psyc ch 3
_____ share the most genes with each other.
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic twins share _____ of their genes.
100%
Every cell in the human body has _____ pairs of chromosomes.
23
Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____.
are not; synapse
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
hindbrain
An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord
_____ consist of strands of DNA wound around each other.
Chromosomes
_____ refers to the fact that each hemisphere in the brain controls the functions of the opposite side of the body.
Contralateral control
Sandy has volunteered to participate in a study conducted by the Human Connectome Project. She was told that the procedure in which she will participate will help scientists provide information about pathways that connect brain areas to one another and that it is a critical tool in mapping the connectivity of the human brain. The procedure that Sandy will experience is:
DTI (diffusion tensor imaging)
If Augustine has trouble sleeping and wants to have doctors measure his brain activity while he is asleep, they will MOST likely use a(n) _____ to do so.
EEG (electroencephalograph)
Thomas is studying the heritability of bipolar disorder and is hoping to find out which genes are involved in this disorder. Which statement explains why Thomas will not find his answer by looking at heritability?
Heritability is an abstract concept
Which statement regarding reflex arcs is TRUE?
Interneurons in the spinal cord relay information from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
Lily floats a note across a river to Karen instead of directly passing it from her hand to Karen's hand. If, in this scenario, the river represents the synapse, which component of the scenario represents the dendrite?
Karen
Their doctor has determined that a couple will be having monozygotic (MZ) twins. What has occurred for this to take place?
One fertilized egg has split into two
_____ syndrome refers to a phenomenon in which patients with amputations continue to experience sensations where the missing body part would be.
Phantom limb
resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
When the face or arm of a person with an amputation is stimulated, what happens?
The person reports feeling a phantom limb
_____ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.
The refractory period
There is a dance event going on with students attending from two different elementary schools. Students from one school are wearing purple shirts and students from the other school are wearing silver shirts. Imagine that the students in the purple represent potassium ions and the students in silver represent sodium ions, while the gymnasium represents the neuron. If their distribution is similar to what occurs at the resting potential for a neuron, which students would be moving in and out through the gym doors MOST often?
The students in the purple shirts would be moving through the doors most often
cell body
a component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
a device used to record electrical activity in the brain
Heritability
a measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
endocrine system
a network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages known as hormones, which influence a wide variety of basic functions, including metabolism, growth, and sexual development
reflex arc
a neural pathway that controls reflex actions
Acetylcholine
a neurotransmitter involved in a number of functions, including voluntary motor control
dopamine
a neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal
somatic nervous system
a set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system. controls body movements
sympathetic nervous system
a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
pons
a structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
bipolar cells
a type of sensory neuron found in the retinas of the eye, have a single axon and a single dendrite
The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other.
action potential
The parasympathetic nervous system:
activates digestion
mirror neurons
active when an animal performs a behavior, such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal observes that animal performing the same behavior
DNA methylation
adding a methyl group to DNA
histone modification
adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA
Heidi is explaining the endocrine system to her brother. She states that the _____ are involved in responses to stress.
adrenal glands
Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter are called:
agonists
Often prescribed for depression, the drugs Prozac and Zoloft boost the effects of serotonin. In other words, Prozac and Zoloft are serotonin:
agonists
sodium channels
allow ions to flow into the axon
potassium channels
allow ions to flow out of the axon
Abigail thinks she's having a stroke. What would be the BEST way to diagnose a stroke?
an MRI
Symptoms of anxiety and depression are associated with electrical activity in the right frontal lobe. This finding MOST likely reflects the use of a technique called:
an electroencephalograph (EEG)
medulla
an extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration
myelin sheath
an insulating layer of fatty material
nervous system
an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
Drugs that diminish the action of a neurotransmitter are called:
antagonists
subcortical structures
areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain
The _____ areas of the brain allow information to be connected to meaning, with neurons in the region being more adaptable to change.
association
Katie has a rare neurological disease in which her neurons can receive new information and process it, but some of them just cannot pass the information along. This disease MOST likely affects the _____ of the neuron.
