PSYC 2010 Unit 1

negative correlation

1 of the the 2 variables go up, the other goes down

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. 1/3 2/3 3/4 4/5

2/3

what is operational defintion

A precise description of our variables, its important in allowing others to understand exactly how and what a researcher measures in a particular experiment

Hypothesis

A tentative and testable statement (prediction) about the relationship between two or more variables

what is a survey

A way of collecting data by paper & pencil, electronically, or verbally

theory

A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena, can evolve and change based on research, normally a theory isn't tested in one experiment but in several

what is experimentation

AKA the gold standard, assigned into two groups: experimental which DOES get manipulated, control that does NOT get manipulated

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. Noam Chomsky Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Sigmund Freud

Abraham Maslow

What is unconditional positive regard?

Accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation

Which of the following areas is in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

what is a cross-sectional study

Compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

DRYMIX Acronym

D ependent R esponding Y axis M anipulated I ndependent X axis

what is DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, Helix shaped molecules made up of nucleotide base pairs

Who came up with Humanism and what is its main idea?

Developed by Carl Rogers, claims there is an innate good in all human beings

Who came up with Psychoanalysis and what is its main idea?

Developed by Sigmund Freud, focused on the unconscious mind (things you're unaware of that influence you) and significant childhood experiences

Who came up with Functionalism and what is its main idea?

Developed by William James, emphasized how mental activities contributed to basic environmental survival, (whole mind > parts of mind)

Who came up with structuralism and what is its main idea?

Developed by Wundt, involves breaking down the mind into its fundamental parts (parts of mind > whole mind)

T/F the Institutional Review Boards approval is not required in order for the experiments to proceed

False, it is required

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the US?

Francis Cecil Sumner

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. personality clinical social I-O

I-O

____ is a committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

IRB

where is wernicke's area

In the temporal lobe

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

Independent, dependent

what is informed consent

Informing participants of the benefits and risks of participating in an experiment

____ (IRB) reviews research that involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

This is the committee of admins, scientists, etc the reviews proposals for research involving human participants

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. William James Max Wertheimer Carl Rogers Noam Chomsky

Max Wertheimer (Gestalt principles in which sensory experiences can be broken as parts but looked as a whole)

what is deception

Misleading the participants about the true purpose of the study Ex: telling people "elderly" words like slow, gray, etc and having them walk down a hallway... those deceived will generally walk slower

what is a naturalistic observation

Observe behavior in a natural setting, think of an outsiders standpoint with no interaction of those you're observing

Who came up with Behaviorism and what is its main idea?

Observing and controlling behavior, people will be more or less likely to engage in certain behaviors based on the reward or punishment (Skiner)

The ___________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

Parasympathetic

what is archival research

Past research and collecting data that is already existing

Who are 3 main people of behaviorism

Pavlov, Watson & Skinner

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, they would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. bachelor of science bachelor of art master's PhD

PhD

Pros and cons of a survey

Pros - generalizability, can be used to gather large amounts of data from a sample of a greater population Cons - depth of information is shallow, misreading or dishonesty from those being surveyed

Pros and cons of an experimentation

Pros - increased control over the research Cons - time consuming and ethical concerns

Pros and cons of a case study

Pros - looks at one individual that has a unique circumstance that differentiates them from the general public Cons - we can't generalize the findings since it was unique to the individual

Pros and cons of archival research

Pros - researchers invest less time and money because they don't have to collect the data themselves Cons - researchers have no control over what information was originally collected

Pros and cons of a cross-sectional study

Pros - shorter time investment Cons - different cohorts have different effects through social/cultural experiences?

Pros and cons of naturalistic observations

Pros - the potential for increases accuracy of information collecting Cons - it's difficult to set up and control, it can't be manipulated

Pros and cons of a longitudinal study

Pros - yields the best results? Cons - a big time commitment, attrition - the number of participants drop

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. PhD PsyD postdoctoral training program dissertation

PsyD

Which of these is an advantage to case studies?

Rare situations can be studied that may lead to a better understanding of a phenomenon.

whats a correlation

Relationship between two variables; when 2 variables are correlated one variable changes as the other does

what is replication

Repeating the same research to further the study & in time have more evidence to support the original hypothesis

The myelin sheath is made from ____________.

Schwann cells/lipids and proteins

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. Skinner Watson James Koffka

Skinner

whats the All-or-None Law

States that once the neuron receives the signal, it has to fire it off The action will undergo no changes in the strength, speed or duration

What are the strengths & weaknesses of functionalism?

Strengths - Weaknesses -

What are the strengths & weaknesses of structuralism?

Strengths - took a good initial step toward research, claimed to be too subjective Weaknesses - it was too subjective, and it was problematic with biases

what is a longitudinal study

Studies the same group of individuals over and over an extended amount of time

what is debrief

Telling the participants about the study and any deceptions

What did Gestalt psychology, structuralism, and Sigmund Freud have in common?

They were all connected with describing and understanding the inner experience

what are glial cells and what do they do

They're the support cells that make myelin for the axon

Carl Rogers says a therapist needs these 3 things

Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

How do neurons communicate?

With neurotransmitters, which are chemical exchanges

An ____ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals

action potential

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? critical thinking use of the scientific method critical evaluation of sources of information all of the above

all of the above

when is informed consent given

at the beginning of the experiment

when is a debrief given

at the end of the experiment

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? PhD PsyD master's degree bachelor's degree

bachelor's degree

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. biological health clinical social

biological

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _________ and ___________.

brain; spinal cord

which of the following brain processes is NOT a function of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

Dr. Matter, is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain-depth knowledge about their behavior. These studies would best be described as ______________?

case studies

Some things can be correlated but not be __________

cause and effect. Ex: as the sales of icecream goes up so does murder

The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the _____________.

cerebral cortex

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _____.

depression

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

where is broca's area

in the frontal lobe

The _________ variable is the variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter.

independent

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

what is broca's area essential for

language production *the video showed the girl not being able to/ struggling to speak what she was thinking

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. associate's bachelor's master's doctoral

master's

What is classical conditioning?

over time the dogs were conditioned to salivate at the bell because it meant food (Pavlov & Watson)

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. psychosexual stage object permanence personality perception

personality

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. biology chemistry philosophy physics

philosophy

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. observation measurement test proposed explanation

proposed explanation

Psychology refers to the ____.

scientific study of the mind and behavior

which of the following senses is NOT the first routed through the thalamus?

smell

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

sensory and motor neurons of the ______ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

what is wernicke's area essential for

speech comprehension *the video showed the man speaking random words string together, full sentences that made no sense

The _____ nervous system is responsible for the responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the _____.

synapse

The space between the two neurons is called the _________.

synaptic cleft

An advantage of using a longitudinal study is ____?

there are fewer confounding variables

Research shows people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that _____.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

F/F damage to wernicke's area results in difficulty understanding language

true

positive correlation

two variables go up

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. structuralism functionalism Gestalt unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

independant variable

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter

Dependant variable

variable that the experimenter measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

whats a chromosome

​​long strands of genetic information known as DNA