PSYC 355 Test 2

Topographic descriptions of a response would be obtained from which of the following? A. A snapshot B. A cumulative record C. A frequency distribution D. A bar graph

A. A snapshot

In order to provide a standard against which to assess behavior change, it is important to provide for a(an) __________ phase in a behavior analysis program. A. Baseline B. Functional C. Treatment D. Contingency

A. Baseline

If contingency managers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the actual implementation must: A. Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback. B. Involve role-playing. C. Involve modeling. D. Both b and c.

A. Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback

If teachers are to implement a program that they have been trained to implement during a workshop, the training must: A. Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback for program implementation B. Involve role-playing C. Involve modeling D. Both b and c

A. Be followed-up with on-the-job support and feedback for program implementation

Stating that "Johnny Popup" is out of his seat 15 times a day is an example of: A. Frequency B. Intensity C. Duration D. Topography

A. Frequency

Contingency managers must participate in selecting procedures because: A. It helps make their consistent implementation more likely B. Because teachers, supervisors, parents, and counselors are often too busy to manage contingencies C. Clients and their significant others can't D. They can predict outcomes

A. It helps make their consistent implementation more likely

Primary prevention attempts to: A. Prevent discipline problems from occurring in the first place. B. Use small group tutoring and social skills training. C. Use functional assessments and individualized programs. D. Implement both a and b above.

A. Prevent discipline problems from occurring in the first place

The cessation of hunger pangs is an example of a: A. Primary aversive stimulus or negative reinforcer B. Primary positive reinforcer C. Secondary positive reinforcer D. Secondary negative reinforcer

A. Primary aversive stimulus or negative reinforcer

The positive behavior support team is necessary because it: A. Promotes staff support and sustainability of schoolwide discipline or behavior management programs. B. Provides support for individual student behavior programs. C. Conducts proactive, regular student screening. D. Conducts social skills assessments for identified students.

A. Promotes staff support and sustainability of schoolwide discipline or behavior management programs.

Which is the most valid method for determining reinforcer effectiveness for an individual? A. Reinforcer preference assessment B. Contingency analysis C. Reinforcer survey D. Premack principle

A. Reinforcer preference assessment

Which of the following is an operational statement? A. Speaking in English B. Attending to content C. Participating in an activity D. Anxiety

A. Speaking in English

A generalized reinforcer is effective for a wide range of behaviors because: A. The reinforcer was paired with a variety of previously established reinforcers B. The reinforcement is general rather than specific C. It has a long-term association with the behavior D. The reinforcer is of such magnitude that its effects carry over

A. The reinforcer was paired with a variety of previously established reinforcers

Procedures used in ABA research need to be: A. Valid and replicable B. Replicable but not necessarily valid C. Valid but not necessarily reliable D. Significant but not necessarily reliable

A. Valid and replicable

Being seated is measured by recording the length of time Rene is seated in his seat. This is an example of: A.Duration recording B. Permanent product recording C. Momentary time-sampling D. Event recording

A.Duration recording

A reinforcer directly produced by a response

Automatic reinforcer

Postponement or prevention of stimulus presentation contingent on a behavior, leading to an increase in responding.

Avoidance

In doing an observation of out-of-seat behavior, two observers agreed that the student was out of his seat 24 out of 30 times. (They agreed 24 times, disagreed 6 times.) Calculate the inter-observer agreement coefficient. A. .60 B. .80 C..40 D..333

B. .80

John ate two hamburgers before coming home. Upon his arrival, his mother said, "I baked your favorite dinner, let's eat." John replied, "No, thank you," and went straight to his bedroom. His mother was quite concerned. From the following choose the term that best describes the circumstances that contributed to John's reply of "No, thank you." A. The Premack principle B. A Motivational Operation (MO) or Establishing Operation C. Positive reinforcement D. Punishment

B. A Motivational Operation (MO) or Establishing Operation

The first step in setting up a staff development program is to: A. Announce the training schedule. B. Assess the system. C. Select a supportive staff. D. Select the measures for staff performance.