axon
Lillian is very nervous speaking in front of people and goes to her doctor looking for a solution. The doctor is MOST likely to prescribe her:
beta blockers
axon
carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands
motor neurons
carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement
Kylee has a rare neurological problem in which some of her neurons are dying and others cannot organize information from various neurons. This disease may be affecting the _____ of Kylee's neurons.
cell body
neurons
cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
The _____ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
central
Compared with vertebrates, invertebrates lack a hierarchical organization of their:
central nervous systems
A ballet dancer's ability to make all the precise moves necessary in a complex ballet can MOST likely be credited to an area of the hindbrain called the:
cerebellum
Split-brain studies revealed that:
certain tasks and behaviors seem to be localized to either the left or right hemisphere
With respect to their location on the spinal cord, the two topmost types of spinal nerves are the _____ nerves and the _____ nerves.
cervical and thoracic
Which function is NOT one that can be performed by a neuron in the human body?
change the chemical structure of hormones in the endocrine system
epigenetic marks
chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off
Neurons communicate _____ with each other at the _____.
chemically; synapse
endorphins
chemicals that act within the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain
Neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites
Frances and Devin are trying to have a baby and are hoping for a girl. They are wondering if there is anything they can do to increase the chances of having a girl. According to the text:
chromosomes inherited by the child are randomly determined, so they cannot control the sex of the child
Robert was a professional hockey player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Robert has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Robert is MOST likely to be diagnosed with:
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
association areas
composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex
central nervous system
composed of the brain and spinal cord
The first stage of neural communication, _____, is the movement of the signal within a single neuron. _____ is the movement of a signal between neurons.
conduction; Transmission
Interneurons
connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons
The role of interneurons is to:
connect various types of neurons to each other
corpus callosum
connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres
peripheral nervous system
connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles
Jack is a split-brain patient and he is presented with a picture of a phone on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a cake on the right side. If he were asked to draw the object he saw on the right side of the screen with his left hand, he:
could not draw anything
Timmy is a split-brain patient and he is presented with a picture of a phone on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a cake on the right side. If he were asked to say what object he saw on the left side of the screen, he:
could not verbalize that he saw anything
Hippocampus
critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex
If a telephone system were analogous to a neuron, the telephone receiver would represent the _____, the switchboard would represent the soma, and the telephone line would represent the axon.
dendrite
Which neurotransmitter is associated with seeking pleasure and plays a role in drug addiction?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter(s) is/are associated with seeking pleasure and drug addiction?
dopamine
_____ is the neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal.
dopamine
antagonist
drugs that diminish the function of a neurotransmitter
agonists
drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
Within a neuron, information is transmitted as a(n) _____ travels from the dendrites to the cell body and throughout the axon.
electrical singal
The biological sex of a child is determined by the:
father, since he has an X or Y chromosome to give.
Henry is extremely skilled at mathematics and can perform very complex calculations in his head. His _____ is the area of the brain that allows Henry to do this.
forebrain
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
form of dementia caused by repeated head trauma such as concussions
The _____ lobe is responsible for movement, abstract thinking, and planning.
frontal
A heritability score of 1.00 means that:
genes are the only reason for individual differences in a specific trait
The myelin sheath is composed of:
glial cells
pyramidal cells
have a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite with many smaller dendrites
The main focus of the nervous system is to:
have nerve fibers pass information throughout the body.
parasympathetic nervous system
helps the body return to a normal resting state
The brain can be organized by complexity, from areas that perform simple functions to areas that perform more complex ones. Which order begins with the area that is simplest in its functions and ends with the area that is most complex in its functions?
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
The brain can be organized into areas that perform simple functions and areas that perform complex functions. Which sequence begins with the area that is most simple in its functions and ends with the area that is most complex in its functions?
