenon known as:
blindsight.
The brain's oldest and innermost region, the one responsible for autonomic survival functions, is the:
brainstem.
Which of the following is associated with desynchronization, particularly for women?
breast cancer
A movie star was going on and on in an interview about how terrible it is that people use psychoactive drugs. She proudly announced that she had quit smoking, stopped drinking, and had never touched another drug in her life. While talking, she took periodic sips from a steaming cup on the table. What she did not realize was that the coffee in her cup contains _____, which is a psychoactive drug.
caffeine
Older adults are more susceptible to _____________ than when they were younger.
cancer
Implicit memory formation is dependent on which brain structure?
cerebellum
After she suffered a brain injury, Marla had difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she suffered damage to her:
cerebellum.
Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to:
change function and structure.
Our bodies synchronize with the 24-hour cycle of day and night by means of the biological clock called the:
circadian rhythm.
The regular daily fluctuation in temperature and wakefulness is called:
circadian rhythms.
A learned association between two stimuli is central to:
classical conditioning.
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates:
classical conditioning.
Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ______________ psychologist
clinical
After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, Dwayne, who has alcohol use disorder, fails to develop an aversion to alcohol because he blames his nausea on the drug, not the alcoholic drink. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.
cognitive processes
Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.
cognitive processes
Zack repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into his eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):
conditioned response (CR).
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that originally elicited no response but after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response is call a(n):
conditioned stimulus (CS).
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):
conditioned stimulus (CS).
When you sleep, as when you are awake, you process most information outside your _____ awareness.
conscious
Awareness of ourselves and our environment is:
consciousness.
Mark knows that he is sitting in the library reading a book. He also knows that he is both tired and hungry. Psychologists call Mark's knowledge of the world and himself:
consciousness.
Frank was a participant in a research study looking at the content of people's dreams. If he is typical, most of his dreams will:
contain a story line that incorporates traces of previous days' nonsexual experiences and preoccupations.
Researchers who emphasize experience and learning see development in terms of its _____.
continuity
How a vending machine works is an example of a __________________ reinforcement schedule.
continuous
In a study of whether alcohol consumption might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage participated in the _____ condition.
control
Many popular myths, such as the idea that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams, have been debunked using:
critical inquiry.
People who engage in _____ do not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Instead, they analyze assumptions, look into hidden values, and try to determine if conclusions are warranted.
critical thinking
The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of memory and response time in relation to timed tasks in groups of 50- to 75-year-old adults. The researchers are bringing in these age groups at once in order to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____________ study.
cross-sectional
Which of the following is NOT a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?
daydreaming
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by:
decreasing the amount of time spent in REM sleep.
A neuron receives information from _____.
dendrites and dendrite branches
This variable is the outcome factor that may change in response to manipulations of the experimental treatment.
dependent
In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the:
dependent variable.
Research results showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal to modest effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The researchers decide that their earlier hypothesis, that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, needs to be revised. They decide to increase the dosage to 300 mg in their next study. The variable that may change in response to this increase is the:
dependent variable.
Professor Bernstein conducts basic research on the progressive changes in an infant's perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Bernstein is most likely a ______________ psychologist.
developmental
The simultaneous processing of information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is called:
dual processing.
When Brad was first learning to drive a car, he had to focus on how far he was turning the wheel and how hard he was pushing the gas pedal. Now, after many years of driving, the skill has become automatic. He can now talk to his passengers or listen to music while driving. Brad's experience best exemplifies the psychological phenomenon of:
dual processing.
While you probably wish that studying was automatic, the successful studying of your introductory psychology course requires the attention and conscious exertion known as:
effortful processing.
Chris is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses, and he spends school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life known as:
emerging adulthood.
The three consecutive steps in our memory information processing are:
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
As the body is flooded by an artificial opiate (for example, heroin), the brain stops producing its own natural opiates called:
endorphins
According to B. F. Skinner:
environmental factors determine a person's behavior.
Karen is remembering what took place when her friends threw her a surprise birthday party. What type of memory is she using?
episodic
Researchers now believe that developing a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors. This finding would be most relevant to the _____________ perspective
evolutionary
In an experiment, participants are often assigned to one of two groups. The _____ condition refers to the group that receives the treatment. The control condition refers to the group that does not receive the treatment.
experimenta
Mr. Smyttie suffers from amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on what was once his favorite course. But the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:
explicit memory and implicit memory.
B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he overemphasized the importance of:
external consequences.