B. Assess the system.

John and Mary have been dating for one month. Lately, Mary has been complaining that when John is around his friends he says mean things to her, but when they are alone he is a perfect gentleman. Which of the following terms best describes the above situation? A. Satiation B. Contextual stimuli C. Negative reinforcement D. Stimulus generalization

B. Contextual stimuli

Records, standardize tests, and questionnaires: A. Are not used in applied behavior analysis programs B. Furnish indications of a client's or student's general level of functioning C. Take up too much time D. Are rarely available to a behavior analyst

B. Furnish indications of a client's or student's general level of functioning

Maria will reduce her instances of blushing by 80% in a social situation. The underlined part is an example of a: A. Problem B. Goal C. Topography D. Behavioral dimension

B. Goal

In order to be reliable a measure MUST be: A.Valid B. Objective C. Dependent D. Independent

B. Objective

At the school level, who or what is responsible for primary prevention? A. SST. B. PBST. C. School principal. D. School psychologist and counselor(s).

B. PBST.

Elementary students frequently write on the chalkboard. Writing on the chalkboard can be used by teacher as a (an): A, Aversive stimulus B. Secondary reinforcer C. Primary reinforcer D. Punisher

B. Secondary reinforcer

Which of the following is an example of a tangible reinforcer? A. Praise B. The car keys C. Going on a vacation D. None of the above

B. The car keys

Token reinforcers are reinforcing because: A. They are worth a lot B. They are exchanged for back-up reinforcers C. They are primary reinforcers D. All the above

B. They are exchanged for back-up reinforcers

Select the true statement: A. Training program implementers effectively to change their behaviors can often be done through seminars or workshops on ABA. B. Training, inspiration, and initial commitment without follow-up support are usually worthless. C. The most effective intervention should most always be selected and implemented by the contingency managers. D. The behavior analyst should be the one to select the goal for he client because of his or her understanding of ABA and the results of the functional assessment.

B. Training, inspiration, and initial commitment without follow-up support are usually worthless.

To inform clients, advocates, supervisors, and others of the results of a behavioral program: A. Use technical language because it is more precise. B. Use the client's or advocate's vocabulary whenever possible. C. Is wrong. It is best not to communicate the results if they don't understand the technical language because otherwise it will just lead to confusion. D. Use both graphs and technical language to communicate more precisely.

B. Use the client's or advocate's vocabulary whenever possible.

When communicating with contingency managers: A. Use behavioral terms to communicate more clearly. B. Using behavioral terms can frustrate or make them feel uneasy. C. Stressing the use of behavioral terms can enhance fidelity. D. Avoid terms such as "intrinsic motivation," "feelings of self-worth," and "self-concept."

B. Using behavioral terms can frustrate or make them feel uneasy.

When should extrinsic reinforcers be used? A. Only during the later portion of a behavioral project B. When intrinsic motivation has been demonstrated not to be sufficient C. Positive reinforcement was ineffective D. All else fails

B. When intrinsic motivation has been demonstrated not to be sufficient

Which of the following would tend to yield the most valid measure for paying attention? A. Permanent product recording B. Whole interval time sampling C. Event recording D. Partial interval time sampling

B. Whole interval time sampling

The response deprivation hypothesis differs from the Premack principle by hypothesizing that: A.High-frequency behaviors can be made contingent upon the completion of low-frequency behaviors to increase the occurrence of low frequency behaviors. B. Low-frequency of responding can be reinforced to enhance the previous rates of intermittent responding C. Any behavior can be brought below its free operant level and the person will work to bring it back to its usual level D. Reinforcement can be delivered on an intermittent schedule to facilitate maintenance