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex
Henry has been a taxi driver in a large city for more than 20 years. According to the research on brain plasticity, we might expect Henry to have highly developed or overdeveloped areas in his _____ due to spatial navigation.
hippocampus
Monozygotic (MZ) twins are also known as _____ twins.
identical
Paul Broca's patient had damage to a small part of the left frontal lobe and showed:
impairments in speech production but not in language comprehension
If Bill is walking down the street by himself at night and thinks he hears footsteps behind him, he is NOT likely to experience:
increased hunger
Which response is NOT caused by the parasympathetic nervous system?
increased respiration
Most of the nervous system is composed of:
interneurons
tegmentum
involved in movement and arousal
nonepinephrine
involved in states of vigilance, or a heightened awareness of dangers in the environment
serotonin
involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggressive behavior
terminal buttons
knoblike structures at the end of an axon
An electroencephalograph is a beneficial tool for:
linking brain structures and regions to particular behavior responses.
Amygdala
located at the tip of each horn of the hippocampus, plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories
Kelsey is interested in how different parts of her brain are responsible for different behaviors. One of the most basic things she should know is that tasks such as her ability to eat and breathe are performed at "_____" levels of her brain, and her ability to do mathematics and ponder the meaning of life are performed at "_____" levels.
lower; higher
With respect to their location on the spinal cord, the two bottommost types of spinal nerves are the _____ nerves and the _____ nerves.
lumbar and sacral
glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter
Epigenetic _____ are chemical modifications to DNA that can turn genes on or off.
marks
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) works by:
measuring the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules along white matter pathways so that information about the direction in which water molecules diffuse can be used to determine where a white matter pathway goes.
The pineal gland secretes _____, which plays a role in the _____.
melatonin; sleep-wake cycle
When Kayla sees Dion walk toward the refrigerator and pull out an apple, she knows he is probably doing so because he likes apples. She can make this inference with the help of:
mirror neurons
_____ are activated when watching another animal's behavior and are involved in social behavior.
mirror neurons
If _____ have a higher presence of a specific trait, then it suggests a(n) _____ influence on that trait.
monozygotic twins; genetic
_____ parts of the body have a larger portion of the somatosensory cortex devoted to them.
more sensitive
When spinal reflexes occur, interneurons relay sensory input to the _____ in the spinal cord and fast contractions can then occur.
motor neurons
The _____ is made of _____ and helps to insulate the axon.
myelin sheath; glial cells
action potential
neural impulses that move down the axon
The _____ forms the basis of the spinal cord during prenatal development.
neural tube
_____ are the billions of cells in the human brain that communicate with each other to perform information-processing tasks.
neurons
Terminal buttons are the knob-like structures that branch out from the axon and release _____ into the synapse.
neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters differ from hormones because:
neurotransmitters are released at the site where they interact.
The benefit of using functional neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to:
observe dynamic activity of the brain as it happens during specific tasks.
tectum
orients an organism in the environment
Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her _____ nervous system has become active.
parasympathetic
receptors
parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal
Margie recently had a brain tumor removed and now has paralysis in her left leg. If she wants to increase the likelihood that other areas of her brain will take over for the brain area previously allocated to her leg, she might try to:
perform cardiovascular exercise
Bella's leg was amputated because of diabetes. It has been months since the amputation, and she still sometimes feels as though she has an itch on her missing limb. The phenomenon Bella is experiencing is called _____ syndrome.
phantom limb
The brain is remarkably adaptive, and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon?
plasticity
The process by which the brain reorganizes itself throughout development is termed:
plasticity
Pat has been convicted of several crimes and has volunteered to be in a study investigating brain activity during decision making. When he gets to the laboratory on the day of the study, the researchers tell him they will be injecting his blood with a radioactive substance and using _____ to measure Pat's brain activity while he engages in decision making.
positron emission tomography (PET)
If a neuron was compared a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prison guards when the neuron is at the resting potential.
potassium ions
pariental lobe
processes information about touch
occipital lobe
processes visual information
Heritability is calculated as a _____ and ranges from _____.
