PSYC 2040 Final
As a scientific discipline, social psychology seeks ________.
An understanding of the nature and causes of social behavior
Carl falls down the stairs and badly sprains his ankle. When will Carl most likely receive help?
Before school starts when only one other student is in the hallway
________ results when the demands on our cognitive system are greater than its capacity.
Information overload
________ comparisons are based around attributes we may ________ with ________, but which are ________ to (from) ________ group.
Intergroup; share; other members of our group; contrasted; another
One way to manage information overload is to make use of ________.
mental shortcuts, such as heuristics
Gender stereotypes are ________.
beliefs about the characteristics of women and men
In Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. ________ of the research participants never yielded to group pressure to accept an incorrect response.
almost 25 percent
Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others is known as ________.
altruism
If a single stationary source of light shines in a dark room, most people report that it appears to move. This is known as _____.
autokinetic phenomenon
Prejudice can be ________ or ________.
blatant; subtle
Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by ________.
blocking women's progress int he workplace
Amy is always trying to defeat others in all types of situations, even as inconsequential as seeing who can brush their teeth the fastest. Amy probably has a(n) ________ personal orientation toward social dilemmas.
competitive
In one study, when White participants were asked about perceptions of race relations at a university, progress was framed as either "minority gain" or "decrease in White students." White participants perceived the ________ as larger than the ________.
decrease; gain
In one study, students from one school were asked to help students at another school. When the school to be helped had scored higher than the school of students asked to help, students offered more help to the school that was doing better than they were. This is called _______.
defensive helping
According to Diener & Oishi (2005), among the very best predictors of level of happiness among the population is ________.
degree of connectedness to others
Alisa wants to run for elected office in her state. Given stereotypes about the most appropriate jobs for females, her two best shots for winning would be ________ or ________.
education dept. head; human services director
Individuals can vary in their strength of their need for affiliation as a function of ________.
either their traits or temporary states
Condescension is ________.
expressions of arrogance or disdain on the part of others
Three college friends went swimming in a local creek, ignoring both a No-Trespassing sign and a No-Swimming sign. These friends were violating ________.
injunctive norms
Which of the following is true about individuals with a dismissing avoidant attachment style?
just like everyone else their self-esteem rises when they are accepted by others
The empathic joy hypothesis requires people to not only provide help but also be presented with an opportunity to ____.
know that helming produced a positive impact
After the election of President Obama, White Americans report _____.
less support for policies that address racial inequality
According to a classical conditioning model of attraction, if you saw a funny film with someone, you would ________.
like the person more
People who tell more lies tend to be ____. This supports the idea that people lie in order to____.
mental unstable; cover up weaknesses of character
Whether we wish it or not, Shakespeare admonishes that we are ________ on a stage, and that we're in the position of ________.
mere players presenting ourselves to an observing and potentially changing audience
Provocation is usually met with ________.
retaliation
When touching is considered appropriate, it often produces ________ reactions in the person being touched.
positive
When making judgments that involve factual information, we tend to rely on ________.
the amount of relevant information we can recall
We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________.
members of our reference group(s)
Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends, but advocates for amnesty to another group. This is possible for her because ________.
members of the two groups never talk to each other
Some support for an evolutionary explanation for aggression comes from gender differences that show
men are more aggressive towards other men than towards women
Adolescents who are better at empathic accuracy are ____.
more liked and less likely to be bullied
Participants in an experiment who were exposed to someone who lies in an interview were ________ to ________ in a later conversation.
more likely; lie
In Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. ________ of the research participants agreed with a clearly incorrect answer at least once.
more than 75 percent
The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that at least some prosocial behavior is ________.
motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need
Kin selection refers to the idea that ________.
natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes
When thinking about a bad or happy event and predicting our future level of happiness, we tend to ________.
neglect all the other factors that will contribute to our future state of mind over time
People who see others picking up litter in a parking lot are less likely to litter themselves. This observation can best be explained by ________.
normative focus theory
Normative focus theory says ________.
norms will influence behavior only when they are salient
The type of social influence that occurs when one person orders another to perform some action and the other person then complies is known as ________.
obedience
Regarding women as mere bodies that exist for the pleasure of others is referred to as ____.
objectification of females
If we form an attitude by watching television, this is called ________ learning.
observational
Subliminal conditioning _______.
occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness of its content
Attitudes are ________.
our evaluations of different aspects of the social world
Jason has been told that he should make sure to shake hands with the interviewer when he applies for a job, and that this handshake should be firm, vigorous, and last a long time. According to recent research (Chaplin et al., 2000), if Jason follows this advice, the interviewer may think that Jason is ________.
outgoing and willing to try new things
Research on mirror neurons with individuals who are high, moderate, and low in empathy revealed________.
participants low in empathy showed equal amounts of neural activity to both social and non-social stimuli
In one study, participants watched a videotape of a student talking about dropping out of college because she felt isolated and distressed. She was described as similar or dissimilar to the participants. Participants were then offered an opportunity to provide her with some advice. What did the findings show?
