Psyc 345 Chapter 5

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus.

sound

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second

The word-length effect reveals that

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the visuospatial sketch pad

"Rehearsal" and "selective attention" are types of control processes.

true

If the tone's pitch was low, the subject reported the bottom line of the letter array.

true

Information stays in sensory memory for about 1 second.

true

It's possible to use the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad at the same time.

true

Sensory memory for vision includes "persistence of vision."

true

Sensory memory holds all incoming information for up to 1 second.

true

Sensory memory stores "lots" of information for a very brief period of time. Short term memory stores "small amounts" of information for a short period of time.

true

The "whole report" method was modified to the "partial report" method.

true

The duration of items in short term memory is about 20 seconds.

true

Three important aspects of memory are: retention, retrieval and use.

true

Whatever you're thinking right now, is what's in short term memory.

true

When we rehearse something, we re-hear it.

true

Working memory is a reconceptualization of short term memory.

true

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified?

labeling familiar objects

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

meaningful units

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

poor short-term

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)

80% : 40% : 30% correct

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

82

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

It interferes with semantic coding.

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.

control

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay

A managing component of working memory is the "primary component."

false

Information in short term memory always transfers to long term memory.

false

Most of what is in short term memory becomes stored in long term memory.

false

Only the "delayed partial report" procedure includes using a tone.

false

Rehearsal is a long term memory control process.

false

Short term memory is a window on the past.

false

The semantic buffer was added to the original model of working memory to account for extra storage.

false

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called

proactive interference.

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information