proportion; 0 to 1.00
Functional brain imaging:
provides information about the activity of the brain when people perform various kinds of cognitive or motor tasks
dentrites
receive information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body
sensory neurons
receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord
For a neurotransmitter to affect surrounding neurons, the molecular structure of the neurotransmitter must fit into the _____ like a key fits into a lock.
receptor
The part of a neuron that is stimulated by a neurotransmitter into initiating or preventing a new electrical signal is called a(n):
receptor
During the _____, the ions of the neuron are imbalanced; it _____ immediately send another signal.
refractory period; cannot
Hypothalamus
regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior
reticular formation
regulates sleep, wakefulness, and levels of arousal
thalamus
relays and filers information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex
temporal lobe
responsible for hearing and language
A battery that is NOT connected to anything is a good analogy for the _____ of a neuron.
resting potential
The typical sequence of events for neuron activity is:
resting potential, action potential, refractory period
sodium-potassium pumps
restore proper ion concentrations
Which is the correct order of events in a reflex arc?
sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron
Janelle holds her hand close to a fire. Her _____ allow her to feel the heat, while her _____ allow her to move her hand away from the fire.
sensory neurons; motor neurons
Lately, Temika has had a very odd sleeping pattern and has been depressed. Temika's doctor might check her levels of:
serotonin
Tina has been having difficulty falling asleep and waking up in the morning. She has also noticed that her appetite has changed and that she has become somewhat more depressed and anxious. What neurotransmitter is MOST likely involved in Tina's symptoms?
serotonin
Howard was raised in extreme poverty and for a time his family lived in a car. When they did find a place, it was a very dangerous area, and he was a victim of violent crimes. Tobias was raised in a loving family in which he was not exposed to situations that produced a great deal of stress. According to Michael Meaney's research cited in the text, Howard is likely to have a decrease in the neurotransmitter _____ in the hippocampus and an increase in DNA methylation of the _____, compared with Tobias. This will make it more difficult for him to handle stressful situations.
serotonin; glucocorticoid receptor gene
Tarik was raised in a very stressful family situation in which he was abused by a father with alcohol use disorder and received very little attention from his mother. Jarrell was raised in a loving family in which he was not exposed to situations that produced a great deal of stress. According to Michael Meaney's research cited in the text, Tarik may experience a decrease in the neurotransmitter _____ in the hippocampus and an increase in DNA methylation of _____, compared with Jarrell. This will make it more difficult for him to handle stressful situations.
serotonin; glucocorticoid receptor gene
spinal reflexes
simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
If a neuron was compared with a prison, the _____ could be compared with the prisoners when the neuron is at the resting potential.
sodium ions
Markus places his golf clubs in his car. He can consciously do so because he is utilizing the _____ nervous system.
somatic
frontal lobe
specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
Spinal reflexes require input from:
spinal cord
The _____ branches down from the brain and allows messages to be sent to different parts of the body.
spinal cord
Chromosomes
strands of DNA wound around each other in a double-helix configuration
glial cells
support cells found in the nervous system
Izzy's pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid. Her _____ nervous system is active.
sympathetic
The _____ is an area of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment.
tectum
When Mary wakes up in the morning, she naturally turns toward the sun shining through the window. This behavior is MOST likely guided by an area of her midbrain called the:
tectum
Which structure is in the midbrain rather than the hindbrain?
tectum
pituitary gland
the "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
Which parts make up the major components of the peripheral nervous system?
the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
The synapse is a small gap between neurons where information from:
the axon of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron.
Which area of the brain sets humans apart from most other species?
the frontal lobes
Which major area of the brain deals with information coming in from and going out through the spinal cord?
the hindbrain
synapse
the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another
gene
the major unit of hereditary transmission
cerebral cortex
the outermost layer of the brain, visible to the naked eye and divided into two hemispheres
sympathetic division
the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for action
parasympathetic division
the part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body after a stressful event has passed
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Damage to this area of the brain could leave a person unable to navigate his or her way through a room.
the tectum
refractory period
the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
As presented in the textbook chapter, there are _____ different types of neurons, each responsible for a different kind of function.
three
Purkinje cells
type of interneuron that carries information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord