PSYC 3200 Exam 2 Questions (ch. 5, 6, 10)

A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) covert B) modeling C) fear hierarchical D) in vivo

in vivo

Antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating: A) phobias. B) panic disorders. C) generalized anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive disorders.

panic disorders.

Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy? A) somatic nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: A) stressor. B) stress response. C) social support system. D) potential stressor.

stress response.

The statement, "This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else," MOST impacts one's: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) somatization.

stress response.

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a: A) stressor. B) stress response. C) stress disorder. D) psychophysical disorder.

stressor.

Poor health is BEST described as a: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) stress model.

stressor.

Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders as the overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety? A) the behavioral approach B) the humanistic approach C) the sociocultural approach D) the psychodynamic approach

the psychodynamic approach

I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in: A) trait anxiety. B) state anxiety. C) situation anxiety. D) content anxiety.

trait anxiety.

Women are ______ as likely as men to develop stress disorders. A) just B) twice C) three times D) four times

twice

People who experience obsessions show: A) typical levels of worry about real problems. B) thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them. C) thoughts that they can easily ignore and resist. D) a lack of awareness that the thoughts are inappropriate.

thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.

A friend says, "I'm going to get some therapy to help reduce my headaches. What do you suggest?" Based on current research on the effectiveness of treatments for stress-related physical disorders, your BEST answer would be: A) "Forget it; only the passage of time is really very helpful." B) "Just take your medicine; drugs alone work as well as anything." C) "Try any of the psychotherapies like relaxation training or support groups; you don't need drugs." D) "A combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy works better than any therapy by itself."

"A combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy works better than any therapy by itself."

Based on evidence from case studies, the BEST advice you could give someone who is experiencing a conversion disorder about seeking treatment is: A) "Be very wary of taking antidepressants; they don't work with this disorder." B) "Confrontation therapy is the treatment of choice." C) "Approaches using suggestion, reinforcement, and confrontation are often used." D) "Family therapy has been most heavily researched and seems to show the most promise."

"Approaches using suggestion, reinforcement, and confrontation are often used."

The most appropriate motto for someone with generalized anxiety disorder is: A) "Better safe than sorry." B) "Life's a gamble; give it your best shot." C) "When you reach the mountaintop, it's hard to come back down." D) "Nothing ventured, nothing gained."

"Better safe than sorry."

What proportion of women are the victims of rape at some point during their lives? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 1/6 D) 1/8

1/6

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of multiple personality in women is about: A) 8, and is lower for men. B) 8, and is higher for men. C) 15, and is lower for men. D) 15, and is higher for men.

15, and is lower for men.

A woman has close female relatives diagnosed with a somatization pattern of somatic symptom disorder. According to research, her probability of being diagnosed with the same disorder is about: A) 2 percent. B) 10 percent. C) 20 percent. D) 50 percent.

20 percent.

The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about: A) 40 percent. B) 60 percent. C) 80 percent. D) almost 100percent.

80 percent.

What percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum, et. al.'s (1992) study? A) 12 percent B) 43 percent C) 76 percent D) 94 percent

94 percent

A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for all dissociative disorders except: A) dissociative identity disorder. B) dissociative fugue. C) dissociative amnesia. D) A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, and dissociative amnesia.

A psychodynamic theorist would use repression as the chief explanation for dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, and dissociative amnesia.

In which of the following racial groups is a woman's risk of being raped the greatest, relative to the group's percentage of the population? A) white Americans B) African Americans C) Hispanic Americans D) The risk is virtually the same.

African Americans

How do results from evoked potential studies support the idea of the existence of multiple personalities? A) Evoked potentials can be elicited iatrogenically by therapists. B) Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns. C) Nonpatients are able to fake results just like those diagnosed with multiple personalities. D) Only those with traumatic backgrounds produce evoked potentials

Different subpersonalities have been found to show different brain wave patterns.

Which of the following is TRUE about specific phobias? A) Each year about 9 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia. B) Men are more likely than women to have phobias. C) There do not appear to be racial differences in the incidence of phobias. D) Most people with phobias seek treatment.

Each year about 9 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects what we know from recent studies? A) Phobias are always a result of classical conditioning. B) Phobias are almost always a result of classical conditioning. C) Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning. D) Phobias may be a result of classical conditioning.

Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning.

Which of the following hypotheses used to explain dissociative disorders is shared by psychodynamic and behavioral theorists? A) They serve to help someone escape something unpleasant. B) The attempts at forgetting are purposeful from the beginning. C) The process involved in forgetting is supported by subtle reinforcement. D) The individuals themselves are aware that their disorder is protecting them from facing a painful reality.

They serve to help someone escape something unpleasant.

To what can we attribute much of the dramatic rise in the number of reported cases of dissociative identity disorder in recent years? A) less strict criteria for defining schizophrenia B) a growing belief that most cases of this disorder are iatrogenic C) a growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder D) the growing belief by clinicians that many women suffer from this disorder

a growing belief by clinicians that this is an authentic disorder

An individual who had suffered from dissociative fugue likely would have experienced all of the following EXCEPT: A) relatively few aftereffects. B) a recurrence of the problem months or years later. C) a fairly sudden ending to the dissociative fugue state. D) a traumatic event.

a recurrence of the problem months or years later.

If someone were to correlate scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with the numbers of physical (health) complaints, one would MOST likely find: A) a significant positive correlation. B) a significant negative correlation. C) no correlation. D) the most illness for people experiencing very low and very high stress

a significant positive correlation.

Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be: A) a social phobia. B) a specific phobia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder

a social phobia.

Which of the following behavior patterns is NOT listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? A) agoraphobia B) body dysmorphic disorder C) trichotillomania D) hoarding disorder

agoraphobia

Luis and Ted both get racing hearts once in a while. When it happens to Ted, he panics and thinks he is going to die. Gradually, he has developed these panic attacks if he even thinks that his heart is beating strongly. When Luis's heart starts beating strongly, he looks to his current activity to understand what is producing the sensations (hard work). Ted apparently has a high degree of: A) fear. B) anxiety. C) obsessive imagery. D) anxiety sensitivity

anxiety sensitivity

Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are: A) anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them. B) not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them. C) anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them. D) not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders: A) appear to work better when used in short-term rather than traditional ways. B) must avoid pointing out the client's defense mechanisms. C) work on intensifying the underlying conflict. D) do not interpret the client's behavior.

appear to work better when used in short-term rather than traditional ways.

Which one of the following is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety? A) unwillingness to eat in front of others B) fear of public speaking C) apprehension about being evaluated by others D) anxiety about walking in front of others

apprehension about being evaluated by others

According to cognitive theorists, people experiencing anxiety sensitivity: A) are oblivious to body sensations. B) are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately. C) interpret bodily sensations as abnormally pleasant. D) confuse physical and emotional sensations.

are unable to assess bodily sensations accurately.

If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is: A) simply too stressed at the time for memories to be laid down. B) at a different arousal level after the stress is over. C) a smoker. D) one who habitually drinks too much.

at a different arousal level after the stress is over.

Those who are anxious unless their books are perfectly lined up on their desks and who must eat the food on their plates in a balanced order are exhibiting a: A) checking compulsion. B) counting compulsion. C) balance compulsion. D) cleaning compulsion.

balance compulsion.

"An abused child's thoughts occasionally drift to other, less anxiety-arousing, topics; this anxiety reduction thus serves to strengthen 'other' thoughts, while weakening the thoughts about abuse." A psychologist with which theoretical background would be most likely to offer this quotation as an explanation for the development of dissociative disorders? A) psychodynamic B) biological C) behavioral D) sociocultural

behavioral

"It seems to me that people with illness anxiety disorder simply model what they see others doing." A person with which theoretical view would be MOST likely to say this? A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) biological D) behavioral

behavioral

If you live in a city, you own your home, and you pay taxes, you are LEAST likely to experience which of the following events next year? A) having a house fire B) being audited by the IRS C) being the victim of a violent crime D) being diagnosed with cancer

being diagnosed with cancer

Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also: A) have a lower rate of depression. B) have lower standards of conduct and morality. C) believe it is impossible and undesirable to have control over everything. D) believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others.

What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)? A) antipsychotic B) antidepressant C) benzodiazepine D) major tranquilizer

benzodiazepine

Which of the following medications works primarily by enhancing GABA? A) antidepressants B) antipsychotics C) immunosuppressants D) benzodiazepines

benzodiazepines

According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is: A) the best treatment available. B) simply not effective. C) better than similar treatments such as meditation. D) better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.

better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.

The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to: A) bond with the primary personality. B) integrate the subpersonalities into a unity. C) establish a contract with the subpersonalities to prevent self-harm. D) provide a forum for the subpersonalities to communicate with one another.

bond with the primary personality.

A feeling of detachment from oneself could be diagnosed as PTSD or depersonalization disorder. How would one decide which diagnosis is BEST? A) by considering how long it had been going on B) by considering which symptoms predominated C) by considering the type of stress the person had endured D) by considering which form of treatment worked best

by considering which symptoms predominated

When he was 5 years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by: A) operant conditioning. B) modeling and imitation. C) classical conditioning. D) stimulus generalization.

classical conditioning.

If a friend of yours was suffering from hypertension, the BEST advice you could give from the following alternatives is to: A) combine relaxation training with biofeedback. B) combine biofeedback with medication. C) combine meditation with biofeedback. D) combine medication with relaxation training.

combine medication with relaxation training.

Imagine that someone yells "Fire!" in a crowded theater, and audience members begin to try to leave the building. Some "panic," and begin pushing their way blindly through other people to an exit. This form of "panic" is: A) rare, but similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience. B) rare, and very different from the panic those with panic disorder experience. C) common, and similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience. D) common, but very different from the panic those with panic disorder experience

common, and similar to the panic those with panic disorder experience.

When someone checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, that person is exhibiting a(n): A) obsession. B) compulsion. C) panic attack. D) phobia.

compulsion.

When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, the mouse is the: A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus.

Ever since the auto accident, during which she was miraculously unhurt, Pat has not been the same. She forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the last few days. Pat's amnesia is termed: A) continuous. B) organic. C) circumscribed. D) selective.

continuous.

A person experiencing blindness, paralysis, or loss of feeling, may also be said to be displaying: A) malingering. B) pain disorder. C) selective symptomatology. D) conversion disorder.

conversion disorder.

Somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders in that: A) conversion disorders usually last less time. B) conversion disorders usually begin later in life than somatic symptom disorders. C) conversion disorders are more common than somatic symptom disorders in the United States. D) conversion disorders are more common in men, while somatic symptom disorders are more common in women.

conversion disorders usually last less time.

Obesity and lack of exercise have been linked MOST closely to which of the following psychophysiological disorders? A) coronary heart disease B) ulcers C) muscle contraction headaches D) hypertension

coronary heart disease

A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) covert B) modeling C) fear hierarchical flooding D) in vivo

covert

Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible: A) genetic and neurotransmitter causes. B) cultural belief system and social support factors. C) prejudice within military and police forces. D) early childhood differences in educational experiences.

cultural belief system and social support factors.

According to Freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is MOST likely to result when: A) a person does not dream, and thus has no outlet for anxiety. B) defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety. C) a person never has a chance to experience trauma. D) defense mechanisms are too strong.

defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety.

The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat: A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) bipolar disorder. D) generalized anxiety.

depression.

When a person feels that the external world is removed, mechanical, distorted, or even "dead," he or she is experiencing: A) doubling. B) depersonalization. C) dissociative amnesia. D) derealization.

derealization.

A person diagnosed with a dissociative disorder has recovered almost completely, even though the person had not received any therapy. That person was LEAST likely to have been diagnosed with: A) dissociative identity disorder. B) malingering. C) dissociative amnesia. D) dissociative fugue.

dissociative amnesia.

People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing: A) depersonalization. B) dissociative amnesia. C) body dysmorphic disorder. D) the placebo response.

dissociative amnesia.

Which of the following is a MAIN characteristic of an individual with Munchausen syndrome by proxy? A) psychotic B) independent C) emotionally needy D) limited intelligence and education

emotionally needy

Freud believed that "hysterical" symptoms: A) were rooted in the oral stage. B) enabled people to avoid unpleasant activities. C) were medical problems that needed medical, not psychological treatment. D) were more common in men than women.

enabled people to avoid unpleasant activities.

According to DSM-5 one must demonstrate which of the following set of symptoms in order to be diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder? A) excessive worry for two months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress B) excessive worry for three months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress C) excessive worry for four months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress D) excessive worry for five months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress

excessive worry for three months, restlessness, behavior changes, distress

People with one anxiety disorder are MOST likely to: A) experience another anxiety disorder, too. B) experience only that one anxiety disorder. C) experience another nonanxiety disorder. D) experience hallucinations.

experience another anxiety disorder, too.

A man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. The doctor who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication, and liked being a patient. The man is MOST likely: A) experiencing a psychophysical disorder. B) malingering. C) experiencing a somatic disorder. D) experiencing a factitious disorder.

experiencing a factitious disorder.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

experiencing reduced responsiveness.

Imagine that you have a body dysmorphic disorder centered around your feet. Your therapist keeps reminding you of your ugly feet and makes you wear sandals. What sort of treatment is your therapist MOST likely using? A) placebo B) psychodynamic interpretation C) rational-emotive D) exposure and response prevention

exposure and response prevention

A woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. You think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to gain attention. You also think that the ailment fills some psychological need. You would diagnose: A) factitious disorder. B) conversion disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) psychophysical disorder.

factitious disorder.

If a physician believes that a patient's disorder is due to hidden needs, repression, or reinforcement, then the patient may receive a diagnosis of: A) malingering. B) factitious disorder. C) psychosomatic disorder. D) psychophysiological disorder.

factitious disorder.

Which of the following is an example of a specific social anxiety? A) fear of public speaking B) fear of snakes C) fear of tornados when a tornado warning is in effect D) fear of generally functioning poorly in front of others

fear of public speaking

In the treatment of dissociative amnesia, sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work by: A) freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events. B) "forcing" people to tell the truth. C) inducing a hypnotic state. D) alleviating depression.

freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events.

If your parent has just been diagnosed with essential hypertension, you know that the physician thinks your parent's hypertension: A) is caused by purely physical factors. B) has both physical and psychological causes. C) is caused by purely psychological factors. D) is likely to lead to other disorders such as diabetes and ulcers.

has both physical and psychological causes.

Which of the following is not an example of memory recovery techniques used by therapists? A) hypnosis B) journal writing C) imagining the event D) dream interpretation

imagining the event

Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs: A) immediately, and is long-term. B) immediately, and is short-term. C) after a "recovery" period, and is long-term. D) after a "recovery" period, and is short-term.

immediately, and is short-term.

Generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common: A) in African Americans than in white Americans. B) in men than in women. C) years after rather than immediately after traumatic events. D) in wealthy people than in poor people.

in African Americans than in white Americans.

Which of the following is an example of malingering? A) intentionally faking a back problem to avoid military service B) intentionally faking an illness because one likes being a patient C) experiencing chest pains in response to intense stress D) enjoying unnecessary medical tests

intentionally faking a back problem to avoid military service

Dissociative disorders: A) involve major changes in memory. B) usually have a precise physical cause. C) are a type of anxiety disorder. D) involve multiple personalities by definition.

involve major changes in memory.

A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible aspects is displaying: A) metaworry. B) irrational assumptions. C) compulsion. D) conditions of worth.

irrational assumptions.

An individual develops somatic symptom disorder after a near-fatal car crash. The diagnosis: A) is unlikely to be either somatization pattern or predominant pain pattern. B) is about equally likely to be somatization pattern or predominant pain pattern. C) is more likely to be somatization pattern than predominant pain pattern. D) is less likely to be somatization pattern than predominant pain pattern.

is less likely to be somatization pattern than predominant pain pattern.

Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior: A) is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety. B) originally is associated with an increase in anxiety. C) is logically rather than randomly connected to fearful situations. D) is exhibited by everyone.

is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety.

If you were taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, you could expect that: A) it wouldn't be very effective. B) it would lead to immediate, and long-lasting relief of symptoms. C) it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if you stopped the medication. D) adding cognitive therapies would help relieve symptoms in the short term, but not in the long term.

it would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if you stopped the medication.

I was running down a familiar country lane when all of a sudden nothing looked familiar. It took me several seconds to realize where I was, and I continued my run without incident. What I experienced was: A) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. B) jamais vu. C) déjà vu. D) absentmindedness.

jamais vu.

The generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is: A) antigens. B) lymphocytes. C) killer T-cells. D) helper T-cells.

lymphocytes.

An individual who has been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely first seek: A) psychological help. B) medical help. C) both psychological and medical help. D) neither psychological nor medical help.

medical help.

Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.

norepinephrine

Someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. You can be reasonably sure that this person's disorder is: A) actually within the range of normal functioning, so it is not really a DSM-5 disorder. B) not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. C) not normal, and more severe than acute distress disorder, but less severe than posttraumatic stress disorder. D) not normal, and more severe than either acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder.

not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder.

For me, crossing a bridge is terrifying. If you hardly notice crossing a bridge, we differ in: A) trait anxiety. B) state anxiety. C) situation anxiety. D) physiological anxiety.

physiological anxiety.

Recent research shows that high levels of anxiety and other emotional problems among those living in poverty may be caused by: A) psychological factors such as Type A behavior patterns. B) dietary deficiencies. C) physiological changes resulting from stress. D) sleep deprivation.

physiological changes resulting from stress.

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of: A) modeling. B) stimulus generalization. C) conditioning. D) preparedness.

preparedness.

A woman who is particularly threatened by any display of anger becomes unable to speak when she is most angry with her husband, thereby keeping the anger out of her awareness. According to psychodynamic theorists, she is achieving ______ from her illness. A) primary gain B) secondary gain C) tertiary gain D) no gain

primary gain

According to the psychodynamic view, conversion disorder symptoms function to keep unacceptable thoughts and conflicts out of consciousness. This is called: A) sociocultural stress. B) primary gain. C) reinforcement. D) secondary gain

primary gain.

Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from: A) projection. B) regression. C) repression. D) sublimation.

repression.

If a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would likely be: A) conversion disorder. B) somatization disorder. C) body dysmorphic disorder. D) psychophysiological disorder.

somatization disorder.

A strong "feeling of knowing" is associated with which of the following? A) déjà vu B) jamais vu C) pseudopresentiment D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common: A) their understanding of how generalized anxiety develops and can be treated. B) their lack of strong support from controlled studies. C) their reliance on a rather harsh, confrontational therapeutic style. D) their use of multidisciplinary therapists who work exclusively in group settings.

their lack of strong support from controlled studies.

The MAIN criticism of the behavioral and psychodynamic explanations for the maintenance of hysterical disorders is that: A) they focus too much on the gains the patients receives from the disorder. B) they fail to take into account the gains the patient receives from the disorder. C) they confuse the ideas of gain and reward. D) they can't explain how the gains can outweigh the pain of the disorder.

they can't explain how the gains can outweigh the pain of the disorder.

People with low incomes are ______ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders. A) just B) twice C) three times D) four times

twice

If you studied for this exam while you were unusually happy, you will probably do best taking it while you are: A) unusually sad. B) unusually happy. C) moderately happy. D) happy when you know the answers and sad when you don't.

unusually happy.

If you are similar to most other people, which of the following are you MOST likely to do to relieve stress? A) drink alcohol B) exercise C) use a cell phone to call, text, etc. D) watch TV, read, or listen to music

watch TV, read, or listen to music

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, a person who today is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely have been diagnosed with: A) Freudian syndrome. B) pseudopsychological syndrome. C) Briquet's syndrome. D) referenced pain syndrome.

Briquet's syndrome.

According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to A) reinforce. B) increase. C) neutralize . D) clarify.

neutralize .

The phobia MOST often associated with panic disorder is: A) claustrophobia. B) acrophobia. C) agoraphobia. D) metrophobia.

agoraphobia.

In the MOST common type of dissociative amnesia, a person loses memory for: A) some but not all the events surrounding the trauma. B) all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time. C) all events from the trauma onward. D) all events before and after the trauma.

all events beginning with the trauma but within a limited period of time.

According to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the ______ development: A) oral B) anal C) phallic D) genital

anal

Conversion disorders most often appear in: A) childhood. B) adolescence. C) middle adulthood. D) late adulthood.

adolescence.

Of the following, those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are: A) white American females. B) white American males. C) Hispanic American females. D) Hispanic American males.

white American males.

How do phobias and common fear differ? A) A fear more dramatically interferes with one's life. B) A phobia is less intense. C) A fear lasts longer. D) A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.

A phobia leads to a greater desire to avoid the object.

The MOST accurate of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies) is: A) Debriefing helps both rescuers and victims. B) Debriefing by victims is more effective than debriefing by professionals. C) Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse. D) Debriefing is so ineffective that it is no longer done.

Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse.

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate about depersonalization disorder? A) Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress, or pain. B) Most cases of depersonalization disorder are associated with changes in brain activity. C) The presence of severe stressors in one's life is not a predictor of depersonalization disorder. D) Depersonalization disorder rarely occurs transiently.

Depersonalization disorder usually comes on suddenly and may be triggered by extreme fatigue, intense stress, or pain.

If a therapist believed that a person was displaying conversion disorder symptoms because the symptoms helped the person avoid unpleasant situations, you would think that the therapist was: A) a cognitive theorist or a behaviorist. B) a cognitive theorist or a psychoanalyst. C) a psychoanalyst or a behaviorist. D) a cognitive theorist, a behaviorist, or a psychoanalyst.

a psychoanalyst or a behaviorist.

Someone with skin-picking disorder would be LEAST likely to pick skin in which area of the body? A) face B) abdomen C) arms D) legs

abdomen

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called: A) hysteria. B) acute stress disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

acute stress disorder.

