PSYC 350 Exam 2

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" Which statement best reflects the observed differences in academic performance between males and females?

Males tend to get higher grades in math-based classes, females tend to get higher grades in verbal-based classes, but there is no significant difference in performance on intelligence tests in either subject

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Taking new information and connecting it to things you've already learned leads to ________ knowledge, while using flashcards to simply memorize new information (without really understanding the meaning of it) is ________ knowledge.

Meaningful; rote

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" Students who come from families that are relatively low in socioeconomic status tend to have a ________ pronounced "summer slide."

More

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Your friend is ordering pizza and wants to know what toppings you want. You say "pepperoni, sausage, green peppers, olives, mushrooms, onions, tomatoes, and pineapple." Your friend doesn't write this down but then dials the pizza place and places the order. Which of the following toppings is your friend most likely to forget?

Mushrooms

"Learning: Part I" When Imelda was young she used to be fascinated by shoe commercials on TV. She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes. As an adult, Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets. This is an example of:

Observational learning.

"Learning: Part II" Jameson is trying to write a paper in his dorm room, but he keeps letting himself get distracted by the smallest and least essential projects. ("I just wrote three more words - time to ... uh ... change the bedsheets!") Finally, he realizes this is not working, and packs up his stuff to write in the library. This is a success in which phase of self-regulated learning?

Performance

"Learning: Part I" One of the most difficult problems for any teacher is a child who consistently disrupts class. Researchers have shown that giving attention in the form of scolding to a disruptive child actually increases the child's misbehavior. In the terms of operant conditioning, the scolding is a:

Positive reinforcement.

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Metacognition deals with knowledge about our own:

Thinking and learning processes.

"Learning: Part II" Mr. Thompson is a teacher of 9th grade Earth Science. In addition to his classroom lectures about mineral hardness, he has brought in a wide assortment of different minerals that the students can use to test out hardness for themselves (i.e., observing the relative ease with which one mineral is scratched by another). This is an example of:

A first-hand investigation.

"Complex Cognitive Processes" In order for learning to transfer to another context, it may have to be learned so well that it comes automatically, without effortful thinking. This process is included in the ________ phase of transfer.

Acquisition

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" One reason that stereotypes are not easy to change is because of people's tendency to use ________ processing.

Automatic

"Learning: Part II" Reciprocal determinism.

Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment

"Learning: Part II" Entity Beliefs

Belief that intelligence is predetermined by inheritance; we cannot change it

"Learning: Part I" Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, ________ would continue studying longer because behaviors rewarded on a ________ schedule persist longer.

Ben; variable

"Complex Cognitive Processes" When we say that learning is "situated," this means that the knowledge:

Can likely only be used within a particular limited context, where it was originally learned.

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" In the past, it was argued that stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination might persist mainly because we don't have enough contact with people from other groups. What does research say about this contact hypothesis?

Contact alone is not enough - stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination can be reduced through groups of people working together for a common goal

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" Many schools have a "Multicultural Day," where students give presentations about their different cultures, bring in food from various cultures for a class potluck lunch, etc. Which aspect of multicultural education does this support?

Content integration

"Learning: Part I" Extinction of a learned behavior will be fastest after a history of __________ reinforcement.

Continuous

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Your friend Benjamin tells you that he's going to study for his upcoming exam by setting aside six hours one day to devote solely to the material. Having learned about this in your PSYC 350 class, you explain to Benjamin that it's much more effective for him to utilize __________ to study, because it will help him to spread out the material and learn it more deeply.

Distributed practice

"Complex Cognitive Processes" In order to think about ideas in new and ground-breaking ways, you do need to have an understanding of the previous ways people have thought about that idea. That base of prior knowledge is included in the ________ antecedent of creativity.

Domain-relevant skills

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" Your 7th grade reading class includes class presentations, where individual students get up in front of the class to talk about what they have learned. One of your students, Ayumi, comes from a very collectivistic culture (where the focus is more on group harmony, instead of individual success), and you find that she's not very comfortable with all of the focus on just her. To help her out, you start to use more group presentations, so that students like Ayumi can learn from each other, instead of on their own. In terms of multicultural education, this is an example of:

Equity pedagogy

"Complex Cognitive Processes" A(n) ________ is an actual memory of a specific example, and a(n) ________ is the best representative of its category.

Exemplar; prototype

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Barb Frederickson's "broaden and build" model suggests that a function of positive emotions is to ________ our thoughts and actions, and help us ________ .

Expand; make connections between different areas of knowledge

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" In order for stereotype threat to happen, the person must believe the negative stereotype about their group.

