PSYC 2301 Final

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

All prejudices involve stereotyping but not all stereotypes lead to prejudices.

True

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is defined as the ordering of needs from most basic (physiological needs such as hunger and thirst) to most elaborate and sophisticated (self-actualization).

True

According to Aaron Beck, clients may engage in __________, which means looking at the world in black and white rather than in shades of gray.

absolutist thinking

Michael fails to present his science project on time. He informs his teacher that it was because his younger brother had destroyed it while playing. However, when his friend James fails to submit his project, Michael quickly assumes that James was too lazy to do his project. In the context of social perception, Michael is demonstrating the__________.

actor-observer effect

Enduring behavioral and cognitive tendencies that are learned and expressed by evaluating particular people, places, or things with favor or disfavor are known as __________.

attitudes

People suffering from this disorder, because of their fear of rejection and criticism, are generally unwilling to enter into close relationships without some assurance of acceptance.

avoidant personality disorder

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?

behavior therapy

What is the name of the disorder that is characterized by the cycling through both ecstatic elation to deep depression?

bipolar disorder

The tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping is known as the __________.

bystander effect

The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

children thinking in two dimensions.

Jason meets a psychotherapist for the first time. During their session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. In this case, Jason's therapist is using __________.

client-centered therapy

We are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain. The ________ theory best explains this behavior.

cognitive dissonance

When asked "I am . . .," _________ are more likely to respond in terms of their families, gender, or nation ("I am a father," "I am a Buddhist," "I am Japanese") (Triandis, 2001).

collectivists

Harry Harlow discovered that monkeys, and possibly humans, have a need for _______.

contact comfort

The tendency to view the world as if others view the world as one does oneself is:

egocentrism

On a(n) __________ level, prejudice is associated with negative feelings such as fear, dislike, or hatred.

emotional

In client-centered therapy, __________ refers to the recognition of a client's experiences and feelings.

empathy

Identify the factors that make up the Big Five factor model.

extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.

extrinsic rewards

In the context of psychosurgery, in __________, physicians beam streams of radiation deep into the skull, destroying spots of tissue believed to be overactive in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.

gamma knife surgery

Motives are ________.

inferred from behavior

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: __________ and emotional stability-instability.

introversion-extraversion

According to the study conducted by Sprecher and Felmlee in 2008, U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who __________.

is not good-looking

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient, who suffers from generalized anxiety, stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have become worse. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

rebound anxiety

During the political debate, Jan suddenly realized that the only news shows that she watches are liberal and similar to her own. She cannot recall the last time she watched a conservative talk show. Jan is exhibiting ______.

selective exposure

One's gender identity refers to one's sense of whether a person sees herself or himself as being female, male, or somewhere in between

True

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, _________ is most crucial in short-term relationships.

passion

After surviving the horrific car accident, Jesus has experienced intense fear and avoids driving a car. He most likely is suffering from __________.

post-traumatic stress disorder

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _________.

Western cultural prejudice

Which of the following is not an advantage of group therapy?

Group members who are overly shy do better in these settings.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is true of children in the concrete operational stage?

They center on the motives of wrongdoers as well as on the amount of damage done when assigning blame.

Researchers estimate that the heritability of the extraverted personality is __________.

40% to 60%

Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?

A high fat-to-muscle ratio

Which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explain the origins of anxiety disorders?

A predisposition toward anxiety, in the form of a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited.

Which of the following statements is true of changing attitudes through persuasion?

Agreement and praise are more effective ways to encourage others to embrace one's views.

__________is an unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Altruism

_________ are more likely to commit suicide than _________.

College students; non-college students

Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.

False

__________ is best described as the mental flexibility shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.

Fluid intelligence

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

Love and belongingness

_______ tests are tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner and have concrete answers.

Objective

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

__________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.

Self-efficacy expectations

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

__________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific phobias

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

The Thematic Apperception Test.

Emmett is 21 years old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?

The age of instability.

Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.

True

Jenny was beginning to panic as the store began to become crowed with shoppers. Jenny most likely suffers from ________.

agoraphobia

As it relates to attitude formation, the _________ perspective proposed that we are motivated to understand the environment so that they can make predictions and exercise some control over it.

cognitive appraisal

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes ________.

cultural variations

Steve's physician has prescribed him valium for his anxiety attacks. This drug will __________.

depress the activity of the central nervous system

Jessie and her mother argue about Jessie's choice of friends and dates. Her mother thinks Jessie is stubborn and resistant. Jessie thinks her mother is bossy and controlling. The assumptions are examples of __________.

dispositional attributions

In the context of the origins of dissociative disorders, both psychodynamic and learning theories suggest that:

dissociative disorders help people keep disturbing memories or ideas out of mind.

Stephanie decided not to cheat on the exam because she was afraid of the consequences. This is characteristic of which stage of moral reasoning?

preconventional

Keisha takes care to look smart and attractive for her job interview. She knows that her interviewers will evaluate her based on the first impression she creates. In this scenario, the impression created by Keisha is an example of the__________.

primacy effect

Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is __________.

primarily genetic

Behavior therapists rely heavily on ___________.

principles of conditioning and observational learning

A reason people tend to have partners from the same background is _________.

propinquity

Jill was surprised at how much her therapist challenged her beliefs concerning her social anxiety. Her therapist kept having her make counter-arguments against many of the thoughts she had that pertained to her anxiety. Jill's therapist is practicing what approach?

rational emotive behavior therapy

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called __________.

self-actualization

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes __________.

self-awareness

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common __________.

social anxiety disorder

In the context of sources of prejudice, when people view those who belong to their own groups more favorably than those who do not, they are involved in _________.

social categorization

Observational learning is one of the foundations of __________.

social cognitive theory

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?

social relationships

Psychological disorders are:

sometimes associated with faulty perception or interpretation of reality.

As Nather (2013) points out, one of the weakness in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is his claim that:

the moral developmental stages are universal.

In the experiment on social influence conducted by Solomon Asch, the discomfort faced by the participants in the study was caused by __________.

the pressure to conform

Some of the specific criticisms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _________.

there is too much individual variation

Sean's client, Jacob, had quickly become unusually close to him, almost as if they were brothers. The term for this according to psychoanalytic therapy is what?

transference

Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?

valuing being right over being liked

Which of the following is a difference between traditional psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies?

Traditional psychoanalysis focuses on early childhood experiences, while humanistic therapies focus on what clients are experiencing here and now.

Aria works at a marketing research firm. Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her ideas to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with _________.

Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

The identities must not be aware of the others.

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?

The intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group.

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?

They are developed through experience.

__________ are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

Traits

By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.

True

It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.

True

Which of the following is a difference between humanistic forms of therapy and behavior therapy?

Humanistic forms of therapy tend to focus on what people think and feel, whereas behavior therapists tend to focus on what people do.

__________ refer to erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized.

Ideas of persecution

Behaviors or mental processes are suggestive of psychological disorders when they meet some combination of the following criteria. Which of the following is not one of the criteria?

The individual's behavior is socially acceptable

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.

anorexia nervosa

A two-year-old child has a pet dog named Sophie. The child visits her neighbor and sees the neighbor's pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?

assimilation

According to Ainsworth, infants who show __________ are least distressed by their mother's departure, play by themselves without fuss, and ignore their mothers when they return.

avoidant attachment

Judy, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Judy's math teacher, shares with Judy a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using _________ to help the child.

cognitive scaffolding

John's therapist really helped him understand how his expectations of the party were actually unrealistic. His therapist helped him reframe the events at the party and he felt better about it. What therapeutic approach is John's therapist using?

cognitive therapy

In the context of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud considered __________ the "royal road" to the unconscious."

dreams

While on a study tour, Kruti realized how the trip had really helped her gain perspective on her life and why she is working towards earning her degree. What theory bests explains this?

humanism

The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

Talya, a girl from a wealthy family, is seen constantly mocking students who are impoverished. Her class teacher believes that Talya derives her condescending tone from her parents, who display similar behavior toward the poor. In this scenario, the class teacher is __________.

making a situational attribution

People with mood disorders:

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events.

People with panic attacks tend to:

misinterpret bodily cues and view them as threats.

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality.

According to the social-cognitive perspective, aggressive skills are mainly acquired by ___________.

observation of other people acting aggressively

Cognitive theorists note that:

people represent their worlds mentally.

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her ________ needs.

safety

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the __________ as the center of experience.

self

_________ is a type of somatic symptom disorder that was earlier called hypochondria.

Illness anxiety disorder

Joan avoids talking about her troubled marriage with her psychoanalyst. When she is asked to talk about the relationship, she becomes restless and claims, "There is nothing to tell." Which of the following is indicated by Joan's behavior?

Resistance

In the context of cognitive development, __________ is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world.

accommodation

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor prescribes her a drug. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

an antidepressant

Most antianxiety drugs belong to the chemical class known as ______________.

benzodiazepines

Tom was suffering from severe anxiety. However, with the help of his therapist, he noticed that his cheek would start to "twitch" prior to an anxiety attack. This technique is most similar to ___________.

biofeedback training

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

establishment of close relationships

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

forced-choice format

Historically speaking, "treatments" of psychological disorders tended to involve cruel practices such as exorcism and execution. This reflected the assumption that __________.

people who behaved in strange ways were possessed by demons

This disorder is characterized by peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior, such as excessive fantasy and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal, or the odd use of words.

schizotypal personality disorder

Which of the following is true of the trait theory?

It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins.

According to Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, which of the following is true of people?

People try to eliminate inconsistencies or discrepancies in information.

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor stage of child development is dominated by ________.

learning to coordinate perception of the self and of the environment with motor activity

Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can best be explained by _________.

stimulus motives

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

The core of generalized anxiety disorder appears to be _________.

pervasive worrying about numerous stressors

Which of the following statements about suicide are correct?

Extracting a promise not to commit suicide before calling or visiting a helping professional seems to prevent some suicides.

In the current political climate, there has been an increase in ethnic prejudices. Because you study psychology, your friend approaches you with his ideas to combat it. Which of the following ideas would be ineffective?

spend time with people who share your attitudes

According to Erik Erikson, _____ is the stage of intimacy versus isolation.

young adulthood