participants who felt empathy, were similar to her, and were told they would be given feedback about how effective their advice was, gave more advice
Research on the facial feedback hypothesis had individuals either enhance or suppress muscle tension in their facial expressions while imagining positive and negative scenarios. The results indicate that:
participants who were asked to enhance their expressions reported less intense emotions
The social learning perspective on aggression suggests that ________.
people acquire their aggressive behaviors from direct experiences or from observing aggressive models
The principle of proximity suggests that the ________.
physical closeness between individuals helps determine the probability that repeated contact will be experienced
According to the general aggression model, situational factors and personal factors can lead to aggressive behavior because of their influence on ________, ________, and ________.
physiological arousal; affective states; cognitions
Gender stereotypes include ________.
positive and negative traits of men and women
Research has demonstrated that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more ____ thoughts as compared to ____ thoughts.
positive; negative
The usually negative affect (feelings) that people have about particular social groups is known as ________.
prejudice
A basic ________ with kin selection theory is that we ________ help people ________.
problem; do; we are not related to
Actions that benefit others without providing any direct benefit to the actor are known as ________.
prosocial behavior
Jason is the owner of a furniture store in a small Southern town. He donated several hundred mattresses to the Red Cross immediately after hearing about the devastation caused in a neighboring state by a hurricane. He was motivated to do so by his desire to help others, by thoughts of the income tax deduction he could take, and by the recognition his store would receive from his act of charity. This is an example of ________.
prosocial behavior
In contrast to older models of aggression, modern theories tend to ________.
provide a more accurate understanding of human aggression
James and William are discussing the last presidential election. James, a Democrat, has made some very negative comments about Republicans and the way in which the campaign was conducted. William, a life-long Republican, has told James to tone it down, but this seems to encourage James to make even more negative comments. Eventually, William pushes James away and starts to throw a punch. This situation might best be seen as a case of ________.
provocation
Erin has been living with her boyfriend for a year. During that time, Erin has heard her boyfriend and his family make many negative comments about Asians. When her boyfriend's family is around, Erin also occasionally makes negative comments about Asians, even though she doesn't believe these comments are based in facts. This situation best represents the distinction between ________ and ________.
public conformity; private acceptance
Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent, " and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations.
quicker
Jerome is playing poker with his buddies and is losing badly. It seems that everyone at the table knows when he is bluffing, just by watching his eyes. Jerome needs to learn to monitor his ________ and his ________ when he plays poker.
rate of blinking; frequency of eye contact
One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes. Which of the following findings support this idea?
reaction times are faster for associations between men and wealth
Judging individuals based on their similarity to typical members of a group is known as the ________.
representativeness heuristic
Zosha and three of her friends have just watched a new movie. As they walk out of the movie, Zosha's friends are talking about how much they enjoyed the movie and how good the actor's portrayal was. If one of her friends then asks Zosha how she liked the movie, she is likely to ________.
say that she also enjoyed the movie
Joining and belonging to a group often has a strong positive effect on the status of, and hence the self-esteem of, people who are motivated by ________.
self-enhancement
In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect of himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a ________ approach in presenting himself to others.
self-verification
Tomas is beginning his first year of college. Since one of his goals is to meet people and make new friends in his classes, Tomas would be well-advised to ________.
sit between other students in his class whenever possible
Jessica considers herself to be a private individual. Although she is taking college courses and working towards her degree, she doesn't enjoy interacting with her fellow students very much. In order to minimize interactions in the classroom, Jessica should ________.
sit in the back of the room, and either in a corner or at the end of a row whenever possible
According to the general aggression model, there are two broad categories of variables that influence aggressive behavior: ________ and ________.
situational factors; personal factors
The process during which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world is known as ________.
social cognition
When it comes to decisions, Ilene thinks she is bolder than her coworkers. In a recent meeting, she discovered that other workers in the office favored even bolder decisions. As a result, Ilene shifted toward an even bolder position herself. The process underlying Ilene's change is ________.
social comparison
When we think of ourselves as members of specific social groups, we are thinking of our ________.
social identity
Efforts by one or more individuals to change another's attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, or behaviors are known as ________.
social influence
Jason, Paul, and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class. Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing. If Jason is accurate in his perception, Paul is engaging in ________.
social loafing
________ are rules that indicate how people are expected to behave in particular situations.
social norms
The process we use to try and understand other people is known as ________.
social perception
The process whereby we seek to know and understand others is called ________, and frequently makes use of ________.
social perception; nonverbal communication
Attitudes influence ________.
social thought and behavior
Injunctive norms ________.
specify what ought to be done in a particular situation; specify what behavior will be approved of in a particular situation
One's position or rank within a group is one's ________.
status
Beliefs about the shared traits social groups have that serve as a cognitive framework for processing social information are known as ________.
stereotypes
Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The empathy-altruism model predicts that Walter will
stop and try to help because he remembers how it feels to be stranded on the side of the road
Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will
stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings
According to the general aggression model, repeated exposure to aggressive models in films or video games may increase a person's level of aggressiveness by ________.
strengthening knowledge structures such as beliefs, attitudes, and schemas that are related to aggression
Individuals who are in stressful situations frequently experience an increase in their need to affiliate with others in a similar situation. This may be because ________.
such affiliations provide opportunities for social comparisons
Which of the following is NOT an example of a basic channel of nonverbal communication?
talking
Research indicates that most people perceive ____ as ____ and therefore are more likely to respond ____.
teasing; hostile; aggressively
The basic motive to seek and maintain interpersonal relationships is known as ________.
the affiliation need
Those things that are easier to recall tend to have a greater impact on subsequent judgments and decisions. This fact is known as ________.
the availability heuristic
In collectivist cultures, people tend to work harder when in a group than they do when alone because ________.
the collective good is more highly valued than the individual accomplishment
When there are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help is reduced. This is because of ________.
the diffusion of responsibility that occurs
Miller has been watching a very exciting adventure movie at the theater. His heart rate is still a little elevated as he leaves the cinema. Just as he reaches his car in the parking lot, he sees someone accidentally bump his car as they back out of another parking space. Miller becomes extremely agitated and excitedly begins yelling and pounding on the other person's car fender. This extreme reaction to a relatively minor annoyance can best be explained by ________.
the excitation transfer theory
Sarah was driving home after a particularly difficult day at work when someone cut her off and almost caused her to wreck her car. Still shaken from her near miss, she arrived home to find that her spouse had not yet started dinner, as he had promised to do. Sarah angrily accused him of being "a lazy bum" and started an argument with him. This situation can best be explained by ________.
the excitation transfer theory
Entitativity refers to ________.
the extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity
William joined a small fraternity at his college. The initiation he faced was quite severe and somewhat dangerous. Now, he's a senior member of the fraternity and the college is investigating the fraternity for possible violations of the college's hazing policy. As a result, William finds that ________.
the fraternity's cohesiveness has substantially increased
Paul is studying for a test in biology. He is somewhat concerned about his ability to master the material and is trying to concentrate as much as he can. Sam, his brother, has interrupted his studies several times, causing Paul to become frustrated and angry. When Sam again enters Paul's room, Paul pushes Sam hard, and threatens to punch him. This situation illustrates ________.
the frustration-aggression hypothesis
Janice tends to become aggressive whenever anyone slights her or insults her. Her friend Joline, however, never seems to become upset or angry at the same kinds of provocations and is generally not an aggressive person. The ways in which these two people might react to the same provocation is best explained by ________.
the general aggression model
One current perspective on aggression suggests that aggressive behavior is triggered by a variety of situational and individual variables that influence affect, cognitions, and arousal. This perspective is known as ________.
the general aggression model
Barriers based on attitudes or organizational biases that may prevent qualified women from reaching high-level positions in the workplace are known as ________.
the glass ceiling
Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager. She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents ________.
the glass ceiling effect
In Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. Frequently, the subject would then also select an incorrect response. This result illustrates ________.
the influence of group pressure to conform
Most people believe that social influence plays a smaller role in shaping their persona actions, while other people are more susceptible. This belief is referred to as _____.
the introspection illusion
The moon is full, and Cristinel has been behaving wildly. Although sober, he's been alternately barking like a dog at strangers on the street and/or asking them, "aren't ya' just happy now?" According to your text, Cristinel's behavior could be due to ________.
the moon as an environmental influence
Samantha is frustrated after waiting in a long line for an hour and ultimately shouts at the person in front of her. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, Samantha is showing aggression due to ________.
the negative affect emanating from her frustration elicited by the person in front of her
The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as ________.
the negative-state relief model
James, a 17-year-old high school student, has just moved to a new city and enrolled in a new school. At his old school, there were strong social norms against teenagers smoking cigarettes. At his new school, however, several of his new friends regularly smoke and say to him, "C'mon, don't be a jerk, have one of mine." As a result, James is likely to begin smoking because of ________.
the normative social influence
Attraction toward another increases if ________ and decreases if ________.
the other person produces positive affect the other person produces negative affect
Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ________.
the person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself
The finding that frequent contact with a mildly negative, neutral, or positive stimulus results in increasingly positive evaluations of that stimulus is known as ________.
the repeated exposure effect
Amanda has lost some money she needs for next semester's tuition. While betting on red, the roulette wheel has come up with five blacks in a row. To try to get her money back, Amanda is now doubling up her bet each time on red, believing that red will come up soon. She bases her belief on the (roughly) 50/50 odds of red and black occurring over a large number of spins of the wheel. Amanda's strategy appears to be based on ________.
the representativeness heuristic
Norms are ________.
the rules within a group that indicate how its members should or should not behave
Certain facial expressions are recognized as representing ________ underlying emotions in ________ different cultures.
the same basic; many
After watching wrestling on TV for an hour, five-year-old Samuel went outside to play. When five-year-old Jamie, who lives next door, came outside, Samuel shoved him and tried to get him in a head-lock. This situation can best be explained by ________.
the social learning perspective
National surveys, in asking about how much progress there has been in moving toward racial equality, consistently find that White respondents perceive that ________.
there has been a lot of progress
Heuristics exert a strong influence on our thinking in large measure because ________.
they reduce the mental effort needed to make judgments and decisions
In an experiment, males and females were shown a snack labeled "men's favorite" or "women's favorite." The snack labeled as preferred by their own gender was liked better by high-gender-identified participants more so than by participants who were low-gender-identified. This showed that ________.
unlike high-gender-identified people, low-gender-identified people will likely exhibit little preference for snacks that are labeled as preferred by their gender
Which of the following is NOT a reason your text lists for the current trends in empathy?
war
The stereotype for women shows them as being relatively high on ________ and relatively low on ________.
warmth; competence
Pressures toward conformity have a stronger effect on our behavior when ________.
we like and admire a particular group of persons
Rudman and Fairchild (2004) found that when participants performed ___ on a gender ____ test they were ____ likely to hide their performance from others.
well; incongruent; more
The glass cliff experienced by women who break through the glass ceiling refers to ____.
women being selected for leadership positions that are risky, precarious or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure
In general, people tend to feel somewhat more positively about ________ compared to ________, a finding described as the ________ effect.
women; men; "women are wonderful"
Based on Burnstein's research, if a person were confronted with rescuing a person or animal in a burning building, s/he would more likely rescue a ________ than a(n) ________.
young female close-relative; middle-age female close relative
Having been given "acting lessons" to either 1) "try to feel as if you are 14 years old at dinner with family," or 2) "put on a performance so you will seem to others as if you're 14 years old at dinner with family," participants in acting condition ________ were more likely to see themselves as having ________.
2; more consistent traits
Thanatos is ________.
Freud's idea of a death wish that becomes redirected towards other as aggression
________ involves using praise of important others as a way to encourage them to like us and approve of us.
Ingratiation
Social psychologists focus their attention mainly on individuals because ________.
Our actions are performed by and thoughts occur in the minds of individuals
Which of the following categories is NOT one of the five categories mentioned in your text regarding factors affecting social interaction?
Perceptual processes
Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company. She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates. She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand, preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns. Joyce holds a comparable position with another company. Unlike Trina, Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates. Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?
Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination
What are the current trends with regard to empathy?
U.S. college students are showing less empathy than in previous decades
Lisa admired the dress that Shelly was wearing and told Shelly that she looked absolutely stunning in that dress. Shelly felt very positive feelings toward Lisa after that compliment and tended to like her in other circumstances. Lisa had ________ effect on the attraction Shelly felt for her.
a direct
A collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit is ________.
a group
Since newborns are predisposed to look toward faces in preference to other stimuli, this offers evidence that there is ________.
a neurobiological basis for the need to affiliate
Action taken by another individual that tends to trigger aggression in the recipient of that action is ________.
a provocation
Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________.
a reaction of liking or disliking
The set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform is ________.
a role
LaShawna meets another girl at a party who is not from LaShawna's ethnic group, and whom LaShawna judges, based on her stereotype of that group, is probably shallow and a gossip. The best description of LaShawna's judgment is that she is engaged in ________.
a social cognitive process
Aggression is best explained by ___.
a wide range of social, cultural, personal and situational factors
Regardless of the factors leading up to one liking or disliking another individual, those likes and dislikes are determined by one's immediate ________.
affective state
Behavior that is intended to harm another is known as ________.
aggression
Norman is in a group where he strongly believes that his judgment is correct, but he does not want to appear different. A possible way he may deal with this situation is to ________.
alter his perception of the information provided so that he can feel comfortable with conforming to the group influence
If, as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated, Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans, it is because ________.
although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in culture, he has good knowledge of those stereotypes
When your feelings are negative about something in your environment, and another person just happens to be with you, you will tend to evaluate that person in negative terms, illustrating the impact of ________ on attraction.
an associated effect
Implying that we are not as good as another person on some dimension may result in ________ and/or ________.
an ingratiation effects lower our audience's expectations
Imagine that you are at the park with a friend one day when you and your friend see someone casually toss a sandwich wrapper on the ground. Your friend comments, "How crude! People should not litter," and picks the trash up to drop it in a nearby trash receptacle. Your friend's words represent ________.
an injunctive norm
Which of the following professionals are MOST likely to utilize what is known about proximity in their work?
architects
Regarding the affect-attraction relationship on social influence, an ad agency is primarily concerned with ________ in order to sell a product.
arousing positive feelings
Karen and James are taking the same social psychology class. Karen happened to be standing next to James in the college post office when he received a letter from home that contained an unexpected $50.00. A short time later, James was asked to evaluate Karen as part of a class project. His evaluation of Karen is higher than it otherwise might have been because of the ________.
associate effect of emotions
Mark was eating a wonderful dinner one evening when Jeannine came into the restaurant and sat down next to him while he was finishing this dinner. Later, Mark found that he was attracted to Jeannine. This situation illustrates the operation of a(n) ________ effect on attraction.
associated
Joshua happened to be sitting next to Brittany when the professor returned term papers to the class. Brittany received an unexpectedly high grade and the teacher's comments were very flattering to her. Brittany now finds herself liking Joshua a bit more than before. This occurrence is best explained by the ________.
associated effect of emotions
If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________.
attitude
On her way to work one morning, Samantha was cut off by a driver who was weaving in and out of traffic, tailgating slower moving cars, racing through yellow lights, and generally driving rather erratically. According to recent research, Samantha should probably ________ because ________.
avoid making eye contact with the driver; the driver might interpret Samantha's eye contact as an act of aggression
Bruce has a relatively high need for affiliation. As such, he would likely ________.
avoid making negative comments to fellow workers
Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity. He may well ________ publicly, believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views. He is, in private, ________ to express those same views.
badmouth other fraternities; unlikely
The frequency with which a given event or pattern occurs in the population is its ________.
base rate
One benefit of group membership is that belonging to a group increases our self-knowledge because group memberships ________.
become par of our self-concept
Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs ________ we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli; this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n) ________ stage of social thought.
before; early
Socially introverted individuals who use Facebook or other online social programs tend to
benefit from receiving validation of a possible self and may improve social success offline
One benefit for group members of some groups is that group action can lead to ________ for group members.
better treatment
Participants in a study who were exposed to female video game avatars that were dressed either suggestively or conservatively and either had a high or low gaze. Their results show that
both men and women were more accepting of rape myths when viewing the high gaze suggestively clad avatar and the low gaze conservatively dressed avatar
Angela and Becky are good friends. Carol greatly dislikes Angela but is not acquainted with Becky. Given this information, if Carol sees Angela and Becky interacting, Carol is MOST likely to react to Becky ________.
by having a negative reaction to her
The personal-social identity continuum recognizes that we ________.
can see ourselves differently, depending on circumstances
One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus. This type of learning is known as ________.
classical conditioning
The associated effect that emotions have on attraction can best be explained by ________.
classical conditioning
The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________.
classical conditioning
Subliminal conditioning is ________.
classical conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used
The ways we think about other people and the things we remember about them may have an effect on our behavior. These thoughts and memories are examples of ________.
cognitive processes
All of the factors that bind group members together into a coherent social entity are collectively known as ________.
cohesiveness
Members of a ________ group are linked by face-to-face interaction.
common-bond
While women are generally valued for ________, in business, these same supposed attributes appear to be more suited for ________.
communal traits; support roles
Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called?
competitive altruism
Why take a scientific approach? Part of the answer lies in the ________ nature of proverbs, axioms, maxims and the like.
contradictory
Roger, Sabiha, Emily, and George are working on a group paper for a class. How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging social loafing?
convince emily that her contribution is unique
Two neighbors are working together to build a stone fence through a field. They both help each other move the larger rocks. This is an example of ________.
cooperation
Social psychologists seek to find basic principles that will explain social behavior; however, both _____differences and _____ social world make this challenging.
cultural; a rapidly changing
According to the social learning perspective, people learn ________.
different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior; which persons or groups are acceptable targets for aggression and what actions justify aggressive behavior
Once an attitude has been formed, it may be ________.
difficult or easy to change, depending
Nonverbal cues are often deemed to be irrepressible because they are ________.
difficult to control
Suppose Jamie lives in an apartment building. She has the BEST chance to become acquainted with the person who lives ________.
directly across from her
Differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as ________.
discrimination
Providing members of a group with less favorable treatment because of their group membership is known as ________.
discrimination
Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________.
dislike stimuli to which they are initially neutral
When people described themselves as they were five years ago, or as they are today, they saw their past self as more _______, and their present self as more ________.
dispositionally guided; situationally variable
Students entering college who had social networks with more ____ attitudes toward affirmative action exhibited ____ change over the following two months.
diverse; more
Much research on implicit processes has demonstrated that people often ___.
do not know why they think or behave as they do
Public conformity is ________; private acceptance is ________.
doing or saying what others around us for or say coming to feel or think as others around us do
Erin's boyfriend has taken her out to dinner at a very exclusive restaurant. Erin notices that he can't seem to sit still during the meal, and is constantly rubbing his left knee, scratching an itch, or pulling his earlobe. This type of body language usually indicates ________.
emotional arousal
What are the three distinct components of empathy?
emotional empathy, empathic accuracy, empathic concern
In addition to social cognition and behavioral approaches, research on ______ has helped social psychologists develop a greater understanding of how people form impressions, choose to help others, and even comply with requests.
emotions
Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates the
empathic joy hypothesis
Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the
empathic joy hypothesis
Ruth volunteers at a homeless shelter two days a month. She finds that she looks forward to her volunteer days because she feels good when helping others. Her mood is elevated before she reaches the shelter and for a few days afterwards. This situation best represents the ________.
empathic joy hypothesis
Steven sees an emergency and then his empathy is aroused; he then provides help simply because the victim needed help and it felt good to provide help. This example illustrates the ________.
empathy-altruism hypothesis
We may value belonging to a highly selective group because it allows us to
engage in self-enhancement
Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by ________.
ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and the members; ensuring that each member of the group contributes something that is different from the contribution of each other team member; holding periodic "pep rallies" for themselves in which each group member becomes increasingly committed to the project and its outcome; having each team member initial the parts of the paper she or he completed
People tend to become more irritable and aggressive when the weather is hot and humid. This fact is an example of the effects of ________ on social behavior.
environmental variables
Despite some variation, there appear to be universal mating preferences for certain physical features. This fact suggests that these attractiveness features are influenced by ________.
evolutionary factors
The branch of psychology that seeks to examine the potential role of genetic factors in different aspects of human behavior is known as ________.
evolutionary psychology
Drive theories of aggression suggest that ________.
external conditions around the motive to harm or injure others
There are five basic channels of nonverbal communications. These are ________.
facial expressions, eye contact, body movements, posture, and touching
Cohesiveness consists of all the ________.
factors that cause group members to remain members of the group
When we feel that our group identity may become indistinguishable from other identities we tend to
favor policies that would reinforce separation between the two groups
When participants were presented with two equally qualified applicants, one male and one female, they were more likely to select the _____ candidate for a leadership position when the positions was _____.
female; risky
There are ________ basic emotions that get represented on the human face.
five
Introspection is an effective means of understanding ourselves when the ________.
focus is on a conscious decision-making process
The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that ________.
frustration leads to the arousal of an aggression drive
Personal attributes such as ________ appear to play a role in acquiring higher status.
height
The empathic joy hypothesis suggests we ________.
help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors
Emily, who is always slightly depressed, helps a little boy find his mom at the mall. Emily is surprised to find her mood has improved. This is likely because
helping a person often relieves a negative mood
Simple rules for making complex decisions or drawing inferences are known as ________.
heuristics
In several variations on Asch's classic experiment, a standard-setting line was first presented to small groups of people, followed by the presentation of three comparison lines of different lengths. In one condition, two of three accomplices, posing as students, chose an incorrect answer before the subject could respond. The third accomplice sometimes chose a correct response and sometimes chose a more incorrect response. Under these conditions, respondents were more likely to choose the correct response. These results suggest ________.
it becomes easier to resist conformity pressure once unanimity of the group is broken
Since George, a college student, prefers privacy, he should choose to sit ________.
in the back of the room, away from others
According to the process of instrumental conditioning, behavior will be displayed often by an individual if ________.
it is reinforced
When people are socially excluded, they demonstrate ___.
increased sensitivity to interpersonal information
People join groups and seek out group affiliation for a number of reasons. Which of the following is not a reason people seek to join groups?
independence
Descriptive norms ________.
indicate what most people do in a particular situation
The variation referred to by evolutionary psychologists is that ________.
individual members of any given species differ from each other in many ways
John has violated a norm in his ________ group, while Li Qing has violated one in her ________ group. We would more likely expect ________ for John, and ________ for Li Qing.
individualist; collectivist; approval; disapproval
High levels of stress and multiple, competing demands for our attention and abilities can reduce our mental processing capacity. These situations can lead to ________.
information overload
Jackie took longer to reply to certain questions and the pitch of her voice rose considerably; these aspects of her ________ gave away that that she was lying.
linguistic style
In the march toward racial equality, Whites may perceive Black progress as a ________, while Blacks perceive it as a ________. If people generally tend to evaluate ________ more heavily than ________, then Whites should see ________ progress for Blacks than (as) Blacks see.
loss; gain; losses; gains; more
A social group that is perceived to be a threat to the high-status group is frequently characterized as ________ and ________.
low in warmth; high in competence
High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as ________ and ________.
low in warmth; high in competence
Juanita finds that she has been given too much information about different new cars and their relative merits and drawbacks. She is having a difficult time making a decision about which car to buy because she cannot process all the information she has gathered. This is an example of ________.
information overload
A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________.
instrumental conditioning
By reinforcing children with smiles, hugs, or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say, parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes.
instrumental conditioning
One indication of possible deception occurs when inconsistencies exist between different types of nonverbal cues, such as facial expression and posture. These inconsistencies are known as ________.
inter channel discrepancies
The primary strategy for survival among humans is ________.
interdependence
When Jeremy was recently asked to describe himself to his classmates, he spoke about being a member of the football team and how this helped to make his experiences different from those of other students in the class. Jeremy was primarily making ________ comparisons.
intergroup
To the extent that people ________ a role, they may come to feel that role-based behaviors reflect their ________ self.
internalize; authentic
Chris describes himself as liberal when thinking of himself as an American, but conservative when compared to other college students. These are ________ comparisons.
intragroup
George was listening as a friend described him to someone else on the telephone. His friend's description included "friendly, taller, active" and similar terms. As a result, George is now probably thinking of himself in terms of ________.
intragroup comparisons
Many times, attempts at deception are thwarted because of ________ facial expressions.
irrepressible
Ahmed belongs to his university's Student Senate, a group that is high in entitativity. It is likely that Ahmed feels that the Student Senate ________.