False

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" The Spencer and Steele (1997) study brought male and female participants to the lab, and told them they were trying to figure out why females tended to perform worse on math tests than males did. All participants then took a math test - what were the results of this study?

Female participants performed worse on the math test than male participants

"Learning: Part I" It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every twenty tickets they write. An unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, "This __________ schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy."

Fixed ratio

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Latasha is taking part in a creativity study, where they ask her to come up with as many uses for a brick as she can. She wrote down a lot of uses (far more than a typical participant) - you could use it to build a house, to build a shed, to build a garage, to build an outhouse, to build a school, to build a recording studio, to build a grocery store, to build a second house, to build ... well, you get the idea. She would rate very high on ________, but fairly low on ________ .

Fluency; flexibility

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" Which of the following is associated with the social learning perspective on gender differences?

Gender roles are learned through rewards and punishments from the environment

"Learning: Part II" Which aspect of the self-regulated learning process can be incorporated into classroom practices to explicitly improve students' self-efficacy?

Increasing task complexity

"Learning: Part II" Which statement about the effectiveness of problem-based learning is accurate?

It is helpful for learners who already have substantial knowledge in an area, but it may actually be harmful for the learning of novices

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" The "ABCs" of psychology are affect (emotions), behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition.

Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Katie is taking a Spanish final at the end of the spring semester. The problem is, the French vocabulary she learned the semester before keeps getting in the way, causing her to forget Spanish words. Katie is experiencing:

Proactive interference.

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing __________, and Pippa is experiencing _________.

Proactive interference; retroactive interference

"Learning: Part II" Jack is taking a Studio Art class for the first time, and he's not currently very good at it. He got back his first drawing, and the instructor had a lot of comments for him to work on. If Jack was high in entity beliefs of his own ability, he would most likely ________ working on this project, because he thinks his artistic ability is something that ________ .

Quit; can't really be changed much

"Learning: Part II" When Dr. Jones teaches his Tuesday/Thursday afternoon course ("LOLcats in America: 1950s to Today"), he incorporates a lot of group activities. His students really seem to enjoy this, and they let him know, so as the semester goes on, he adds in even more group work. This connection is an example of:

Reciprocal determinism.

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Regarding the methods we can use to test memory, multiple choice exam questions (such as this one) are examples of ________, and essay questions are typically examples of ________ .

Recognition; free recall

"Learning: Part II" At the end of every day, Ms. Lin goes back to her office, and writes down some notes about what happened during her classes that day, so she can make changes and improvements the next time she teaches this material. This fits with the ________ phase of self-regulated learning.

Reflection

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" One way for teachers to potentially reduce stereotype threat in their students is to:

Remind their students that everyone gets anxious before important tests.

"Learning: Part I" What is the Premack Principle?

Replacing a less desirable behavior with a more desirable one.

"Complex Cognitive Processes" Jim's morning routine involves feeding the cats, making a pot of coffee, doing the dishes, and checking his e-mail. When he thinks of "waking up," this is what he envisions. This pattern is best thought of as a(n):

Script.

"Learning: Part II" It's almost the new year, and Harold is trying to figure out what his New Year's Resolutions should be. Research on goal-setting suggests that he'll have the most success if his goals are ________, focused on the ________ term, and are ________ difficult.

Specific; short; moderately

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" If a school suffers from a "resistance culture," a student's academic performance is likely to be lower due to:

The impact of a student's peers thinking it is not socially acceptable to put in effort at school.

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" Miranda is a member of a Greek organization at SUNY Potsdam. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross over-generalizations, but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth. Miranda's thinking best illustrates:

The outgroup homogeneity bias.

"Culture and Diversity: Part I" In the Goldberg (1968) study we discussed in lecture, female participants were given an essay, written by either "John T. McKay" or "Joan T. McKay." Even though the essay was exactly the same in both conditions, the women rated the quality of the essay as lower when it was from a female author, compared to when it was a male author. This is an example of:

The socialization of stereotypes.

"Learning: Part I" Russell's mom wants him to study for two hours each night, so she gives him treats during the evening. Sometimes she gives him the treats after ten minutes, sometimes after thirty minutes. Which reinforcement schedule is Russell's mom using?

Variable interval

"Learning: Part I" To learn to look both ways before crossing the street, children merely need to hear about the consequences of getting hit by a car (instead of having to experience it themselves). This is an example of a:

Vicarious experience.

"Culture and Diversity: Part II" Schematic processing makes it hard to reduce stereotypes, because the stereotypes we hold:

a. Focus our attention on certain stereotype-consistent aspects of a person. b. Influence the specific information we recall about a person. c. Dictate how well we encode a person's characteristics into long-term memory.