Depersonalization disorder is most common among those who are: A) preadolescents. B) adolescents and young adults. C) adults between the ages of 40 and 60. D) adults over 60.

adolescents and young adults.

The gland that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the: A) ganglion. B) adrenal gland. C) hippocampus. D) medulla.

adrenal gland.

When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell shock") first recognized? A) after World War I B) after World War II C) after the Vietnam War D) during the Iraqi War

after World War I

A visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information is called: A) déjà vu. B) jamais vu. C) an eidetic image. D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

an eidetic image.

A friend of yours has been diagnosed as having a high risk for coronary heart disease. His high risk is MOST likely due to: A) an interaction of psychosocial and physiological factors. B) psychosocial factors alone. C) physiological factors alone. D) psychoneuroimmunological factors alone.

an interaction of psychosocial and physiological factors.

The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are the: A) mood disorders. B) anxiety disorders. C) personality disorders. D) sexual disorders.

anxiety disorders.

People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call: A) biological challenge. B) behavioral inhibition. C) anxiety sensitivity. D) exposure relapse.

anxiety sensitivity

The first time the patient reported vague chest pains to 911, local EMTs responded with obvious attention and concern. Over the next several months, the patient called 911 more and more often, receiving the same concerned care for the same symptoms. This pattern of patient response is MOST easily explained by which theoretical perspective? A) biological B) behavioral C) cognitive D) psychodynamic

behavioral

Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat-sensitive device on her fingers. She simply tries to make the dial go up. This is a form of: A) meditation. B) relaxation training. C) biofeedback training. D) cognitive intervention.

biofeedback training.

Individuals experiencing dissociative amnesia sometimes are given sodium amobarbital or sodium pentobarbital because those drugs: A) calm people and reduce their inhibitions. B) act as truth serum, so people can't fake their illness. C) help reduce associated symptoms of depression. D) make people forget extremely upsetting events in their lives

calm people and reduce their inhibitions.

Transient depersonalization and derealization: A) are experienced by virtually all college students. B) are produced naturally and cannot be induced by drugs or meditation. C) can be induced by a life-threatening experience. D) are common in adults but not yet diagnosed in children or adolescents

can be induced by a life-threatening experience.

All of the following are considered traditional psychophysiological disorders EXCEPT: A) asthma. B) insomnia. C) cancer. D) chronic headaches.

cancer.

In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses? A) physical B) emotional C) cognitive D) The person is showing all three responses.

cognitive

People who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get through it by focusing on the end of the pain, and by remembering that they have gotten through it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies? A) insight therapy B) cognitive intervention C) behavioral medicine D) psychotropic medication

cognitive intervention

If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called: A) empathy. B) unconditional positive regard. C) conditions of worth. D) moral anxiety.

conditions of worth.

Albert had finally had enough of his inability to walk, and he went to a psychologist who told him there was nothing medically wrong with him. The therapist was using the treatment approach of: A) insight. B) suggestion. C) confrontation. D) exposure and response prevention.

confrontation.

Disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include: A) phobia disorders. B) dissociative disorders. C) psychophysiological disorders. D) conversion disorders.

conversion disorders.

African Americans rate all of the following more stressful than white Americans do, EXCEPT for: A) major personal injury or illness. B) major change in work responsibilities. C) death of a spouse. D) major change in living conditions

death of a spouse.

An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. However, the individual has very good recall of previous life events, and has a strong sense of self. The MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is: A) dissociative amnesia. B) multiple identity disorder. C) dissociative fugue. D) depersonalization disorder.

depersonalization disorder.

If a person's mental functioning or body feels unreal or foreign, the person is MOST likely suffering from: A) body dysmorphic disorder. B) depersonalization. C) dissociative identity disorder. D) dissociative amnesia.

depersonalization.

The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to: A) depersonalization. B) multiple personalities. C) amnestic fugue. D) body dysmorphic disorder.

depersonalization.

Which of the following convinces researchers that panic disorder is biologically different from generalized anxiety disorder? A) differences in the way the amygdala works in each disorder B) differences in the alarm and escape response in the brain C) differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders D) differences in the heritability of the two disorders

differences in the brain circuitry in the two disorders

An individual who formerly knew how to speak a foreign language and play a musical instrument can no longer remember how to as a result of a dissociative disorder. The dissociative disorder MOST likely is: A) dissociative fugue. B) dissociative amnesia. C) dissociative identity. D) Such memories are affected about equally by the dissociative disorders.

dissociative identity.

Of the following, the MOST serious limitation of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is that it: A) does not show a significant predictable relationship with physical illness. B) has not been revised and is thus outdated. C) does not take into account the stresses of diverse populations. D) was normed only on college students.

does not take into account the stresses of diverse populations.

GABA is related to: A) increased neuronal firing in the brain. B) doubling the speed of neuronal firing. C) intensifying the strength of neuronal firing. D) inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain.

doubling the speed of neuronal firing.

Feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called: A) doubting. B) dumbing down. C) doubling. D) distrusting.

doubling.

Surveys show that people are LEAST likely to do which of the following in order to relieve stress? A) drink alcoholic beverages B) talk to someone C) exercise D) pray or meditate

drink alcoholic beverages

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. A) physical B) cognitive C) emotional D) developmental

emotional

Which of the following would you NOT find on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? A) death of spouse B) jail term C) pregnancy D) exercise

exercise

A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing: A) exposure therapy. B) group therapy. C) insight therapy. D) drug therapy.

exposure therapy.

Until recently, the evidence that generalized anxiety disorder is related to biological factors came largely from: A) drug studies. B) clinical interviews. C) family pedigree studies. D) neurological studies.

family pedigree studies.

Your fear of spiders is debilitating because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) covert desensitization. D) systematic desensitization.

flooding.

Dissociative fugues usually: A) follow a stressful event. B) end very gradually. C) have numerous recurrences. D) involve irrecoverable memory loss.

follow a stressful event.

A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing: A) free-floating anxiety. B) specific anxiety. C) fearful anxiety. D) obsessions.

free-floating anxiety.

GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter believed to be involved in reducing the excitability of neurons in the brain, has been implicated in the etiology of: A) schizophrenia. B) panic disorder. C) conversion disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

Just after doing well in an intramural basketball game—something which left me very happy, and in a high state of excitement—I sat down and studied for my abnormal psychology test. Research shows I would perform best on that test if, at the time of the test, I was: A) happy and excited. B) happy but calm. C) neither happy nor sad, and excited. D) neither happy nor sad, and calm.

happy and excited.

In the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder: A) has increased. B) has decreased. C) first increased, then decreased. D) first decreased, then increased.

has increased.

Which of the following aspects of Type A personality make a person MOST vulnerable to heart disease? A) hostility and time urgency B) ambition and competition C) impatience and anger D) cynicism and tension

hostility and time urgency

Which of the following is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder? A) increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt B) inability to remember the event that led to the stress C) increased responsiveness and emotion right after the event D) a tendency to want to go back to see the site of the stress

increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

The effect of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on a body experiencing stress is: A) to keep the body's immune system functioning at a high level throughout the stress. B) to keep the body's immune system functioning at a low level throughout the stress. C) initially to stimulate the immune system, then to inhibit it. D) initially to inhibit the immune system, then to stimulate it.

initially to stimulate the immune system, then to inhibit it.

About what percentage of American men experience a somatic symptom disorder in a given year? A) less than 1percent B) 1 to 2 percent C) 3 to 4 percent D) over 5 percent

less than 1percent

Combat veterans are MOST likely to report symptoms of A) localized amnesia. B) continuous amnesia. C) generalized amnesia. D) selective amnesia.

localized amnesia.

A teammate of a basketball player says, "Congratulations on making those game-winning free throws. Weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket?" The basketball player replies, "Thanks. I felt a little nervous, but to tell the truth, I didn't even notice the fans." MOST likely, the player who made the foul shots has: A) high situational and trait anxiety. B) low trait anxiety, but high situational anxiety. C) high trait anxiety, but low situational anxiety. D) low situational and trait anxiety

low situational and trait anxiety

A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. MOST likely, that person is experiencing: A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) the flight-or-fight syndrome. C) severe stress response. D) no stress disorder.

no stress disorder.

More women than men experience all of the following disorders EXCEPT: A) generalized anxiety disorder. B) obsessive-compulsive disorder. C) social anxiety disorder. D) specific phobia.

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called: A) body dysmorphic disorders. B) panic disorders. C) social anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders.

In a case of multiple personality, "Pat" is aware of the existence of "Jerry" and "Chris," but "Jerry" and "Chris" are not aware of the existence of the other personalities. This form of subpersonality relationship is called: A) one-way amnesic. B) mutually cognizant. C) mutually amnesic. D) co-conscious.

one-way amnesic.

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called: A) hysteria. B) acute stress disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

posttraumatic stress disorder

Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n): A) phobia. B) panic reaction. C) acute stress reaction. D) posttraumatic stress reaction.

posttraumatic stress reaction.

In the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely "misdiagnosed" as: A) schizophrenia. B) mental retardation. C) depersonalization. D) body dysmorphic disorder

schizophrenia.

If a man's behavior elicited kindness and sympathy from his wife when he was mute, he would be receiving ______ gains from his behavior. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) no

secondary

Recent research suggests that stress interferes with human immune system functioning by: A) slowing lymphocyte reproduction. B) reducing lymphocyte effectiveness against antigens. C) triggering the production of immune cells. D) destroying antigens.

slowing lymphocyte reproduction.

Which of the following is likely to be useful in distinguishing conversion or somatic symptom disorders from true medical problems? A) the particular body part showing the symptom B) the failure of a condition to develop as expected C) the patient's description of the source of the symptoms D) the patient's experiencing the usual course of development for the physical symptoms characteristic of the condition

the failure of a condition to develop as expected

Research using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale indicates that: A) low but not high levels of stress are associated with physical illness. B) the greater the life stress, the greater the chance of illness. C) physical but not psychological stressors are related to illness. D) serious illnesses like cancer are related to stress.

the greater the life stress, the greater the chance of illness.

According to the psychodynamic perspective, if someone keeps engaging in immoral sexual behavior and repeatedly scrubs his or her face and hands in response to those thoughts: A) the scrubbing represents a healthy coping response. B) the immoral images represent id impulses. C) the superego is helping the person to avoid id impulses. D) ego defenses are not present.

the immoral images represent id impulses.

Conversion disorders are more common in: A) women than men. B) men than women. C) the middle-aged than the young. D) the elderly than the middle-aged.

women than men.

Someone you know who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is your BEST advice? A) "Do it! Plastic surgery typically relieves body dysphoric symptoms." B) "Think about it. Although plastic surgery usually helps, it's pretty expensive." C) "Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards." D) "Don't do it! Studies show that almost one-third of people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder later attempt suicide."

"Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards."

If you were a therapist with a behavioral view, which of the following questions would you be MOST likely to ask someone you suspected might have a somatic symptom disorder? A) "What underlying conflict do you think might have caused your symptoms?" B) "Do you think drug therapy would help you deal with the physical symptoms?" C) "Has any friend of yours had similar symptoms recently?" D) "What are you thinking about when you experience your symptoms?"

"Has any friend of yours had similar symptoms recently?"

A friend says to you, "I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person?" Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? A) "Probably—about two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." B) "Probably—over 90 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement." C) "Almost certainly—about 80 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD show almost immediate improvement, and most of the rest show improvement within two years of starting therapy." D) "Yes—almost everyone receiving treatment for PTSD shows improvement within a few months."

"Probably—about two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement."

A friend asks you, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. What do you think?" Based on current research, your BEST answer would be: A) "That's the best advice your therapist could have given." B) "Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse." C) "Drug therapy works especially well in combination with short-term psychodynamic therapy; cognitive-behavioral therapies don't help much." D) "Unfortunately, no therapy works very well in the long run for most people with social anxiety disorder."

"Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse."

A friend asks you, "You're taking an abnormal psychology course; what's the MOST effective treatment for social anxiety disorder?" Your BEST research-based answer is: A) "Antidepressant medication eliminates symptoms faster, and for at least as long, as the best psychotherapy." B) "Antianxiety medication eliminates symptoms faster than the best psychotherapy." C) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, but not as long, as the best drug therapy." D) "The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer, than the best drug therapy."

"The best psychotherapy eliminates symptoms as fast, and longer, than the best drug therapy."

A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based on present research, your best answer is: A) "Try something else; neither one works very well." B) "Try either one; they're about equally effective." C) "Try relaxation training; biofeedback doesn't work." D) "Try biofeedback; relaxation doesn't work."

"Try either one; they're about equally effective."

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be: A) "Yes—in fact, combat trauma is the leading source of PTSD worldwide." B) "Yes—combat trauma produces as many cases of PTSD worldwide as civilian trauma does." C) "Yes—although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does." D) "Maybe—however, many researchers think that combat trauma is significantly overrated as a source of PTSD."

"Yes—although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

"The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this? A) "That really can't help you. The best thing to do is suppress your fear, control it." B) "Your therapist is suggesting something called 'virtual exposure,' but no one knows if it helps." C) "Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'" D) "You should try drug therapy; that usually works, even without additional therapy."

"Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.'"

A friend says, "I feel like I'm stressed out and sick all the time. What kind of person is least likely to have an immune system messed up like mine?" Your BEST answer is: A) "an optimist who is highly spiritual" B) "an optimist who is not highly spiritual" C) "a pessimist who is highly spiritual" D) "a pessimist who is not highly spiritual"

"an optimist who is highly spiritual"

Your abnormal-psychology instructor asks in class, "What kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), you reply: A) "client-centered therapies and exposure therapies." B) "exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs." C) "antidepressant drugs and biofeedback." D) "biofeedback and relaxation training."

"exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs."

When I took abnormal psychology as an undergraduate, I was convinced I had symptoms of many of the earlier disorders we covered. As soon as we moved on to new disorders, though, I was convinced I had some of their symptoms, as well. My experiences were similar to those of some people with a form of illness anxiety disorder sometimes called: A) "hypersymptomatic syndrome." B) "medical student's disease." C) "pseudo-Munchausen syndrome." D) psychosomatic disorder.

"medical student's disease."

About what proportion of the U.S. population experiences insomnia in a given year? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 1/5 D) 1/10

1/4

What do obsessions and compulsions have in common? A) Both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety. B) Both arise out of an excessively strong superego. C) Both involve rituals. D) Both are a normal part of life for the average person.

Both are used to deal with or ward off anxiety.

Which of the following is TRUE about drug and cognitive treatments for panic disorder? A) Drug treatments are significantly more effective, especially early in the disorder. B) Cognitive treatment is more effective over time, even if the person continues to take medication. C) Both drug treatments and cognitive treatments are effective. D) Neither drug treatments nor cognitive treatments show much promise.

Both drug treatments and cognitive treatments are effective.

What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related? A) Compulsions are a way to prevent obsessions from occurring. B) Obsessions generally lead to violent or immoral compulsions. C) Compulsions help people control their obsessions. D) Obsessions are not related to compulsions.

Compulsions help people control their obsessions.

What conclusion does research on hypnosis and hypnotic amnesia support? A) People with multiple personalities may be faking their condition. B) Dissociative disorders are extremely odd and inexplicable events. C) Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia. D) Self-hypnosis relies on different processes and produces different behavioral outcomes.

Dissociative disorders are similar to behaviors seen in hypnotic amnesia.

Which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants, such as Xanax, to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate? A) Antianxiety drugs are preferred over antidepressants. B) The drugs must be taken "as needed" rather than on a regular schedule. C) The drugs are effective for only about 25 percent of the people who take them. D) For the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symptoms are lessened.

For the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symptoms are lessened.

Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of ______ at certain receptor sites in the brain. A) GABA B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) serotonin

GABA

Which of the following reflects the MOST common obsessive thought? A) If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated. B) I must make sure that the brochures are folded evenly. C) I can hardly stop myself from yelling sexual obscenities in class. D) I hope that person dies a long, slow death.

If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated.

Which one of these descriptors would be LEAST likely to describe someone experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder, according to the cognitive perspective? A) Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow. B) I'm a bit of a control freak. C) It seems that I am always more "down" than my friends. D) I'm having a bit of trouble separating my thoughts from reality. I'm afraid if I think it, it will actually happen.

Let the good times roll. Don't worry about tomorrow.

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? A) Long-term anxiety is related to poor GABA reception. B) Long-term anxiety causes poor GABA reception. C) Poor GABA reception causes long-term anxiety. D) Neurotransmitter deficiencies cause long-term anxiety and poor GABA reception.

Long-term anxiety is related to poor GABA reception

Of the following statements, which is the one providing the most persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder? A) Hardly any case studies support a psychodynamic explanation. B) Repression cannot be used to explain the disorder. C) Most abused children don't develop the disorder. D) Psychodynamic therapists do not even attempt to treat the disorder

Most abused children don't develop the disorder.

Which of the following is NOT usually true of those with body dysmorphic disorder? A) They are concerned about a particular part of their body. B) They reduce contacts with others. C) About half seek surgical or dermatological treatments. D) Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered "normal" for a teenager.

Most disorder-specific behaviors would be considered "normal" for a teenager.

Which one of the following statements about rape is MOST accurate? A) Most rape victims do not know their attackers. B) Most rape victims are young. C) About equal numbers of men and women are raped. D) About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime.

Most rape victims are young.

Sarah brings her young daughter into the emergency room with internal bleeding. The attending physician later concludes that Sarah caused the symptoms in her daughter intentionally, because of a need to gain attention and praise for her devoted care of her sick child. If this assessment is correct, Sarah would be diagnosed as having: A) a factitious disorder. B) a conversion disorder. C) Munchausen syndrome. D) Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Which of the following statements about the long-term effects of rape on women is MOST accurate? A) Rape impacts a woman's psychological well-being but not her physical well-being. B) Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health. C) For the vast majority of women, the impact of rape does not persist beyond about four months. D) The greatest stress is experienced many months after the rape rather than immediately after the rape.

Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical health.

Based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders? A) Certain personality characteristics are related to the development of stress disorders, but not to recovery from these disorders. B) Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them. C) Certain personality characteristics are related to recovery from stress disorders, but not to their development. D) Personality characteristics are related to neither the development of nor recovery from stress disorders.

Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them.

What effect has the use of sodium amobarbital had in treating dissociative amnesia and fugue? A) Most clients recall past events easily with drugs. B) Recall is often limited to the session itself. C) The patient's recollection doesn't begin until long after the session. D) Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others.

Results are mixed, successful with some patients and not with others.

Which theory states that people develop generalized anxiety disorders because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth? A) Pavlov's conditioning theory B) Freud's psychoanalytic theory C) Rogers' client-centered theory D) Ellis's rational-emotive theory

Rogers' client-centered theory

Which of the following is BEST supported by current research? A) Angry cancer patients have worse outcomes than those who do not express anger. B) No studies show any relationship between personality characteristics and cancer outcome. C) Social support seems to aid recovery in cancer patients. D) The chief cause of cancer is uncontrolled stress.

Social support seems to aid recovery in cancer patients.

Based on current research, what is the BEST conclusion about the cause of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders? Is nature or nurture more responsible for these disorders? A) It's probably an interaction. Both nature and nurture are important. B) Stress disorders are due to situational factors, not to inheritance. C) Stress disorders are inherited; situational factors have no impact. D) To date, there is almost no research on this question.

Stress disorders are due to situational factors, not to inheritance.

Which statement BEST reflects our understanding of hysterical disorders? A) Hysterical disorders are explained similarly to how anxiety disorders are explained. B) Currently, hysterical disorders are thought to be due to a "wandering uterus." C) Hysterical disorder symptoms appear to be particularly resistant to hypnosis. D) The causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood, with no theory predominant in aiding understanding.

The causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood, with no theory predominant in aiding understanding.

Which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response? A) The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. B) The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. C) The hypothalamus excites the parasympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. D) The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing a reduction in arousal.

The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal.

Which of the following accurately describes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response? A) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. B) The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids, which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. C) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. D) The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop

The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids.

Which of the following BEST sums up the author's views of the latest trends in understanding stress disorders? A) We tend to underestimate the significance of psychological factors in physical illness. B) There are too few creative prevention programs being developed. C) The line between enlightenment and overenthusiasm is often thin. D) Psychoneuroimmunology is a thing of the past and not likely to be used much in the future.

The line between enlightenment and overenthusiasm is often thin.

A cognitive theorist would be MOST likely to say which of the following about hysterical disorders? A) The patient is receiving secondary gains from the symptoms. B) The patient is unable to express any emotion except anxiety. C) The patient is being rewarded for behaving in this way. D) The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions.

The patient is otherwise unable to communicate difficult emotions.

A person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching." Which of the following MOST likely has happened? A) The host personality has put in a relatively rare appearance. B) The person has faked a change in personality. C) Two subpersonalities rapidly changed back and forth several times. D) The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

The person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders? A) They are disorders of the twentieth century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900. B) They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medication—antipsychotics. C) They are triggered by traumatic events. D) They are varieties of depression

They are triggered by traumatic events.

According to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors? A) Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced. B) They have been punished in the past for engaging in the compulsive behaviors. C) They need a higher level of anxiety than average to be productive. D) They are irrational thinkers.

Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced.

Of the following alternatives, which is best for differentiating dissociative amnesia from dissociative fugue? A) Those with dissociative fugue change where they live. B) Those with dissociative amnesia often develop amnesia without experiencing an upsetting event. C) Those with dissociative fugue experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic knowledge. D) Those with dissociative amnesia experience a loss of semantic, rather than episodic, knowledge.

Those with dissociative fugue change where they live.

Which of the following is TRUE about factitious disorders? A) Those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness. B) Those with factitious disorders do not intentionally create illness. C) Those with factitious disorder have no control over their behavior. D) Those with factitious disorder do not want to assume the sick role.

Those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness.

Of the following, the individual with the MOST risk of developing heart disease is: A) Type A, with little concern about time. B) Type B, with little concern about time. C) Type A, hostile. D) Type B, hostile.

Type A, hostile.

What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD? A) The tendency to develop PTSD cannot be passed on from one generation to the next. B) The tendency to develop PTSD is a characteristics located on the Y chromosome. C) Both men and women appear to be able to pass on their tendency to develop PTSD. D) Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels.

How concerned should we be about victims of sexual assault and terror? Is there a very great risk that they will experience PTSD? A) Yes, the risk is great; over a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD. B) Yes, the risk is great; virtually everyone who experiences sexual assault or terror eventually experiences PTSD. C) No, the risk isn't great; only about 10 percent of sexual assault and terror victims experience PTSD. D) No, the risk isn't great; the number of people in these groups who experience PTSD is probably overestimated.

Yes, the risk is great; over a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD.

Residents of Japan are more likely than residents of the United States to show higher rates of somatic complaints, MOST likely reflecting: A) higher levels of the emotions that produce somatization. B) the effects of living in a collectivist culture. C) a Western bias that sees somatization as an inferior way to handle emotions. D) an Asian bias to celebrate somatization as the only "real" response to emotion.

a Western bias that sees somatization as an inferior way to handle emotions.

If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose: A) a drug that increased neuronal firing speed. B) a benzodiazepine. C) any of the antidepressants. D) a drug that works on the endocrine level rather than the neuron level.

a benzodiazepine.

Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying: A) agoraphobia. B) an obsession. C) a checking compulsion. D) nonpathological caution.

a checking compulsion.

Which of the following does NOT characterize stress disorders? A) recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event B) a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event C) reduced responsiveness to the world around one D) signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions

a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

A woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. You think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to appear sick, which fills some psychological need. You would diagnose: A) factitious disorder. B) conversion disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) psychophysical disorder.

a factitious disorder.

Having a background in medicine, but also a grudge against the profession, puts a person at risk for: A) a factitious disorder. B) body dysmorphic disorder. C) amnesia conversion disorder. D) somatic symptom disorder.

a factitious disorder.

If a chronically ill child was removed from home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent (usually the mother) was experiencing: A) malingering. B) a psychophysical disorder. C) a somatoform disorder. D) a factitious disorder.

a factitious disorder.

Munchausen syndrome is a: A) somatoform disorder. B) factitious disorder. C) psychophysical disorder. D) conversion disorder.

a factitious disorder.

Someone who has Munchausen syndrome, also by definition, has: A) Munchausen by proxy. B) a factitious disorder. C) dissociative identity disorder. D) body dysmorphic disorder.

a factitious disorder.

Leila always feels threatened and anxious—imagining something awful is about to happen. But she is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing: A) a generalized anxiety disorder. B) a hormonal imbalance. C) no specific problem; she just likes to worry. D) a specific fear response.

a generalized anxiety disorder.

A comprehensive approach that involves several techniques in treating anxiety disorders is called: A) systematic desensitization. B) a stress management program. C) preparedness. D) drug therapy.

a stress management program.

Just before 8 A.M. (when my first class meets), my young daughter did something that annoyed me as I was about to leave home for the short drive to campus. "Katie," I said, "what do I always say at a time like this?" She looked at the clock, and then said to me, "What you say is, 'Where are my keys?'" My daughter was apparently familiar with my: A) visual memory deficit. B) jamais vu tendencies. C) nondisordered dissociative fugue. D) absentmindedness.

absentmindedness.

A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing: A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) pretraumatic stress disorder. C) combat fatigue. D) acute stress disorder.

acute stress disorder.

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (who wouldn't be!). For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): A) panic attack. B) phobic reaction. C) acute stress disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

acute stress disorder.

According to DSM-5, the most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy is: A) posttraumatic stress disorder. B) insomnia. C) acute stress disorder. D) adjustment disorder.

adjustment disorder.

A woman you know constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be diagnosed with: A) panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) agoraphobia and panic disorder. D) agoraphobia.

agoraphobia and panic disorder.

If you were receiving the most effective medication for body dysmorphic disorder, you would be receiving a(n): A) antianxiety medication. B) weight control medication. C) antidepressant medication. D) medication designed to improve memory.

antidepressant medication.

Foreign invaders of the body that stimulate a response from the immune system are called: A) antigens. B) lymphocytes. C) killer T-cells. D) helper T-cells.

antigens.

A combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder would be likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT: A) antipsychotic medication. B) family therapy. C) rap groups. D) exposure therapy.

antipsychotic medication.

In order to determine if a person's fear of snakes is severe enough to be categorized as a phobia, you could: A) show him a snake; if he appears to be very uncomfortable, he most likely has a phobia. B) show him a snake; if he appears to be very uncomfortable, he most likely has a fear. C) ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a phobia. D) ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a fear.

ask him if anxiety about snakes interferes with daily living; if he says "yes," he most likely has a phobia.

"It's obvious that the patient observed friends who had symptoms of illness, then imitated those symptoms to get attention," says the therapist. MOST likely, the therapist has which theoretical perspective? A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) biological D) cognitive

behavioral

Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not do. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms. A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) cultural

behavioral

The therapy Eliot is receiving emphasizes dealing with his compulsions, but not his obsessions. In addition, he does "homework" in the form of self-help procedures between therapy sessions. Most likely, Eliot is receiving which kind of therapy? A) psychodynamic B) psychodynamic, with therapist interpretation C) behavioral D) cognitive

behavioral

Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning? A) biological B) sociocultural C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

behavioral

A therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the client's body is less than perfect, while not allowing the client to seek medical attention. MOST likely, the therapist's viewpoint is: A) behavioral, and the therapy is called exposure and response prevention. B) psychodynamic, and the therapy is called exposure and response prevention. C) cognitive, and the therapy is called rational-emotive therapy. D) sociocultural, and the therapy is called rational-emotive therapy.

behavioral, and the therapy is called exposure and response prevention.

Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of: A) biofeedback training. B) EMG training. C) relaxation training. D) self-instruction training.

biofeedback training.

Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n): A) in vivo test. B) modeling test. C) covert sensitization test. D) biological challenge test.

biological challenge test.

Narcolepsy is a: A) psychological disorder often triggered by biological factors. B) psychological disorder often triggered by strong emotions. C) biological disorder often triggered by biological factors. D) biological disorder often triggered by strong emotions.

biological disorder often triggered by strong emotions.

The most current research we have suggests that reductions in activity levels in the caudate nuclei among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder result from: A) the associated reduction in serotonin levels in the brain. B) both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies. C) one's initial level of caudate nuclei activity—those with high levels maintain them. D) an artifact in the research protocol related to the length of time the person has had the diagnosis.

both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: A) only metacognitive theory. B) only intolerance of uncertainty theory. C) neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory. D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.

both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.

The chief sources of data used to support the theories of psychodynamic and behavioral clinicians are: A) large-scale experimental studies. B) biologically based. C) case studies. D) epidemiological.

case studies.

A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain? A) hypothalamus B) caudate nuclei C) cerebral cortex D) temporal lobe

caudate nuclei

Jason has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others, but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as: A) self-reliant. B) co-occurring. C) co-conscious. D) mutually cognizant.

co-conscious

Increasingly concerned about my minor heartbeat irregularities, I think that my health is being threatened, and more and more often I misinterpret my body's normal signals. Which viewpoint BEST explains my experiences? A) psychodynamic B) biological C) cognitive D) behavioral

cognitive

Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment—mindfulness therapy—is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach? A) psychodynamic B) biological C) cognitive D) behavioral

cognitive

Which of the following therapies is an effective long-term, nonpharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) humanistic D) psychodynamic

cognitive

"Everyone has intrusive and unwanted thoughts. Most people ignore them. But some people blame themselves and expect terrible consequences, so they act in ways they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist MOST likely to agree with this quote would be a: A) psychodynamic theorist. B) behaviorist. C) cognitive theorist. D) biologist.

cognitive theorist.

An emphasis on the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went is characteristic of: A) cognitive therapists. B) those who advocate using medication to treat social phobias. C) those who also experience claustrophobia. D) behavioral therapists.

cognitive therapists.

A returning combat veteran with a stress disorder would MOST likely be in ______ to help change dysfunctional attitudes and styles of interpretation that resulted from the trauma. A) cognitive therapy B) family therapy C) EMDR D) a rap group

cognitive therapy

That people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the: A) cognitive view. B) behavioral view. C) humanistic view. D) psychodynamic view.

cognitive view.

A psychotherapist models appropriate social skills for a client with social anxiety disorder, then uses modeling for another client with a phobia for spiders. What the therapist is doing is: A) common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders. B) uncommon; modeling is often used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders, but seldom used in the treatment of specific phobias. C) uncommon; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of social anxiety disorders, but commonly used in the treatment of specific phobias. D) rare; modeling is seldom used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

common; modeling is often used in the treatment of these kinds of disorders.

Carlotta is attacked in the street and her young daughter is kidnapped. Eventually, the police find her daughter and she is returned to her mother. However, Carlotta is unable to recall events that have occurred since the attack. She is even unable to retain new information; she remembers what happened before the attack but cannot remember new and ongoing experiences. This is a classic example of: A) localized amnesia. B) selective amnesia. C) continuous amnesia. D) generalized amnesia.

continuous amnesia.

According to your text, meditation, hypnosis, and cognitive interventions are all useful in: A) treating infection. B) controlling pain. C) treating asthma. D) reducing "mindfulness."

controlling pain.

A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be: A) malingering. B) factitious disorder. C) conversion disorder. D) preoccupation disorder.

conversion disorder

Just before debuting at Carnegie Hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of her left hand. Which of the following BEST describes her disorder? A) conversion disorder B) somatization disorder C) pain disorder associated with psychological factors D) preoccupation disorder

conversion disorder

Researchers have found at least a small link between Type A personality and: A) lack of aggressiveness. B) somatoform disorder. C) coronary heart disease. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

coronary heart disease.

The group of hormones that appear to be MOST involved in arousal and the fear reaction are the: A) prolactins. B) corticosteroids. C) adrenalaltoids. D) beta-blockers.

corticosteroids.

People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the: A) diathesis-stress model. B) psychodynamic model. C) cognitive-behavioral model. D) evolutionary perspective.

diathesis-stress model.

One very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "subpersonalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. The study showed that the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder: A) differed from one another, as did those of the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder. B) differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not. C) did not differ from one another, although the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did differ. D) did not differ from one another, nor did the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder.

differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not.

One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: A) how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are. B) what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was. C) how long the anxiety symptoms last. D) what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms.

how long the anxiety symptoms last.

Research on evoked potential with people with dissociative identity disorder has revealed that: A) different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns. B) people with dissociative identity disorder did not show different brain response patterns for subpersonalities. C) no differences were found in brain activity between controls and individuals with dissociative identity disorder. D) control subjects who were asked to pretend they had different personalities were able to create different brain response patterns for each subpersonality.

different subpersonalities have shown different brain response patterns.

