Psyc 330 Exam 1

Which of the below symbols would you use if you were coding in Python and wanted to write a reminder to yourself? A. """ B. * C. < D. (

A. """

Which of the below does Kosslyn argue is related to the "Visual Buffer" component of his theory? A. A retinotopic map in the cortex B. A homunculous C. Digital processing of images D. Representation of animals in area IT

A. A retinotopic map in the cortex

What is an algorithm? A. A series of conditioned responses that can be built up over time to produce complex behavior B. An infinite and highly idealized set of rules that can be applied to a Turing machine in order to produce complex behavior. C. A theoretical construct that offered cognitive scientists an alternative to Chomsky's theory of syntax. D. A finite set of rules that can be applied systematically to transform objects in circumscribed ways.

A. A series of conditioned responses that can be built up over time to produce complex behavior

Marr concluded from Elizabeth Warrington's study that the main job of the visual system is to "derive a representation of a shape". What level of analysis is Marr using to describe the visual system here? A. Computational B. Algorithmic C. Implementational D. None of the Above

A. Computational

With functional decomposition, storage of memory is broken into Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory. What has offered the main support for this separation? A. Double dissociation within patients with brain damage B. Reaction time difference for STM and LTM tasks C. The ability to multi-task in some domains, but not others D. The cocktail party phenomenon

A. Double dissociation within patients with brain damage

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Cherry's shadowing experiment on which Broadbent's selective attention theory was bases? A. Filtering seemed to take place after semantic information was extracted B. Subjects did not notice things such as changing of language or playing the message backwards C. Subjects can detect the gender of the speaker D. The study was inspired by the demands placed upon air traffic controllers

A. Filtering seemed to take place after semantic information was extracted

One of the groups of rats in Tolman's latent learning study were unrewarded for 10 days and then rewarded after that. What prediction would a strict behaviorist make about these rats' performance on Day 11? A. It should be the same as the rewarded rats' performance on the first day of training. B. It should be the same as the rewarded rats' performance on the 11th day of training. C. It should be random with no discernible pattern D. It should be split with about half performing the same as rewarded rats on day 1 and half performing like rewarded rats on day 11.

A. It should be the same as the rewarded rats' performance on the first day of training.

How do the organizational structures of neuroscience and psychology differ? A. Psychology's subfields are characterized by different domains, while neuroscience's subfields are organized hierarchically, by levels of analysis B. Psychology's subfields are characterized by their levels of analysis, while neuroscience's subfields are characterized by different domains C. They don't differ, both are organized by theoretical approaches D. Neuroscience is organized by different brain regions, while psychology is organized by levels of analysis

A. Psychology's subfields are characterized by different domains, while neuroscience's subfields are organized hierarchically, by levels of analysis

What do bridging principles help accomplish? A. Reduction of one theory to another lower level theory B. A global integration of Cognitive Science C. A real scientific theory D. All of the above

A. Reduction of one theory to another lower level theory

The early model (hexagon) of the cognitive science has a number of issue that make it a weak model. Which is NOT one of the problems with that model? A. The early model does not include neuroscience, which is now a key field for Cognitive Science. B. Identifies connections between different cognitive sciences, but sheds no light on why there need to be such connections. C. Doesn't give a very accurate picture of contemporary cognitive science. D. Doesn't help us to understand what each disciple contributes.

A. The early model does not include neuroscience, which is now a key field for Cognitive Science.

Suppose when you leave your dorm you walk South to get the cafeteria (which is rewarding to you), but now you have moved to the other side of campus. If you performed similar to the rats in Tolman's study of spatial learning, what would you likely do? A. Walk North B. Walk South C. Walk East D. Walk West

A. Walk North

According to Marr's levels of explanation, which level involves the task-analysis that identifies the type of inputs and outputs with which are concerned? A. Psychological B. Algorithmic C. Implementational D. Computational

B. Algorithmic

Which important concept is exemplified by Chomsky's transformational grammar? A. Chunking B. Algorithms C. Representations D. Conditioning

B. Algorithms

How does the "Blind Men and the Elephant" poem relate to the integration challenge? A. Cognitive science focuses on information processing and the storage of that information. B. Cognitive science is more than the sum of its parts; you can't approach it from one view. C. Cognitive science is a turn away from behaviorism, which dominated the field of psychology for a long time. D. Cognitive science is unable to change the varied organizations of its subfields.

B. Cognitive science is more than the sum of its parts; you can't approach it from one view.

What is one crucial idea that came out of applying the Turing machine to human cognition? A. Mental maps are algorithmic B. Information processing is algorithmic C. Parallel processing D. Serial Processing

B. Information processing is algorithmic

Which is the best description of the difference between Mental Architectures and Cognitive Architectures? A. There is no difference. They are different names for the same thing. B. Mental Architectures are more general assumptions about how to build a mind, while Cognitive architecture is a more specific recipe. C. Mental architectures are more about the neural make-up, while Cognitive architectures are more theoretical D. Mental architectures are for modular systems, while Cognitive architectures are for non-modular systems.

B. Mental Architectures are more general assumptions about how to build a mind, while Cognitive architecture is a more specific recipe.

What is one crucial idea that came out of applying the Turing machine to human minds? A. Information processing is algorithmic. B. Mental maps are algorithmic. C. Parallel processing. D. Serial processing.

B. Mental maps are algorithmic.

What was the ultimate conclusion from Tolman's studies in spatial learning? A. That animals carry out tasks algoithmically. B. That animals store high-level representations of how their environment is laid out. C. That animals perform tasks by organizing them hierarchically. D. That animals perform tasks more quickly with positive reinforcement.