is of great consequence to him
Based on his estimate of how long it would take him to complete his mid-term essay, Armando told his instructor he would turn in the paper on Tuesday, but was late turning it in, causing his instructor to deduct a letter grade from the paper. Next time Armando makes such a promise based on a plan, he will likely ________.
make the same planing error and be late again
An example of interchannel discrepancy during deception would be ________.
managing one's facial expression well while not making much eye contact
When provided with the opportunity to join one of many groups we are most likely to choose the group that
matches our goal orientation
A person who has experienced an arousing event ________.
may transfer that arousal to another situation
The type of social influence that involves direct requests from one individual to another is known as ________.
compliance
The personal identity ________.
conceptualizes the self as a unique individual
Two brothers have inherited a small plot of land from their parents. One brother wants to sell the land and divide the money with his brother. The other wants to use the land as collateral for a business loan. This is an example of ________.
conflict
The type of social influence in which individuals change either their attitudes or behavior to adhere to existing social norms is known as ________.
conformity
) University alumni associations, as a group, have ________ for many of its members.
considerable entitativity
Even though there is a sign that clearly says "Park closes after 9 P.M." Mary says to herself, "What a silly sign! I just want to walk around here; I'm not a 'bad guy'" and proceeds to walk in the park. Mary's behavior is ________ with normative focus theory since ________.
consistent; she is disobeying an injunctive norm that she does not see as related to her own actions
Cohesiveness causes group members to have ________ when there is a ________ from (in) an outgroup.
higher commitment; competitive threat
Omri, in his professional association, serves informally as a kind of "father confessor," listening attentively to members of that group. This best reflects ________ in(of) the group.
his role
When individuals achieve higher status in a group, their behavior may become ________.
idiosyncratic
An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.
implicit
Suppose you are taking a friend to a party. The invitation specified that the party would begin at 6:00. When you arrive at your friend's apartment at 5:45 to pick her up, she tells you she won't be ready to leave before about 6:30 and comments that "Nobody arrives on time, anyway." Your friend is following a(n)________.
implicit social norm
The effects of excitation transfer are especially pronounced when people ________ that they are aroused, but ________ the source of arousal.
realize; misinterpret
Joe, a middle manager at a small company, strongly identifies with the higher-ups at his job. Regarding various political statements by them, it is safe to say that Joe ________.
recently agreed with them on a political matter and expects to agree with them on a political matter (both A and B)
Women are stereotyped as relatively warm but less competent than men. This stereotype is typical of groups who are ________ and ________.
relatively low in status; mot perceived as a threat to the high-status group
Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town. They attended the same school and went to the same college, where they took many of the same classes. At first, they were not particularly interested in each other romantically, but over time, they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married. This is best explained by the ________.
repeated exposure effect
Proximity is important to attraction because ________.
repeated exposure tends to produce favorable evaluations
In one study participants were shown a videotape of a teacher-student interaction and asked to write down what the people on the tape were feeling or thinking. Results show participants who
reported accurate what the people were feeling got along better with others
We tend to make ________ attributions for our own behaviors, but ________ attributions for others' behaviors.
situational; dispositional
Emblems convey ________.
a specific meaning with a given culture
Suppose we are trying to discern whether an individual is lying based on his or her verbal and nonverbal information and cues. Which of the following statements BEST describes how well we will be able to judge whether this individual is lying?
We will probably pay more attention to her or his verbal cues and, in doing so, will have difficulty determining any deception
Sabiha is left-handed, and prefers left-handed men. She is going to be introduced to Wilbur. Left-handers comprise about 10 percent of the population. She has been truthfully informed that Wilbur is either a left-handed Chinese psycholinguist or a left-handed used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the United States. If Sabiha makes good use of base rates, which of the following outcomes should she expect?
Wilbur is a used car salesman from the Midwestern region of the U.S. who also happens to be left-handed
Deborah has just spent a great deal of money on a new fur coat. When she showed it to her husband, she asked if he liked it. Without hesitation, her husband responded by saying, "Yes. It is beautiful." Before he spoke, however, a slight frown appeared on his face for less than a second. This might indicate that he is concealing his true feelings from his wife and is known as ________.
a micro-expression
Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to experience information overload?
a person who is talking on a cell phone while driving a car
Social Psychology embraces ________ as core scientific values.
accuracy, objectivity, skepticism, and open-mindedness
The planning fallacy is ________.
a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than they actually do
The fact that experienced courtroom judges allowed judgments from either journalists, or even random sources, to significantly influence their opinions can be explained by ________.
anchoring and adjustment
Decisions made on the basis of the representativeness heuristic may be flawed because they tend to ignore information about ________.
base rates
Once it is activated, the status quo heuristic may have automatic effects on behavior. This can cause individuals to ________.
behave consistently with the schema without being aware of the reason for the behavior
Nisbett and Wilson (1977) showed that, after an actions, we examine our ____ and generate ____ reasons for why we acted a certain way.
behavior; often inaccurate
Social psychologists are primarily interested in understanding the many factors and conditions that shape the social ________ and ________ of individuals.
behavior; thought
Radha is from India and is Jana's friend. In making a judgment about Radha's reason for being late for coffee, Jana may infer that Radha was late because she had a confusing day, or Jana may decide that Radha doesn't really have much respect for her schedule. This is best explained as an example of a ________.
cognitive process
In general, we ________ in our detection of deception.
do only a little better than chance
Body movements that carry specific meanings in a given culture, such as the "thumbs-up" motion (fist with an extended thumb pointing upwards), are known as ________.
emblems
Participants in one study wore digital audio recorders. Research assistants coded the sounds and compared the coded behaviors to the participants' self-reports of behavior. Friends of the participants also made ratings of behavior frequencies. The findings show that
for some behaviors the participants were more accurate and for other behaviors friends were more accurate
In negotiating a new roommate's perception of his (David's) personal qualities, David may agree with his new roommate's self-assessment as a(n) ________ because it aids David in "selling" David's view of himself as a(n) ________. Additionally, David may downplay his own ________.
gifted athlete excellent student athletic accomplishments
Doug and Belinda are most likely to have higher satisfaction if they ___________.
have accurate impressions of each other, see each other in a positive light, and see each other as similar to one another (all of the above)
Research has shown that people with ____ use Facebook to ____ their self-esteem.
high self-esteem; maintain
Miller and Maner (2010) had men smell t-shirts worn by women and found that
men's testosterone levels went up after smelling shirts worn by ovulating women
Participants in one study by Eidelman, Pattershall, and Crandall (2010) found that people preferred a product that was ____ rather than ____ due to the status quo heuristic.
older; newer
One reason that social scientists put their faith in the scientific method is that the scientific method ________.
produces more conclusive evidence than other methods
One of the primary reasons why heuristics are employed as a strategy to process incoming information is that they can be executed ________.
rapidly
Differences between shy and non-shy people appeared to be ________ online compared to offline because of the ________ of ________.
reduced; absence; visual and auditory feedback
Suppose you are telling your friend about a woman you just met. You tell your friend that this person seemed very compassionate and was interested in helping others; however, you couldn't recall whether she said she was a nurse or a businesswoman. On the basis of the ________ heuristic, your friend would probably think that she is a ________.
representativeness; nurse
Mental frameworks for organizing and processing social information are known as ________.
schemas
As players on a social "stage," we may wish to emphasize some personal aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. This is called ________.
self-promotion
The tendency to use a particular number or value as a starting point to which changes are made is known as ________.
the anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Blair watches the newscast each evening, with its usual diet of fires and other accidents. She often eats at Herby's Fried Snacks, a restaurant located in a brick building, despite the fact that her eating there has resulted in bad indigestion several times. She avoids the well-respected Korean restaurant, because the Korean restaurant is in a wooden building. Blair's eating habits are probably being guided by ________.
the availability heuristic
The focus of social psychology is on ________.
the behavior and thoughts of individuals
When making judgments that involve emotions or feelings, we tend to rely on ________.
the ease with which we can recall relevant information
Research indicates that people's online identities often reflect ____________.
the ideal self
Kim knows she needs to go take summer courses, but worries about leaving her new boyfriend for three months. She wonders, will "absence make the heart go stronger" be true, or is "out of sight, out of mind" more applicable? This is an example of ________.
the unscientific nature of conventional wisdom
Norman chronically buys and sells "things" on eBay. He is used to establishing an anchor in negotiating his way toward some endpoint, a sales price, an agreement about delivery time, shipping costs, whatever. The anchor for him is almost always a way of dealing with ________.
uncertainty
All of the following describe characteristics of a microexpression EXCEPT they ________.
usually do not reveal a person's true feelings
The evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that ________.
we inherit tendencies or predispositions to behave in certain ways
The evolutionary perspective on social psychology suggests that ________.
we inherit tendencies to behave in certain ways
________, Bobby Ray argues, would change his life forever. It is likely that Bobby Ray would be ________ a year later than he would now predict.
winning the lottery; not as happy
If you were a convicted defendant facing sentencing for your crime, based on anchoring and adjustment research, what would you want the judge to do before she sentenced you?
Give a light sentence to another criminal for a similar crime
What is the relevance of Aronoff, Woike, and Hyman's (1992) research on the dancing styles of key characters in classic ballet to the study of body language?
Large-scale body movements and postures often inform us about others' emotions or traits
In support of the facial feedback hypothesis, participants in one study reported weaker emotional responses to positive and negative video clips than participants in a control condition. What methodology was used to draw this conclusion?
Participants were injected with Botox or Restylane and then asked to view the video clips
The branch of psychology that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations is ________.
Social Psychology
________ is the area of psychology that studies the interplay between brain events and thought, emotion and behavior.
Social neuroscience
If you would like for your student government to pass a bill putting more lights along major walkways, how could you use ease of retrieval to persuade them?
ask them to think of 2 instances in which the lack of lighting made them or someone they know feel fearful while walking on campus after dark
College students report telling on average two lies per day. The reasons for doing so are
to advance their own interests and to help protect the other person (both A and B)