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part? A) mood disorder B) personality disorder C) dissociative disorder D) histrionic personality disorder

dissociative disorder

Of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories is: A) depersonalization disorder. B) dissociative fugue. C) conversion disorder. D) dissociative amnesia.

dissociative fugue.

People with which dissociative disorder typically do not eventually recover without receiving treatment? A) dissociative identity disorder B) dissociative fugue C) dissociative amnesia D) All dissociative disorders eventually resolve themselves successfully

dissociative identity disorder

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the ______ system. A) nervous B) exocrine C) endocrine D) autonomic

endocrine

Someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the ______ explanation of the development of phobias. A) empirical B) evolutionary C) environmental D) ecological

environmental

Someone who believes that among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness, and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, represents the ______ explanation of the development of phobias. A) environmental B) evolutionary C) empirical D) externalized

evolutionary

Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white Americans. Psychosocial stressors that can explain this difference include all of the following EXCEPT: A) evolutionary factors, making African Americans more susceptible to hypertension. B) higher rates of poverty among African Americans. C) higher levels of crime in African American communities. D) racial discrimination.

evolutionary factors, making African Americans more susceptible to hypertension.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

experiencing avoidance.

An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week, would be experiencing what therapy procedures? A) family therapy B) exposure and response prevention C) reinforcement for compulsive behavior D) free association

family therapy

Fear differs from anxiety in that: A) fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general. B) anxiety is more likely to lead to aggression than is fear. C) anxiety is to an interpersonal threat and fear is to an inanimate threat. D) anxiety is an immediate response; fear is more vague.

fear is to a specific threat and anxiety is more general.

A person experiencing a panic disorder is MOST likely also to have which of the following? A) fear of leaving home B) fear of enclosed spaces C) fear of other people D) fear of driving

fear of leaving home

Which of the following is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder? A) feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities B) feelings of extreme guilt for surviving the traumatic event C) reliving the event through daydreams and night dreams D) excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings

feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities

Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is: A) showing two out of several multiple personalities at the same time. B) suffering simultaneously from Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. C) feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her. D) malingering.

feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her.

Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are: A) female, or low-income individuals. B) male, or low-income individuals. C) female, or high-income individuals. D) male, or high-income individuals.

female, or low-income individuals.

Gwendolyn is held up at knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. Eventually, her son is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of: A) selective amnesia. B) localized amnesia. C) continuous amnesia. D) generalized amnesia.

generalized amnesia.

Current research suggests that those who experience severe stress: A) have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol following the trauma. B) are less anxious than the average person before the trauma. C) were likely to be wealthy as children. D) were not directly exposed to the trauma, but experienced it second-hand.

have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol following the trauma.

A person recently was diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. If this is all the information you have, your BEST guess is that the person is in: A) elementary school, and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. B) high school, and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. C) elementary school, and is less likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder. D) high school, and less likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.

high school, and is more likely than average to have a close relative with social anxiety disorder.

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive: A) stress. B) stressor. C) stress response. D) stress model.

stress response.

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by: A) behaviorists. B) cognitive theorists. C) sociocultural theorists. D) humanistic theorists.

humanistic theorists.

Which of the following BEST illustrates the interaction of psychosocial and physical factors in the development of a medical condition? A) ulcers caused by H. pylori bacteria. B) asthma caused by a weakened respiratory system and allergies. C) hypertension caused by obesity and constant stress. D) chronic headaches caused by feelings of depression and anxiety.

hypertension caused by obesity and constant stress.

A person feels well rested during the day, does not have burning sensations in the stomach, and appears to have normal breathing function. If you are told this person has a psychophysiological disorder, your BEST guess about what the disorder is would be: A) insomnia. B) asthma. C) ulcers. D) hypertension.

hypertension.

The MOST common of the following psychophysiological disorders is: A) ulcers. B) chronic headaches. C) asthma. D) hypertension.

hypertension.

All of the following are true about hypnosis, EXCEPT: A) hypnosis involves a sleep-like state. B) you can be hypnotized during exercise. C) subjects can say "no" or stop hypnosis. D) hypnotized subjects adhere to their usual values.

hypnosis involves a sleep-like state.

A person experiencing multiple personalities would MOST accurately be diagnosed with dissociative: A) schizophrenia. B) identity disorder. C) fugue. D) amnesia.

identity disorder.

Our expectations, values, and goals combine to form our: A) memory. B) values. C) identity. D) ego ideal.

identity.

René Descartes' mind-body dualism is: A) inconsistent with modern views of the relationship between the mind and bodily illnesses. B) supported in diagnoses such as factitious and somatoform disorders. C) reflected in current research on the psychophysical disorders. D) supported by the idea that one's emotions can have an impact on physical health.

inconsistent with modern views of the relationship between the mind and bodily illnesses.

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A) increase serotonin activity in the brain. B) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D) decrease serotonin activity in the brain.

increase serotonin activity in the brain.

For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must: A) increase serotonin activity. B) decrease serotonin activity. C) increase norepinephrine activity. D) decrease norepinephrine activity.

increase serotonin activity.

These days, many people experience disasters secondhand through the media. For example, online and TV sources recently aired graphic coverage of severe earthquakes, which killed hundreds and made thousands homeless in Turkey. Studies show that watching coverage of disasters: A) actually decreases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders (the "insulation effect"). B) does not increase the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders. C) increases the likelihood of watchers thinking they will develop stress disorders, but does not increase the likelihood of them developing stress disorders. D) increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders.

increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders.

A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying: A) metaworry. B) irrational assumptions. C) compulsion. D) conditions of worth.

irrational assumptions.

If I believe that it is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that it is catastrophic if things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic: A) existential anxiety. B) irrational assumptions. C) moral anxiety. D) conditions of worth.

irrational assumptions.

One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it: A) has a more than 50 percent relapse rate. B) is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions. C) is less effective with clients who have both obsessions and compulsions. D) does not result in more improvement in obsessive-compulsive clients than do other cognitive-behavioral therapies.

is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions.

Disadvantages of taking benzodiazepines include all of the following EXCEPT: A) lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity. B) return of anxiety symptoms when the medication is withdrawn. C) impairment in cognitive and psychomotor functioning. D) physical dependence on the drug.

lack of sleep, increased anxiety, and passivity.

Posttraumatic stress disorders: A) begin immediately after the stress occurs. B) last between one and three weeks. C) don't begin until years after the traumatic event. D) last longer than a month.

last longer than a month.

A person diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder receives treatment based upon exposure and response prevention. The person could reasonably expect to experience: A) little, if any, improvement of any kind. B) less concern about physical defects, but continued avoidance of social interactions. C) continued concern about physical defects, but less avoidance of social interactions. D) less concern about physical defects, and less avoidance of social interactions.

less concern about physical defects, and less avoidance of social interactions.

According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory," those with generalized anxiety disorder are: A) likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur. B) likely to underestimate the chances that any positive event will occur. C) only able to tolerate uncertainty in mildly threatening events. D) only able to tolerate uncertainty in severely threatening events.

likely to overestimate the chances that any negative event will occur.

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001: A) lived near New York City. B) lived near Washington, DC. C) lived far away from New York City. D) lived on the West Coast of the United States.

lived near New York City.

After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia? A) continuous B) selective C) posttraumatic D) localized

localized

Mary Ann experiences a mugging and robbery in which her poodle is kidnapped. Eventually the dog is found and returned. However, she is unable to recall events immediately following the attack, up until the safe return of the dog. This is a classic example of: A) selective amnesia. B) localized amnesia. C) continuous amnesia. D) generalized amnesia.

localized amnesia.

Compared to white Americans and African Americans, Hispanic Americans have: A) lower rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol. B) lower rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of high cholesterol. C) higher rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol. D) higher rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of high cholesterol

lower rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol.

Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by: A) maladaptive assumptions. B) lack of empathy. C) interpersonal loss. D) overactive id impulses.

maladaptive assumptions.

The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to: A) have the subpersonalities develop equal "shares" of the person's functioning. B) have the "other" subpersonalities become subject to the subpersonality that has the "protector" role. C) gradually phase out all but one of the subpersonalities. D) merge the subpersonalities into a single identity.

merge the subpersonalities into a single identity.

A client receiving treatment for identity disorder is progressing well through therapy; then, fusion occurs. MOST likely, the client has: A) experienced a significant, but short-term, setback. B) experienced a significant, and long-term, setback. C) merged the first two or more subpersonalities. D) merged the final two or more subpersonalities

merged the final two or more subpersonalities

A patient who treats severe pain by meditating, paying attention to her thoughts and sensations, but remaining nonjudgmental is engaging in: A) biofeedback. B) cognitive therapy. C) hypnosis. D) mindfulness meditation.

mindfulness meditation.

"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A) rational-emotive therapy B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy C) intolerance of uncertainty therapy D) biofeedback

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A) have relatives who are atypically anxious. B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C) misinterpret bodily sensations. D) experience more stress than average.

misinterpret bodily sensations.

Imagine that you are being treated for a social anxiety disorder. Your therapist watches you act out a social scene, points out what you did correctly and incorrectly, and praises you for what you did well. Which behavioral technique did your therapist NOT use? A) role play B) feedback C) modeling D) reinforcement

modeling

Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of: A) modeling. B) response discrimination. C) escape response. D) stimulus generalization.

modeling.

Harry is terrified of the snakes that his 8-year-old son brings home. During his therapy, his therapist demonstrated how to handle them. This is a form of therapy based on: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive techniques. D) covert desensitization.

modeling.

If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) systematic desensitization. D) biofeedback.

modeling.

One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called: A) flooding. B) modeling. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.

modeling.

One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed? A) not far at all because protectors usually emerge even before the disorder is diagnosed B) moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration C) very far because a protector usually emerges after subpersonality integration, and before fusion D) all the way because a protector usually emerges only after successful therapy is over.

moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration

According to Freud, children who are severely and repeatedly punished for expressing their id impulses may develop: A) realistic anxiety. B) neurotic anxiety. C) moral anxiety. D) existential anxiety.

moral anxiety.

One study showed that playing with a Game Boy prior to surgery was ______ in relaxing young patients. A) less effective than holding their parents' hands B) more effective than antianxiety drugs C) effective in girls but not boys D) not effective at all

more effective than antianxiety drugs

A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become: A) more withdrawn. B) more outgoing. C) more inhibited. D) more histrionic in their emotional reactions.

more outgoing.

The relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder generally is that: A) more men than women are diagnosed with both somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. B) more women than men are diagnosed with both somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. C) more men than women are diagnosed with somatization pattern, but more women than men are diagnosed with predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder. D) more women than men are diagnosed with somatization pattern, but more men than women are diagnosed with predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder.

more women than men are diagnosed with both somatization pattern and predominant pain pattern forms of somatic symptom disorder.

Alexis has multiple personality disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a: A) co-conscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

mutually amnesic relationship.

Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a: A) co-conscious relation. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

mutually cognizant pattern.