C. Any behavior can be brought below its free operant level and the person will work to bring it back to its usual level

Being correct in itself fails to reinforce a client's performance. Which of the following would be LEAST helpful to you in attempting to identify an alternative reinforcer confidently? A. Give him a simple task and see how a set of potential reinforcers affects the rate of performance B. Provide him with a set of alternative potential reinforcers and see which one he works for C. Ask him to state his preference for a set of potential reinforcers D. See how long he persists in a task with each of a set of potential reinforcers

C. Ask him to state his preference for a set of potential reinforcers

The Constructional approach: A. States goals in terms of what the person is NOT to do B. Focuses on reducing problem behavior to promote a learning environment C. Builds behavior or teaches what to do D. Both a and b

C. Builds behavior or teaches what to do

In the practice of staff development, all the following techniques are helpful except: A. Giving feedback to the staff. B. Providing modeling for the staff. C. Continuously increasing the amount of reinforcement given to staff. D. Providing role playing experience.

C. Continuously increasing the amount of reinforcement given to staff.

Fred will hit the ball with his racket at least once in each of five 20-minute blocks of time. The underlined part is an example of a: A. Problem B. Goal C. Criterion level D. Topography

C. Criterion level

Although a student's activities are apparently reinforced by praise, we use food as a reinforcer paired with praise. We do this initially because: A. Food is easier to administer than praise B. Food is a primary reinforcer C. Data show that this client acquires new behaviors more rapidly when food is the reinforcer D. The student likes to eat more than he likes praise

C. Data show that this client acquires new behaviors more rapidly when food is the reinforcer

From a behavioral point of view, which one of the following is the most important reason to avoid depending on food as a primary source of reinforcement? A. Candy causes cavities B. Foods are unstable reinforcers because they are subject to the influence of motivational operations C. Food reinforcers are not the natural consequences for many of the behaviors we train, such as spelling one's name D. None of the above

C. Food reinforcers are not the natural consequences for many of the behaviors we train, such as spelling one's name

Identify the statement that is the best description of operationally defined behavior: A. Jimmy is very immature B. Susie really has a hang-up C. John has a red face and he perspires when angry D. Sam becomes very angry in emotionally charged situations

C. John has a red face and he perspires when angry

Tom and Mary had a perfect inter-observer coefficient of agreement. A month later their agreement scores were no longer acceptable. This is an example of: A. Permanent product B. Calibrating C. Observer drift D. None of the above

C. Observer drift

Which of the following is an example of an overt behavior? A. Expecting something to happen based on a dream B. Thoughts about a dream C. Reporting a dream D. Dreaming of something

C. Reporting a dream

Praise frequently functions as a: A. Primary aversive stimulus or negative reinforcer B. Primary positive reinforcer C. Secondary positive reinforcer D. Secondary negative reinforcer

C. Secondary positive reinforcer

The arrangement whereby a low probability behavior is increased by making a high probability behavior contingent upon completing the low probability behavior is technically termed: A. Negative reinforcement B. The response deprivation hypothesis C. The Premack principle D. Motivational operation

C. The Premack principle

Which of the following is NOT likely to serve as a motivational operation for a reinforcer? A. The amount time that has passed since the client has experienced it B. Who delivers it C. The Premack principle D. How deprived the client is for the reinforcer

C. The Premack principle

The major difference between the PBST and the SST is: A. The SST focuses on the schoolwide discipline issues while the PBST's primary focus is on the individual. B. The SST sets priorities within the school, while the PBST requests specialized assessments as needed C. The SST conducts regular screening while the PBST determines the areas of need within the school D. Both a and b

C. The SST conducts regular screening while the PBST determines the areas of need within the school

The constructive approach usually includes: A. A behavioral contract B. An advocate C. The identification of current effective repertoires D. All the above

C. The identification of current effective repertoires

Measuring how long it takes before a client complies with a request is an example of: A. Duration recording Inter-response time B. Whole interval C. time sampling D.Latency recording

C. time sampling

Alternative reinforcement options

Concurrent reinforcement

Kathleen is a sexually active adult with severe developmental delays living in a coed group home. Sterilization has been suggested by the family members of certain male clients living in her home. To guarantee safe and ethical decision making: A. Kathleen should be allowed to decide for herself B. Behavioral contracting is the most effective and sensible way to go since she could not withdraw from such an irreversible decision C. Tax payers should have a say and it should be regulated by the government D. A client advocate should be appointed to participate in the decision making process

D. A client advocate should be appointed to participate in the decision making process

Mark, an eighth-grader, loves to watch television. His parents have decided that Mark will be allowed to watch television from 8 to 10 P.M. only if he completes two hours of homework before 8 P.M. Which of the following describes the above situation? A. Premack principle B. Response deprivation hypothesis C. Motivational operation D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Unobservable thoughts and feelings are: A. Assumed to be governed by the laws of behavior B. These covert acts are analyzed scientifically C. Operationalized into measurable words or actions D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following often serves as a good alternative to edible reinforcers? A. Recognition B. Preferred activities C. Social praise D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Generalized social reinforcers are a good means of reinforcement because: A. They are relatively unobtrusive B. They are present in most environments C. Satiation is less likely D. All the above apply

D. All the above apply

Which following statement(s) is/are true? A. Whole interval time sampling underestimates behavior and is appropriate when the goal is to increase behavior B. Partial interval time sampling underestimates behavior and is appropriate when the goal is to increase behavior C. Partial interval time sampling overestimates behavior and is appropriate when the goal is to decrease behavior D. Both A and C E. Both A and B

D. Both A and C A. Whole interval time sampling underestimates behavior and is appropriate when the goal is to increase behavior C. Partial interval time sampling overestimates behavior and is appropriate when the goal is to decrease behavior

It is important to get significant others in the environment to reinforce the consultee's behavior change so that: A. The natural environment will prompt the behavior to continue occurring in your absence. B. Long-term maintenance will be promoted. C. Fading will be promoted. D. Both a & b.

D. Both a & b.

When selecting an intervention: A. Contextual fit is not important. B. Select one that is effective and fits the skills, schedules, resources and values of the program implementers. C. Select one that can be implemented with relative ease and is acceptable to the program implementers while improving client adjustment, competence, or habilitation. D. Both b and c.

D. Both b and c.

What aspect of a behavioral objective addresses stimulus generalization and discrimination? A. Goal B. Topography C. Criterion level D. Context

D. Context

The person who systematically applies behavioral procedures is called a(an): A. Client B. Applied behavior analyst C. Behavioral technician D. Contingency manager

D. Contingency manager

A reinforcer preference assessment involves: A. Selecting reinforcers that the client has requested B. Obtaining answers to questions regarding favorite foods, activities, etc., and selecting those that are reported to be preferred C. Identifying high frequency behaviors D. Determining what the client repeatedly selects when items are repeatedly in a systematic fashion

D. Determining what the client repeatedly selects when items are repeatedly in a systematic fashion

Edible reinforcers work every time because food is a basic need: A. True, because it is a secondary reinforcer B. False, because it is a secondary reinforcer and these only work sometimes C. True, because it is a primary reinforcer D. False, because it is a primary reinforcer and these are not likely to work when the organism is satiated

D. False, because it is a primary reinforcer and these are not likely to work when the organism is satiated

Which of the following is the best way to monitor data? A. Get the client to self-monitor B. Gather the data on the behavior to be changed every day for a long time C. Collect data on both the independent and the dependent variables D. Periodically measure how the treatment is being implemented

D. Periodically measure how the treatment is being implemented

Which of the following is most likely NOT a pivotal or cusp behavior? A. Persistence on task B. Requesting help C. Initiating play D. Stringing beads

D. Stringing beads

The schoolwide Positive Behavior Support Team (PBST) and the Student Success Team (SST) are similar and/or different in that: A. Both the PBST and SST may share team members; however, the SST needs to have community and student members. B. Both the PBST and SST address student academic and behavior needs; however, the PBST identifies staff skilled in conducting functional and mental health assessments. C. Both the PBST and SST address student academic and behavior needs; but the PBST designs intensive and early intervention programs for a small percentage of students who are at-risk for severe academic or behavior problems. D. The SST identifies staff skilled in conducting functional and mental health assessments and the PBST addresses and prevents problem behavior for the majority of student.

D. The SST identifies staff skilled in conducting functional and mental health assessments and the PBST addresses and prevents problem behavior for the majority of student.

One of the most practical aspects of applying the Premack principle is: A.Its capability to generalize across settings B.The results are achieved faster than any other method C.That low response rates are easy to identify D. The reinforcer is already present in the environment

D. The reinforcer is already present in the environment

Momentary time-sampling can be used best: A. With behaviors that last only for a moment within an interval B. From moment to moment whenever the subject feels like it C. With behaviors that are short in duration D. With behaviors that occur frequently

D. With behaviors that occur frequently

When selecting behavioral goals, it is best if they can: A. Contribute to the organization's mission B. Be realistic as to what they target as behavior problems C. Address behavioral cusps or pivotal behavior D. Garner public and supervisory support E. All the above

E. All the above

To familiarize yourself with the client's setting, it is helpful to: A. Analyze and possibly adjust current operating systems. B. Involve key people. C. Determine available resources. D. Analyze function of current contingencies. E. All the above.

E. All the above.

Which of the following is an objective means of identifying potential reinforcers with a high degree of confidence? A. Observe which out of an array of objects an individual selects repeatedly B. Restrict access to given activities to below their "free operant" baseline levels . Then make them contingently available to see their impact C. Ask the individual which items are reinforcing him D. All the above E. Both a and b

E. Both a and b

Which of the following activities is or are important to establishing a supportive environment for program development and selection? A. Establish a support base (e.g., a team or involve others). B. Assure contextual fit. C. Select and request the program implementer apply the intervention that research shows is the most effective for the client. D. All the above. E. Both a and b.

E. Both a and b.

Which of the following activities is NOT helpful in minimizing goal conflicts and promoting contextual fit? A. Selecting goals jointly B. Permit client or advocate to terminate serves at any time C. Severely disabled clients should be represented by an advocate D. Implement a behavioral contract E. Just accept the goals set by the client or guardian

E. Just accept the goals set by the client or guardian

Which of the following is NOT a factor related to treatment integrity? A. Treatment acceptability. B. Treatment complexity. C. Time required to implement treatment. D. Skills of intervention agent. E. Reinforcer satiation.

E. Reinforcer satiation.

Termination of a stimulus contingent on a response, leading to an increase in responding.

Escape

An antecedent event that alters the effectiveness of a given reinforcer.

Establishing/Motivational operation

A reinforcer that will support a variety of behaviors (i.e., it is substitutable for a number of other reinforcers).

Generalized reinforcer

A reinforcer that is usually irrelevant to behavioral maintenance in the natural environment.

Mediated reinforcer

Removal of a stimulus contingent on a behavior, leading to an increase in responding.

Negative reinforcement

If they like something does that make it a reinforcer?

No, because if it does not change the behavior then it is just a preference.

Presentation of a stimulus contingent on a behavior, leading to an increase in responding.

Positive reinforcement

Use of a high probability behavior as a reinforcer for a low probability behavior.

Premack principle

A reinforcer whose effects are not dependent upon prior learning

Primary reinforcer

A decrease in behavior associated with excessive amounts of reinforcement.

Satiation

A stimulus whose reinforcing effects are due to previous pairing with other reinforcers.

Secondary reinforcer

Primary caregivers and 5-17 year olds

participants

Identifies a potential reinforcer

preference assessment

To find potential reinforcers for clients who suffer from severe to profound mental retardation

purpose

only a reinforcer if you see some kind of behavior change

reinforcer assessment

BL, TX, BL, TX

reversal design