Marleen suffered a stroke in the underside of the right temporal lobe. Which brain function is likely to be affected?
facial recognition
Due to severe health complications from diabetes, Stacey's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month. In what stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?
fetus
The _____ is the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
fetus
David checks the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. David's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed-interval
Kevin remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This best illustrates a(n) ___________ memory.
flashbulb
Some of our memories of emotionally significant events are vividly clear. These memories are known as:
flashbulb memories.
Many American adults can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This best illustrates:
flashbulb memory.
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a conditioned reinforcer?
food
Most people achieve which of Piaget's intellectual stages during adolescence?
formal operations
When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.
formal operations
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?
frontal
If Dr. Carpentier is interested in measuring both the structure and function of the brain, which of the following techniques would you recommend he use?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
This technique reveals blood flow and brain functioning as well as brain structure through a special application of a neuroimaging technique.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Which school of psychology was most clearly concerned with the adaptive value of complex mental processes?
functionalism
A year after surviving a car accident, Angie responds with terror at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates:
generalization.
George must avoid foods high in MSG, since an oversupply of the neurotransmitter ______ can overstimulate the brain, inducing seizures or migraines.
glutamate
Ricardo is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Ricardo to do at this point is to:
go directly to sleep.
In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary also has primary responsibility for regulating:
growth.
Critics of B. F. Skinner express concern that:
he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
Damage to this part of the brain disrupts the recall of explicit memories.
hippocampus
When conducting an experiment, it is important to manipulate the factors of interest, but researchers must also make sure to:
hold constant or control other factors.
Janet begins seeing a therapist to cope with a number of stressful life events. Her therapist does not focus on her childhood or on any learned behaviors, but instead emphasizes the importance of her need for love and acceptance. Which is most likely the school of thought that the therapist follows?
humanistic psychology
The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which of the following branches of psychology would you recommend for this group?
humanistic psychology
The influence of the current environment on one's growth potential is emphasized by:
humanistic psychology.
The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the:
hypothalamus.
Which of the following are we NOT likely to dream about?
images of future events
As a practical joke, Veronica tells her younger brother a story about an event that did not happen when he was 4 years old: that he called 9-1-1 to report a fight they were having. Veronica repeated the story several times until her brother could really see himself dialing the phone. This is an example of:
imagination inflation.
Digitally altered photos can produce false memories because of:
imagination inflation.
THC, the active ingredient in marijuana,:
impairs motor skills, judgment, and memory.
Which memories include procedural memory for automatic skills and classically conditioned associations among stimuli?
implicit memories
Derrik just ingested marijuana. Which of the following is Derrik NOT likely to experience?
improvements in coordination and reaction time
As Natalia was driving home from school, she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she had looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was looking only for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as:
inattentional blindness.
In a study, participants watched two teams pass a basketball among teammates. One team was wearing white shirts, and the other was wearing black shirts. Participants were told to count how many times the team wearing the white shirts passed the basketball, thereby directing their attention to the white shirts and ignoring the black shirts. Interestingly, half of the study participants failed to notice when a man wearing a black gorilla suit walked through the swirl of players, even though the gorilla paused to thump its chest. This phenomenon is known as:
inattentional blindness.
Chris is trying to cut back on his consumption of caffeinated beverages. When he does cut back, he will experience all of the following EXCEPT:
increased energy.
In an experiment, researchers manipulate one or more _____ and then determine whether this manipulation had an effect on the outcome variable.
independent variables
Dr. Brohil's research examines cognitive changes that occur as people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr. Brohil is a developmental psychologist. Which of the following is something he is NOT likely to focus on?
individual similarities and separations among humanity
Developmental psychologists focus on all of the following issues EXCEPT:
individual similarities and separations among humanity.
Brenda resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter, and she frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of:
insecure attachment.
George, who is 68 years old, is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he has made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. George is in the stage of development called:
integrity versus despair.
Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons, which type of neuron would you be LEAST likely to worry about if you somehow lost 100,000 of them?
interneurons
The largest number of neurons within the brain and spinal cord are _____; they are responsible for the central nervous system's complex internal communications system and mediate between inputs and outputs.
interneurons
According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are:
intimacy and generativity.
Danielle has a good job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her latest birthday cake. She feels lonely at times, though, and wonders if she'll find a life partner. Danielle is in the stage of development called:
intimacy versus isolation.
According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:
intimacy with others.
Researchers today may ask their research participants to describe elements of their experiences (for example, sensations, images, feelings) while undergoing brain scans. This modern technique shares some qualities with the methodology of:
introspection.
Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning?
involuntary responses to stimuli
The factor that differentiates case studies from surveys is that case studies:
involve in-depth analyses of individuals.
One strength of the case study method is that:
it suggests hypotheses for future study.
People differ the most in their learning and memory abilities during:
late adulthood.
Debra is sitting in Sigmund Freud's office and tells him that she remembers a dream in which an automobile was parked in front of her house and a man with a long wooden cane kept getting in and out of the automobile. After some discussion, Freud suggests to Debra that the cane probably symbolized the man's penis and the action of repeatedly entering the automobile probably symbolized sexual intercourse. The symbolic meaning of the dream that Freud suggested is called the _____ content.
latent
The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:
latent learning.
The initiative to have infants sleep on their back, rather than their stomach, has been associated with:
later crawling.
In 1870, German physicians Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig used mild electrical stimulation in an animal's brain to make parts of the body move. When they stimulated the ____, the right side moved.
left motor cortex
This technique produces computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
"I dreamed that there was a large purple elephant chasing my car last night," said Suan. In terms of Freudian dream theory, Suan is describing the _________________ content of his dream.
manifest
Dianne remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of her house and a man with a baseball bat kept getting in and out of the car. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the specific dream details that Dianne remembers are called the _____ content.
manifest
Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that is psychologically induced?
meditation
The neural storage of long-term information is called:
memory consolidation.
The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve:
memory construction.
The first menstrual period is known as:
menarche
The cessation of menstrual periods is most closely associated with:
menopause.
People watching their team lose important games often make faces, yell at the screen, and demonstrate general agitation. Although they aren't playing the game themselves, they may be able to experience the frustration felt by the players because of ________________ activity in the brain.
mirror neuron
Cassie is trying to remember the Big Five personality traits discussed in her introductory psychology class (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion). Her book suggests that she use CANOE to remember these five traits. If she does so, she will be using:
mnemonics.
Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:
mood-congruent memory.
To most people, the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect:
moral intuitions.
Compared with children with authoritarian parents, children of authoritative parents are:
more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.
In one research study, students listened to extremely brief snippets from popular songs and were able to recognize the artist and song:
more than 25 percent of the time.
In adolescence the growth of _____, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions.
myelin
Nancy has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. As the disease progresses, neural communication from the brain to some of her muscles may slow down and she could lose some muscle control as a result of the degeneration of the:
myelin sheath.
People with this sleep disorder experience periodic, overwhelming sleepiness.
narcolepsy
Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing?
naturalistic observation
Dr. Schmidt believes that alcohol use disorder is influenced both by biological and cultural factors. This finding is most relevant to the issue of:
nature versus nurture.
Which type of parent is neither demanding nor responsive?
negligent
The brain often attempts self-repair by reorganizing existing tissue, but it sometimes also attempts to mend itself by producing new brain cells. The latter process is known as:
neurogenesis.
Much like a battery, these generate electricity from chemical events.
neurons
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
observable behavior.
As you stand in line for coffee, you scan the faces of other customers to spot your friend. This visual information is being processed in your:
occipital lobes.
In order to determine if a finding from one study can be applied to other populations, it is necessary for researchers to _____ variables, thus making it possible for other researchers to try to replicate the study.
operationally define
Terry is worried that she will become addicted to the drug she has been taking to relieve her pain. She is most likely taking a(n):
opiate
REM sleep is also called:
paradoxical sleep.
Leon's parents divorced when he was 5. His father has moved out of state, and his mother is kept busy with trying to keep a roof over their heads. Leon is now 13 and has been getting into some minor troubles at school and with the law. Despite this, his mother still allows Leon to come and go as he pleases, she rarely if ever punishes him, and she gives in to whatever he wants. She feels guilty about the divorce and the fact that Leon doesn't have much contact with his father. Leon's mother has which type of parenting style?
permissive
Basic research on persistent human traits, such as optimism and pessimism, is most characteristic of the specialty known as ____________ psychology.
personality
Which field of study examined the bumps on the skull and believed that they could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits?
phrenology
The _______________ triggers the ovaries and testes to release sex hormones
pituitary gland
Which of the following refers to an experimental result caused by expectations alone?
placebo effect
In drug-treatment studies, researchers often use double-blind procedures to minimize the chance that _____ are responsible for differences between experimental and control conditions.
placebo effects
A direct relationship is considered a _____ correlation.
positive
Dr. Saunders is studying how human functioning can be scientifically guided to establish and promote goals to enhance human flourishing. Which of the following areas of psychology is Dr. Saunders exploring?
positive psychology
In an experiment, it is important that independent and dependent variables are given _____, which specify procedures for manipulating the independent variable and measuring the dependent variable.
precise operational definitions
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a __________________ of self-interest.
preconventional morality
The problem with hindsight bias is that it is "after the fact." In other words, hindsight bias does not help us:
predict the future.