When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a: A) co-conscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

mutually cognizant pattern.

The white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called: A) B-cells. B) antigens. C) natural killer T-cells. D) helper T-cells.

natural killer T-cells.

According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses—making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals—are at risk for developing: A) realistic anxiety. B) neurotic anxiety. C) moral anxiety. D) existential anxiety.

neurotic anxiety.

A friend of your says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, your friend is ______obsessive thoughts. A) neutralizing. B) habituating. C) exposing. D) engaging in response prevention.

neutralizing.

A friend of yours has just been diagnosed with a dyssomnia. Your friend's particular diagnosis could be any of the following EXCEPT: A) narcolepsy. B) nightmare disorder. C) insomnia. D) sleep apnea.

nightmare disorder.

Someone you know has "tanorexia," and constantly tries to achieve a darker complexion through sun and tanning booth exposure. The MOST accurate diagnosis for this person is: A) body dysmorphic disorder. B) tanorexia (this is a legitimate obsessive-compulsive-related disorders diagnosis). C) heliomania. D) no diagnosis; "tanorexia" is not yet considered a DSM disorder.

no diagnosis; "tanorexia" is not yet considered a DSM disorder.

A person, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. The person's memory of the crime, and of other earlier events, is intact. Most likely this is a case of: A) dissociative fugue. B) dissociative amnesia. C) dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder. D) no mental disorder.

no mental disorder.

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) serotonin D) endorphin

norepinephrine

Investigators have shown that traumatic events are related to abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) serotonin. C) epinephrine. D) norepinephrine.

norepinephrine.

The reduction in activity of the immune system when a person is under stress is related to the activity of the neurotransmitter: A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.

norepinephrine.

How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder? A) not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies B) not very strong: controlled studies of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by case reports C) very strong in both case reports and controlled studies D) very weak in both case reports and controlled studies.

not very strong: controlled studies of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by case reports

In modeling, the client: A) confronts the feared object directly. B) observes the therapist confronting the feared object. C) imagines the therapist confronting the feared object. D) imagines himself or herself confronting the feared object.

observes the therapist confronting the feared object.

Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting: A) a compulsion. B) obsessive ideas. C) obsessive doubts. D) obsessive images.

obsessive doubts.

A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety- provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She thinks that this usually unconscious conflict is being played out in an open and obvious manner. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's: A) fugue state. B) schizophrenia. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

According to DSM-5, body dysmorphic disorder is MOST closely related to which other psychological disorder? A) posttraumatic stress disorder B) depressive disorder C) conversion disorder D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? A) schizophrenia B) bipolar disorder C) major depression D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

My office is a mess; graded tests are in piles on my desk, overflowing bookshelves line the walls, and research materials from years ago occupy boxes on the floor. If I am experiencing a diagnosable disorder, it would MOST likely be in what category? A) social anxiety disorders B) panic disorders C) obsessive-compulsive-related disorders D) specific phobias

obsessive-compulsive-related disorders

The best example of the subpersonalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in their vital statistics occurs when: A) one personality can drive or sew and another cannot. B) one personality has asthma and another does not. C) one personality has high blood pressure and another does not. D) one personality is a woman and another is a man.

one personality is a woman and another is a man.

Which of the following people is experiencing the MOST stress as measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? A) one who has just won the lottery B) one whose spouse has just died C) one who has just retired D) one whose child is seriously ill

one whose spouse has just died

Juanita has multiple personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a: A) co-conscious relationship. B) mutually cognizant pattern. C) one-way amnesic relationship. D) mutually amnesic relationship.

one-way amnesic relationship

Agoraphobia is the fear of: A) flying. B) public speaking. C) open spaces or crowds. D) spiders.

open spaces or crowds.

Surveys suggest that about what percent of female rape victims in the United States are teenagers, or younger? A) 20 percent B) 40 percent C) 60 percent D) over 70 percent

over 70 percent

About 30 percent of those receiving outpatient therapy are diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. Some experts say adjustment disorders are: A) overdiagnosed, because they are easy to apply to many problems and are less stigmatizing than other diagnoses. B) overdiagnosed, because clinicians often fail to see that what they label adjustment disorders are in fact stress disorders. C) underdiagnosed, because many clinicians suspect malingering is the problem, not an adjustment disorder. D) underdiagnosed, because many clinicians are unwilling to give a diagnosis when a person might not really have a disorder.

overdiagnosed, because they are easy to apply to many problems and are less stigmatizing than other diagnoses.

Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms: A) respond more fearfully to predictable than to unpredictable events. B) fail to pay attention to threatening cues. C) overestimate their chances of being harmed. D) show little physiological arousal to stress.

overestimate their chances of being harmed.

Rosa's heart was racing (from the four cups of coffee she had just finished), but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a: A) panic attack. B) manic episode. C) specific phobia. D) social phobia.

panic attack.

You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a: A) panic attack. B) phobia. C) obsessive-compulsive response. D) posttraumatic disorder.

panic attack.

A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing: A) typical panic attacks. B) panic disorder. C) physiological damage. D) a normal response to stress.

panic disorder.

Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n): A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

panic disorder.

Research has supported all of the following behavioral assumptions EXCEPT that: A) fear can be acquired through modeling. B) phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans. C) animals can learn to make avoidance responses. D) phobias can be acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

phobias are always acquired through classical conditioning in humans.

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called: A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) generalized anxiety disorder.

phobic disorder.

A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. A) emotional B) cognitive C) developmental D) physical

physical

Dorian was only 10 miles away when Mt. St. Helens exploded with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. He was terrified to the core of his being. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later he still has nightmares and wakes up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n): A) phobia. B) acute stress disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Raphael was just outside the parking garage of the World Trade Center when the explosion occurred. At the time he was terrified and had visions of the building falling on him. Ever since the bombing he has had periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of a: A) panic disorder. B) phobic disorder. C) generalized anxiety disorder. D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Years after the U.S. Civil War was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their MOST likely diagnosis would be: A) factitious disorder, or somatoform disorder. B) posttraumatic stress disorder. C) acute distress disorder. D) psychophysiological disorder.

posttraumatic stress disorder.

The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in: A) well-to-do families, and had parents who divorced when the people were in their teens. B) well-to-do families, and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old. C) poverty, and had parents who divorced when the people were in their teens. D) poverty, and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old.

poverty, and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old.

A flash flood hits a small Appalachian community. Those providing critical incident stress debriefing intervention would: A) provide long-term psychological therapy for flood survivors. B) provide short-term counseling services. C) keep their efforts separate from those of disaster relief agencies such as the Red Cross. D) focus first on the high-income, resilient residents.

provide short-term counseling services.

Psychodynamic therapy may be particularly effective in the treatment of dissociative disorders because: A) most dissociative disorders involve some degree of fixation. B) most other forms of therapy take several years to improve functioning of those with these disorders. C) psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories. D) those with dissociative disorders generally do not respond well to drugs and hypnosis.

psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories.

A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture? A) psychological B) physical C) deprivation D) sexual

psychological

Disorders that are thought to have both biological and psychosocial causes are: A) factitious. B) somatoform. C) psychogenic. D) psychological disorders affecting medical conditions.

psychological disorders affecting medical conditions.

Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of: A) psychological treatments for physical illnesses. B) physical treatments for psychological illnesses. C) combinations of physical and psychological treatments. D) insight and social support therapies.

psychological treatments for physical illnesses.

Based on the research to date, a cancer patient has the BEST shot at overcoming the disease by: A) trying to remain cool, calm, and collected, and not getting angry about having cancer. B) letting control of medical treatment rest solely in the hands of those who are most knowledgeable about the disease. C) accepting that his or her thoughts about the disease don't matter, since only medical procedures have a bearing on cancer recovery. D) raging against the unfairness of this happening in the first place.

raging against the unfairness of this happening in the first place.

Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n): A) desensitization and reprocessing group. B) rap group. C) "experience writing" group. D) exposure group.

rap group.

All of the following are biological treatments for generalized anxiety EXCEPT: A) antianxiety drugs. B) rational emotive therapy. C) relaxation training. D) biofeedback.

rational emotive therapy.

If your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using: A) cognitive-existential therapy. B) client-centered therapy. C) rational-emotive therapy. D) interpersonal-physiotherapy.

rational-emotive therapy.

The therapy for generalized anxiety disorder developed by Albert Ellis is called: A) behavior modification. B) rational-emotive therapy. C) self-instruction training. D) stress inoculation training.

rational-emotive therapy.

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: A) has not received much support at all in therapy applications. B) receives support in therapy applications, but its usefulness is limited to treating generalized anxiety disorder. C) receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. D) is so new that no one is sure of its treatment applicability.

receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

Imagine someone gets hit in the nose by a batted ball. The latest research suggests that swearing will: A) not reduce pain because the pain is real, not factitious. B) not reduce pain because the pain is real, not somatoform. C) reduce pain. D) reduce pain only if the person is used to swearing a lot

reduce pain.

Behavioral therapists treating a conversion disorder would be MOST likely to focus on: A) identifying underlying emotional causes for the disorder. B) helping the patient gain insight into how the disorder is reinforcing. C) reducing the rewards available for displaying the disorder. D) replacing the primary gain with a secondary gain.

reducing the rewards available for displaying the disorder.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is: A) reexperiencing the traumatic event. B) experiencing avoidance. C) experiencing reduced responsiveness. D) experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt.

reexperiencing the traumatic event.

Depersonalization ________, while derealization _______. A) is an anxiety disorder; is a thought disorder B) is induced by street drugs; is naturally occurring C) refers to oneself; refers to the external world D) involves multiple personalities; involves only one personality

refers to oneself; refers to the external world

A therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called: A) confrontation. B) reinforcement. C) suggestion. D) posthypnotic suggestion.

reinforcement.

Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that: A) relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives. B) distant relatives of those with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than close relatives. C) relatives share not only biological characteristics, but also similar environments. D) identical twins have more similar environments than fraternal twins.

relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives.

Which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today? A) psychoanalysis B) relaxation therapy C) behavior modification D) rational-emotive therapy

relaxation therapy

The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is: A) role playing. B) relaxation training. C) construction of a fear hierarchy. D) graded pairings with the phobic object

relaxation training.

It was convenient when Rowena awoke blind. She had been terrified about testifying and now she did not have to. This is an example of: A) repression. B) primary gain. C) reinforcement. D) secondary gain.

repression.

A person who has difficulty expressing unpleasant emotions such as anger or hostility is displaying a ______ and is at greater risk for heart disease/asthma. A) sociocultural stressor B) type A personality C) type B personality D) repressive coping style

repressive coping style

Which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars? A) seeing dead or gravely wounded civilians B) seeing friends seriously wounded or killed C) being injured or hospitalized themselves D) being treated for a combat-related stress disorder

seeing friends seriously wounded or killed

Which of the following has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders? A) regression B) self-hypnosis C) lack of repression D) classical conditioning

self-hypnosis

A child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse, and insensitive to the physical abuse, as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation of this behavior is: A) self-hypnosis. B) state-dependent memory. C) eidetic imagery. D) memory while under simulated anesthesia.

self-hypnosis.

Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A) changes behavior in the clinic, but doesn't carry over to home and the workplace. B) works only in about 25 percent of those who are treated with it. C) shows improvement that often continues indefinitely. D) is only effective in a group setting.

shows improvement that often continues indefinitely.

Based on recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments: A) significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD. B) doesn't impact troops much at all. C) actually decreases the risk of a soldier experiencing PTSD. D) increases PTSD risk, but only by a small amount.

significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD.

A person diagnosed with sleep apnea is MOST likely to be someone who: A) snores, and is significantly underweight. B) does not snore, and is significantly underweight. C) snores, and is overweight. D) does not snore, and is overweight.

snores, and is overweight.

Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The MOST accurate diagnosis would be: A) agoraphobia. B) specific phobia. C) panic disorder. D) social anxiety disorder.

social anxiety disorder.

After Marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation, which probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident, relates to stress as a factor in her response to the accident. A) personality B) social support C) severity of the trauma D) the nature of her childhood experiences

social support

If I suffer from depersonalization disorder, but the symptoms disappear after a while, they most likely will reappear if I: A) get married to someone I really love. B) survive a bad car accident. C) travel on vacation near where I live. D) experience a sudden bout of mania.

survive a bad car accident.

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It is difficult to get a good job unless you understand all that complicated computer junk." This complaint is consistent with a ______ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic

sociocultural

Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white Americans. If someone believes this is because African Americans are more likely to live in dangerous areas, work at unsatisfying jobs, and suffer discrimination, one is emphasizing the role of ______ factors in the development of the disorder. A) sociocultural B) psychological C) biological D) interactive

sociocultural

Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective. A) sociocultural B) psychodynamic C) humanistic-existential D) cognitive

sociocultural

The patient had several surgeries over the years for vague and nonspecific sexual reproductive problems, visiting many of the top hospitals in the East during the course of treatment. The BEST diagnosis for this disorder is: A) conversion disorder. B) somatic symptom disorder C) pain disorder associated with psychological factors. D) preoccupation disorder.

somatic symptom disorder

A patient with a heart condition complained of adhesions from his postoperative scar, leg cramps, and joint stiffness. He seemed to be hurting all over, but no medical reason could be found to explain the symptoms. The BEST diagnosis for this disorder is: A) conversion disorder. B) somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern). C) somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern). D) preoccupation disorder.

somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern).

A woman has experienced a wide range of vague but disturbing physical symptoms over a period of several years. Doctors cannot find a cause for the problems; medically, the woman appears normal. Based on this information, the BEST diagnosis would be: A) somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern). B) somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern). C) conversion disorder (somatization pattern). D) conversion disorder (predominant pain pattern).

somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern).

If you looked in Jeanette's medicine cabinet, you would find dozens of prescriptions and even more over-the-counter medications. Every time she sneezes, Jeanette is sure she has the latest deadly flu, although no physician has ever found anything wrong with her. Jeanette probably suffers from: A) conversion disorder. B) body dysmorphic disorder. C) Munchausen syndrome. D) somatic symptom disorder.

somatic symptom disorder.

Madeline appeared at the clinic complaining of pain in her knee, shoulder, and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and exhaustion. The patient history revealed that she had been going to clinics for years trying to get treatment for these complaints and a host of other physical symptoms. The diagnostic consensus was that Madeline suffered from: A) factitious disorder B) somatization disorder. C) preoccupation disorder. D) body dysmorphic disorder

somatization disorder.

Abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are: A) factitious disorders. B) somatoform disorders. C) psychogenic disorders. D) psychological factors affecting one's medical condition.

somatoform disorders.

If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then: A) some phobias should be acquired more easily than others. B) all phobias should diminish—with treatment—at about the same rate. C) animals and humans should have the same phobias. D) phobias should be less frequent in modern than ancient times.

some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.

Research suggests that which of the following people would be most likely NOT to develop a stress disorder following trauma? A) someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control B) someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment prior to the trauma C) someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation D) someone who could be described as not very handy

someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control

Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in: A) trait anxiety. B) state anxiety. C) neurotic anxiety. D) existential anxiety.

state anxiety.

Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on: A) social learning theory. B) state-dependent learning. C) active-avoidance learning. D) associative memory learning.

state-dependent learning.

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in: A) avoidant dysmorphia. B) state-dependent learning. C) convergent variable learning. D) neurobiological concordance.

state-dependent learning.

According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through the process of: A) modeling. B) stimulus generalization. C) stimulus discrimination. D) response prevention.

stimulus generalization.

Little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The experience left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who had a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Karen's fear of this dog is an example of: A) response discrimination. B) modeling. C) stimulus generalization. D) vicarious reinforcement.

stimulus generalization.

A graph that shows a spike in deaths due to heart attacks on the day in which a community experienced a significant disaster demonstrates that: A) the disaster caused the heart attacks. B) the community was an unhealthy place to live prior to the disaster. C) medical care is not adequate in times of disaster. D) stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and death.

stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and death

A client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced: A) host transfer. B) mutual cognizance. C) lability. D) switching.

switching.

If a deer jumps out in front of you while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active? A) parasympathetic nervous system B) cortisol system C) conservation system D) sympathetic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the: A) somatic nervous system. B) peripheral nervous system. C) sympathetic nervous system. D) parasympathetic nervous system.

sympathetic nervous system.

Norepinephrine is to ______ as corticosteroid is to ______. A) acute stress; posttraumatic stress B) fight response; flight response C) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system D) sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway

Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is: A) implosive therapy. B) systematic desensitization. C) experimental extinction. D) self-instruction training.

systematic desensitization.

You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called: A) modeling. B) flooding. C) implosive therapy. D) systematic desensitization.

systematic desensitization.

I have just arrived in a city where I know no one, and English is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body and I am actually observing myself do things. What I am experiencing is: A) temporary depersonalization. B) depersonalization disorder. C) posttraumatic stress disorder. D) transient posttraumatic distress.

temporary depersonalization.

In addition to failing to explain why some people who experience severe trauma do not develop dissociative disorders, behavioral theorists also have the MOST difficulty explaining how: A) reinforcement is related to the onset of the disorder. B) temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder. C) therapists could iatrogenically cause the disorder. D) operant conditioning is related to the disorder.

temporary escape from painful memories grows into a complex disorder.

What characteristic is MOST common to both self-hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder? A) the inability to forget B) the awareness that something has been forgotten C) the ability to escape threatening events D) the awareness to know why you forget

the ability to escape threatening events

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well-being of: A) the person experiencing it. B) the child of the person experiencing it. C) the spouse of the person experiencing it. D) the medical personnel caring for the person experiencing it.

the child of the person experiencing it.

If you were working in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, you would be studying: A) the relationship between brain functioning and illness. B) the links between stress and illness. C) the correlation between immune functioning and health. D) the development of the neurological system when one is ill.

the links between stress and illness.

Which of the following brain areas have been implicated in obsessive-compulsive symptoms? A) the frontal lobes and the thalamus B) the thalamus and the hypothalamus C) the motor cortex and the caudate nuclei D) the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

the orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei

Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines quit, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown free 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, although severely injured. She had landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was: A) her personality. B) her social support. C) the severity of the trauma. D) the nature of her childhood experiences.

the severity of the trauma.

While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year-old Samir was almost struck by lightning. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example? A) the trees B) the lightning C) the rain storm D) the feelings of fear

the trees

If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be MOST correct (based on the research) in saying that: A) there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing. B) there is little evidence that debriefing works. C) there is strong, convincing evidence that debriefing works well. D) there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves.

there is little evidence that debriefing works.

A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n): A) cleaning compulsion. B) checking compulsion. C) order compulsion. D) touching compulsion.

touching compulsion.

If you really wanted to impress your friends, you would refer to "hair-pulling disorder" by the scientific name: A) trichotillomania. B) musomania. C) traumatomania. D) gephyromania.

trichotillomania.

People who are consistently angry, impatient, competitive, driven, and ambitious are displaying a ______ and are at greater risk for heart disease. A) sociocultural stressor B) type A personality C) type B personality D) repressive coping style

type A personality

An example of evidence for psychophysiological disorders is that: A) ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and chronic headaches probably have physical and psychological causes. B) disorders such as bacterial and viral infections have only physical causes. C) disorders such as hypertension and coronary heart disease have only psychosocial causes. D) cancer has been found to have a significant psychological cause.

ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and chronic headaches probably have physical and psychological causes.

When I was a young child and watching TV with my mother, a mouse ran by. My mother screamed, scaring me. Subsequently, I have been afraid of mice. In this example, my mother's scream is the: A) conditioned response. B) unconditioned response. C) conditioned stimulus. D) unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus.

Research by cognitive theorists on the topic of social anxiety disorder has shown support for the prevalence of all of the following among those with this diagnosis, EXCEPT: A) repeatedly reviewing social events after they have occurred. B) thinking they have social flaws, which leads to anxiety. C) underestimating how badly the social event went. D) overestimating how badly things might go during the social event.

underestimating how badly the social event went.

Which of the following would lead you to suspect someone has a conversion disorder rather than is exhibiting medical symptoms? A) muscle atrophy in the "paralyzed" body part B) uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand C) symptoms consistent with the way the neurological system is known to work D) a great number of accidents and an inability, in a "blind" person, to get around

uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand

At a workshop about multiple personality disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is: A) typical. B) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease before integration. C) a bit unusual; most successful therapies cease after integration. D) very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the ______ technique A) covert B) virtual reality. C) fear hierarchical flooding D) in vivo

virtual reality.

Religious rituals and superstitious behavior (such as not stepping on cracks) would be considered a compulsive behavior: A) when done to provide comfort and reduce tension. B) when done more than once a day. C) when they interfere with daily function and cause distress. D) never.

when they interfere with daily function and cause distress.

One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain: A) the paradox that as poverty gets worse, generalized anxiety declines. B) the relationship between race, poverty, and job opportunity. C) why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety. D) the differences in generalized anxiety in countries around the world.

why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.

One who suffers from dissociative identity disorder is MOST likely to be a: A) man who was physically abused as a child. B) woman who was physically abused as a child. C) man who was not physically abused as a child. D) woman who was not physically abused as a child.

woman who was physically abused as a child.

Which of the following is an example of a metaworry? A) worry about all possible signs of danger B) worry about not worrying enough C) thinking about worrying D) worrying about worrying

worrying about worrying

Of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is: A) worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal. B) worry interferes with our ability to cope with life. C) worrying keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions. D) worrying is an uncontrollable part of life.

worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal.

If you have a high level of cytokines, we know that: A) you have developed antibodies to protect you from infection. B) you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. C) your liver is not producing bile. D) your immune system is unusually healthy.

you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses.

If you had lost your sense of identity, which of the following would MOST likely be disrupted? A) your relationships B) your intellectual functioning C) your attitudes toward your body D) your memory

your memory