B. That animals store high-level representations of how their environment is laid out.

Why did some Cognitive Scientists interpret Shepard and Metzler's results as evidence for non-digital information? A. The operations defined over digitally coded information should be too complex to perform B. The processing time for digitally coded information should be a function only of the amount of information encoded C. The representations required to solve the rotation task simply cannot be digitally coded D. A & B E. B & C F. A & C

B. The processing time for digitally coded information should be a function only of the amount of information encoded

Which of the following would be most likely to be asked during the implementational level of Marr's analysis of the visual system? A. How can the representations of language be implemented into an algorithm that is replicable? B. What does language facilitate? Is language universal? C. Can we create a computer that is successful at Natural Language Processing? What parts do we need? D. None of the above.

C. Can we create a computer that is successful at Natural Language Processing? What parts do we need?

Select the description of learning with which behaviorists would LEAST agree. A. Learning is reinforcement based. B. Classical conditioning, or associative learning, is the best explanation of learning. C. Information can be stored and utilized upon first exploring a stimulus, despite the lack of immediate reward. D. Rats will learn quickest and most effectively if they are rewarded consistently.

C. Information can be stored and utilized upon first exploring a stimulus, despite the lack of immediate reward.

Which of the following is not a limitation of SHRDLU? A. It is purely reactive B. It is limited to a micro-world C. It cannot resolve ambiguities D. It has highly simplified grammar

C. It cannot resolve ambiguities

Which is FALSE regarding SHRDLU? A. It represents an early attempt at Natural Language Processing B. It is able to analyze syntax of input C. It is sensitive to pragmatics D. It can act on objects in virtual world

C. It is sensitive to pragmatics

Which is the best example of an imagistic representation? A. Binary Coding B. Math C. Map D. Computer program

C. Map

Which is the best description of "information encapsulation"? A. Transforms input to output quickly so it can be acted on B. Definitive brain regions involved in the process can usually be identified C. Not influenced by other, outside sources of information, like previous knowledge D. Responds automatically; not under executive control

C. Not influenced by other, outside sources of information, like previous knowledge

Kurzweil's Mental Architecture focused on pattern recognizers as the key to each cognitive system. On what was his theory primarily based? A. Others' experimental results in the field of attention B. Others' experimental results across many fields including Anthropology and Neuroscience. C. Simple thought games D. Data from his own Cognitive Science lab

C. Simple thought games

Which is one reason that it is difficult to apply intertheoretic reduction to cognitive psychology? A. It is not difficult to apply, most psychologists agree on a single level of explanation. B. Because there are too many theories to be compared to one another in a logical manner. C. There are very few concrete laws in cognitive science. D. The field is continuing to expand, making it too early to reduce the theories as many of them are still being worked out.

C. There are very few concrete laws in cognitive science.

Which of the following abilities would be least affected in an individual with Aphantasia? A. Ability to recall how their favorite food tastes B. Ability to draw C. Ability to picture a loved one's face D. Ability to filter out irrelevant sensory stimulus (cocktail party phenomenon)

D. Ability to filter out irrelevant sensory stimulus (cocktail party phenomenon)

To parse a sentence such as "Put the red block on top of the blue block on the table" SHRDLU would do which of the following? A. Examine the micro-world before beginning syntactic processing. B. Identify all syntactically possible options, then use information about the micro-world to identify semantically possible options. C. Disambiguate the sentence by asking a question. D. Identify a syntactically possible option, then use information about the micro-world to evaluate whether it is semantically possible.

D. Identify a syntactically possible option, then use information about the micro-world to evaluate whether it is semantically possible.

What is one major theme common in the work of Chomsky, Miller and Broadbent? A. Chunking B. Syntax C. Intelligence D. Information

D. Information

Why was Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar important to the foundation of cognitive science as a field? A. It demonstrated how language can be modified to differing models of cognition B. It directly refuted the position of behaviorist conceptions of language C. It showed that disciplines outside of psychology could explain how a person speaks D. It exemplified the brain's use of an algorithm to make sense of language

D. It exemplified the brain's use of an algorithm to make sense of language

Which of the below was the most important component for SHRDLU's success? A. the program ran through all potential courses of action, then selected the best option. B. the program ran fully through a syntactic stage, then completed a semenatic stage, and final completed the action stage of processing. C. the program had color-coded shapes. D. It was limited to a specific microworld.

D. It was limited to a specific microworld.

In Marr's algorithmic processing stage, at what point is the image viewer-centered rather than object centered? A. primal sketch B. 2.5-D C. retina D. More than one above. E. 3-D

D. More than one above.

Under the model of intertheoretical reduction, a research in a field of study such as _______ should be able to be reduced to _______ with a unifying theory. A. Individuals; civilizations B. Particle physics; species C. Atoms; cells D. Organisms; molecules

D. Organisms; molecules

Which would be the best example of a modular cognitive system? A. Nervous System B. Emotional Control C. Decision-making system D. Tactile/touch system

D. Tactile/touch system

Which is explains a problem with the early hexagon model of cognitive science? A. It doesn't highlight the interdisciplinary nature of Cog Sci B. It is outdated C. It doesn't explain how or why connections between fields are needed D. A & B E. B & C F. All of the above

E. B & C

The visual system is the only system that can be broken down into 3 levels (computational, algorithmic, and implementational) True False

False

Behaviorists thought that even complex behaviors like language could be explained as a series of conditioned responses True False

True