The_____ enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories.
prefrontal cortex
This is the activation of particular associations in memory.
priming
When prior learning disrupts recall of new information, it is called:
proactive interference.
Genes provide the code for the production of:
proteins.
The term _____ means "mind manifesting" and refers to a class of drugs that create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking.
psychedelic
Leroy wants to provide medical treatment, including prescribing psychoactive drugs, to help individuals with psychological disorders. Leroy wants to be a ____________________.
psychiatrist
Seventy-six-year-old Charles has an optimistic outlook on life, plays golf several times a week, and teaches English to non-English speaking people. Charles's example demonstrates the role that _____ factors play in helping older people live longer and flourish.
psychological
A researcher who is primarily studying learned expectations and cognitive interpretations is focusing on:
psychological influences
According to the SQ3R method, to survey a chapter means to:
read only the headings and study the organization of the chapter.
Visual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to actual memories.
real perceptions
A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of a __________ memory task.
recall
Your teacher gives the first exam in your psychology course. You notice that all of the questions are multiple choice. This test is assessing your _____ of the course material.
recognition
Henry is 58 years old, and he is worried about age-related loss of both memory and cognitive abilities. He asks you what he can do to minimize any declines. You give him all of the following suggestions EXCEPT:
reduce your activity level.
According to cognitive neuroscientists, perception, memory, thinking, language, and attitudes all operate on two levels—a conscious, deliberate "high road" and an unconscious, automatic "low road." The high road is considered to be:
reflective.
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, children:
rely on their senses and actions to acquire practical knowledge about the world.
When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus compared to an older stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as being new. It follows that the infant:
remembers the older, original stimulus, thus making the new stimulus seem different.
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
repeated pairing of lemonade with the drug that enhances the immune response
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:
repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.
If Professor Thomas electrically stimulates the ______________ in a sleeping animal, the animal will immediately wake up and be alert.
reticular formation
Sometimes stored information cannot be accessed. This is a result of which of the following?
retrieval failure
Makaila is not able to remember anything from her past. She is experiencing:
retrograde amnesia.
Some researchers believe that addictive disorders, such as substance use disorders and binge eating, may stem from malfunctions in natural brain systems for pleasure and well-being. People genetically predisposed to this _____ syndrome may crave whatever provides that missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings.
reward deficiency
Luka suffered hippocampal damage in a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but he has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. The damage is to his:
right hippocampus.
When a baby's cheek is touched, she will turn toward the touch, then open her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _________ reflex.
rooting
This is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
schema
Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of:
selective attention.
Conscious memories regarding facts and general knowledge fall into which memory category?
semantic
In Craik and Tulving's experiment, the deeper, ___________ processing yielded better memory than the shallow processing elicited by the other encoding techniques.
semantic
In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model, we record information in which order?
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Which of the following is BEST for solving new problems?
sequential processing
When learning occurs in the Aplysia sea slug, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter into certain neurons.
serotonin
Although Suan has no genital sensations, he is capable of an erection if his genitals are stimulated. Suan's situation is most indicative of a(n):
severed spinal cord.
Encoding information on a basic level is to _____ as encoding semantically is to _____.
shallow processing; deep processing
Melissa is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence on television. You tell Melissa all of the following EXCEPT:
she should not worry; children do not model television violence.
This activated memory holds a few items—for example, the seven digits of a phone number—briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
short-term memory
After a head injury, Amanda has difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is also unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Amanda is having difficulty with her:
short-term memory.
When is menopause usually experienced for women?
shortly after age 50
The major characteristic of depressant drugs is that they:
slow brain activity.
Professor Chung conducts basic research to investigate whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' subsequent academic performance. Professor Chung is most likely a ______________ psychologist.
social
A focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and societies is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.
social-cultural
Inga, who is 82, frequently receives visits from family members, plays cards with her neighbors several times a week, lives in a safe neighborhood, and is valued by all the people in her life. All of the above illustrate the _____ factors that have a role in helping older people live longer and flourish.
social-cultural
Juan knows that turning the pages of a book, using his pen to take notes, or raising his hand are all possible due to his:
somatic nervous system.
It is not uncommon for us to recognize people but to have no idea where we first met them. Or, we may hear something but later recall that we saw it. Both types of misattribution are known as:
source amnesia.
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abductions, Stan began to explain to his friends about space travel. However, he could not remember where he learned the information when asked. This illustrates:
source amnesia.
Which of the following promotes better retention of material studied than massed practice?
spaced practice
Nate and his girlfriend are listening to a lecture on an author's travels through Eastern Europe. After listening for an hour he becomes drowsy and his head begins dropping forward, until his girlfriend elbows him to wake him up. Nate's drowsiness is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs:
spontaneously.
Janice has not performed well on her last two psychology exams. She is at a loss because she studied three hours for each exam. Janice's professor suggests that she use the SQ3R method of study. This procedure involves various steps in the following order:
surveying the chapter, using learning objectives and headings to question your understanding before reading, reading actively, taking a practice test, and reviewing to check your understanding.
The areas of the motor cortex responsible for precise movements, for example, of the fingers and the mouth,:
take up a larger area of the motor cortex.
Dr. Reid, a neuropsychologist, works with postsurgical patients who have had their corpus callosum surgically severed to reduce severe seizures. When she presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to his left visual field and "TED" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he saw. What does this patient say?
ted
A pregnant woman was recently arrested for using heroin. She is addicted to it, and there is a risk that her fetus will develop abnormally. Heroin is clearly a _____________ for the fetus.
teratogen
The ______________ is to sensory input as a major city airport is to a country's airplanes, a hub through which all air traffic passes en route to the various destinations.
thalamus
Months after Tina's left index finger was severed in a factory accident, she noticed an increase in the sensitivity of the fingers near the missing one. The increased sensitivity is caused by:
the area in the somatosensory cortex once occupied by the missing index finger now receiving input from the adjacent fingers.
At a faculty party, Dr. Smith is attentively listening to Dr. Chen talk about her latest research on facial recognition when he suddenly becomes aware of someone mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as:
the cocktail party effect.
After the attacks on the United States in September 2001, a friend suggested that the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. According to her, all the clues were there. This perception may illustrate:
the hindsight bias
Which of the following is a major contribution to the stage theory of development?
the idea that people of one age think and act differently when they arrive at a later age
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details. This is known as:
the misinformation effect.
Which of the following refers to what began as a zygote's outer cells and screens out many harmful substances that might be dangerous to the developing embryo and fetus?
the placenta
Claudia meets nine new neighbors at a block party. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors she met. Her experience illustrates:
the serial position effect.
Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:
the serial position effect.
Sherron learned how to ride a bike when she was 6 years old, but when asked to explain how she balances the bike she is unable to do so. All of the following explains why Sherron cannot explain this skill EXCEPT:
the skill of riding the bike is only accessed through conscious processing.
In response to bright morning light:
the suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin.
A medical equipment company is thinking of expanding by developing a higher tech version of the presently used lie-detection machines that measure perspiration, cardiovascular, and respiration changes. On which of the following biological systems should their research focus?
the sympathetic nervous system
Each cerebral hemisphere can be roughly divided into four pairs of lobes. Which lobes process auditory information?
the temporal lobes
Monica improves her studying method. After reading each section of her textbook, she assesses her memory of the reading by taking the practice quiz for that section. When she is finished studying for the exam, she takes a practice exam and finds that her grades have improved a letter grade since the beginning of the semester. Monica's grade improvement is an example of:
the testing effect.
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his:
theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.
David regularly takes a pain reliever for his back pain. After a few weeks, he notices that he needs to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that he takes each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that David is experiencing is called:
tolerance.
Pop quizzes at college and random checks of quality in a factory are examples of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-interval
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.
variable-ratio
Terrance suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. The form of treatment his psychiatrist is using is electroconvulsive therapy, a therapy that will affect his memory of __________.
very recent memories
In observational learning, the most effective models are those:
who use consistent actions and words.
If a shock is always preceded by a tone, and then sometimes also is preceded by a light that accompanies the tone, a rat will react:
with fear to the tone but not to the light.
Which of the following BEST describes the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuance of an addictive drug or behavior?
withdrawal
The _____ is the fertilized egg that after a 2-week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo.
zygote
