PSYC 241

Thorndike

- Cats like foot too - The law of effect

Cognition

- Mental processes (perception) - Attention - Memory

Operant conditioning

- Shape behavior by rewards/punishments - Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated - Behavior that is punished is less likely to be repeated

Shaping

- Some learning does not occur in a single event - A series of successive steps leads to a learned behavior

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

- Specific areas of the brain serve different functions - Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli - Brain areas are specialized for specific functions

Wundt

- Structuralism - Analytic introspection - 1st lab

When does automatic processing occur?

- Tasks are well practiced - Low-load tasks

Why Broadbent's model is called the early selection model?

Because the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ___ processing

Bottom-up

Language production

Broca's area

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of?

Cognition

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called?

Cognitive psychology

The distribution of attention among 2/+ tasks is known as

Divided Attention

Pavlov

Dogs who salivate too much

Electrical down the axon

Electrical impulse

Perception

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions

Scene scheme is

Knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

Ebbinghaus

Learning and forgetting curves

The 1st formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for?

Localization of function

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ____ task

Low-load

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until information is analyzed for?

Meaning

Extinction Burst

an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.

Token Economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior

reinforcement of any behavior other than a target behavior that is being extinguished

A synapse is

the gap that separates 2 different neurons

Sensation

Senses that provide information for perception

3 Gestalt law of perceptual organization

1. Law of Good continuation 2. Law of simplicity/good figure 3. Law of similarity

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse

Extinction

A drop of responding when reinforcement is discontinued

Inattentional blindness

A stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

An inborn biological program

Terisman's Attenuation Theory

Attended message can be separated from unattended message early in the information-processing system

Selective attention

Attending to one thing while ignoring others

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Automatically elicits a response (reflex)

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B.F. Skinner

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called?

Feature detectors

What is a operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the 1st response after a specific time interval?

Fixed interval

Some restaurants reward with a free meal after they have purchased 10 entrees. This describes a ___ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed ratio

The schedule of reinforcement in which a set number of responses must be made foreach reward is called?

Fixed ratio

What is an operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the last of a specific number or responses?

Fixed ratio

Broca's area is located in the?

Frontal lobe

Fusiform face area

Gives you the ability to recognize faces, etc (Temporal)

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of?

Good continuation

Neuron circuits

Group of interconnected neurons

The Stroop effect demonstrates

How automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

Chompsky and Bandura

How to learn without being directly shocked

Watson

How to scare children with rabbits

Skinner

How to train pigeons and your significant

Negative reinforcement ____ responding; punishment ____ responding

Increases; decreases

Bottom-up

Information that travels from nerve endings to the brain

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Initially "neutral"; Does not initially trigger same response as does the US

According to Treisman's "attenuation model", which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Stevie Allison enjoys playing football for his high school team. Stevie was not allowed to play football for three games when he got in a fight with a soccer player after school. Taking away the privilege of football to decrease fighting is an example of

Negative punishment

Groups of neurons/structures that are connected within the nervous system are called?

Neural networks

Steps of Treisman's feature integration theory (FIT)

Objects are analyzed into their features in the preattentive stage, and the features are later combined with the aid of attention

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of?

Observable behavior

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

Operant conditioning

Divided attention

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time

Oblique effect

People can perceive verticals and horizontals more easily than other orientations

Top-down

Perception that may start with the brain; person's knowledge, exp. expectations

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of ?

Perceptual Organization

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____ increases the frequency of behavior

Positive Reinforcers

____ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability or become less likely

Punishment

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

Selective

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that a re all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of ?

Similarity

In the text's use of Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of 5 interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

Simplicity

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that...?

Talking one either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT?

Task Cueing

Wernicke's area is located in?

Temporal lobe

Cognitive Psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when?

The color and the name differed

Operant Conditioning (Definition)

The form of learning concerned with changes in emitted responses as a function of their consequences

Binding

The process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of ___ processing.

Top-down

When Ira goes to restaurants and orders appetizers, he sometimes receives them within five minutes, sometimes within ten minutes, and sometimes within fifteen minutes. This describes a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable interval

Which is an operant schedule in which reinforcers are available for the 1st response after a variable amount of time, which averages out over many intervals to some predetermined interval value.

Variable interval

What is an operant schedule in which the individual receives one reinforcement for several responses; the number of responses required varies but averages out to the ratio value?

Variable ratio

What structure is located in the occipital lobe?

Visual cortex

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We must understand the basic components of perception

The likelihood principle states that ?

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Language comprehension

Wernicke's area

What structure is found in the temporal lobe?

Wernicke's area

Convert attention

When attention is shifted without moving the eyes

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

The founder of the 1st laboratory of scientific psychology was?

Wilhelm Wundt

Post reinforcement pause

a pause in responding that typically occurs after the delivery of the reinforcer on FR and FI schedules of reinforcement

Cocktail party effect

ability to attend to only one voice among many

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____ of words

meaning

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

Overt attention

process of shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes

Behaviorism

theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings