Psyc Ch 9
dizygotic
2 zygotes
analytical, creative and practical
3 types of intelligence from robert sternberg
normal distribution
68% within 1 sd, 95% within 2 sd
musical, bodily, logical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
8 specializations identified by howard gardner
solid evidence
Gardners theory is appealing but no _______ _______
130+
IQ score of _______ considered gifted
success
IQ scores predict ________
100
IQ test means score
low
IQ tests for infants have _____ reliability
3, 10
____ points per _____ years
high
_____ fluid intelligence can solve word problems
brief
_____ interventions dont lead to long term gains in children from deprived homes
test retest reliability
a way for reliability
intelligence
ability to act purposefully think rationally and deal effectively with environment
practical
ability to do things that are productive and beneficial like fitting into environment or getting along with others
aptitude
ability to learn or fluid intelligence
intelligence
ability to understand and deal with people objects and symbols
crystalized
acquired skills and knowledge and ability to apply that knowledge in specific situations
chronological age
actual biological age
general intelligence
all the tests do measure a single underlying ability
Galton
argued why some do higher on IQ and that his evidence was that politicians judges and other eminent and distinguished people generally had distinguished relatives
intelligence
attempt to define is ability to judge, comprehend and reason
intelligence
attempt to define is ability to understand and deal with people
intelligence
attempt to define is mental abilities that deal with novel situations
visuospatial rotations
boys tend to do better on ________ _______
Binet
came up with idea of mental age
aware of it
can combat stereotype threat by making people _______ ____ ____
fluid intelligence
can organize information in a word problem and identify important associations between facts presented
limited
chance for intellectual development in poor community is ________
spearman
claimed that abilities overlap and that the overlapping aspect of the specific abilities was represented by a general intellectual ability called g
monozygotic
close even if have different families
monozygotic
closely resemble each other in brain volume and in specific skills such as working memory, attention, reading, math and foreign language learning
norms
collected by administering test to multiple samples of a population
reliability
consistent test results for similar people
monarchic
consists of general and specific ability
intelligence
construct that must be defined using an operational definition
monozygotic
correlate with each other .85 significantly higher than dizygotic twins or non twin siblings
poor prenatal care
correlates with a decreasing IQ
flynn effect
decade by decade, generation by generation peoples raw scores on IQ tests have gradually increased and test makers have had to make tests harder to keep mean score at 100
flynn effect
decr in mental retardation bc advantage in medicine
operational definition
defines a method of measurement
validity
degree to which evidence and theory support interpretations of test scores for intended purposes
construct validity
degree to which test accurately reflects results of a constructs theory
operational definition
describes construct in concrete terms
terman
developed IQ tests
mental age
developed by Alfred Binet who came up with idea of assigning mental age to children who needed extra academic help in school, age went with normality of ages
creative
developing new ideas
Binet and Simod
devised first IQ tests
age
difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins increases with ______
practical
doing something
human performance
dozens of genes found to correlate with _______ _______
ovulation
each month egg released through one ovary
general intelligence
each specific ability develops to a similar level over time
Charles Spearman
explored the psychometric approach to measuring intellignece
conception
formula of a zygote by union of a male sperm and female egg
g
general ability
g
general intelligence
language
girls tend to do better on certain kinds of _________ tests
raymond cattell
had idea that there are 2 types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized
flucuate
happens when tests are not perfectly reliable
monozygotic
have 1 zygote
genes
have dominating effect on persons measure of intelligence
down syndrome
have variety of physical and medical impairments as a result of having an extra copy of chromosome #21
intellectual accomplishments
heritability of variation in IQ scores does not mean that genes dictate peoples __________ ________
creative
how well one can cope with new or novel tasks aka changing a tire
psychometric
how well people performed tasks such as following directions, judging musical pitch, matching colors, doing arithmetic
monozygotic
identical twins
different, similar
identical twins raised in ______ have ______ IQ scores as identical twins raised in same environment
Robert Sternberg
identifies 3 types of intelligence in his triarchic theory of intelligence
relaible
if scores are similar for similar groups of test takers
internal structure
if test claims to measure single skill then all items should correlate with one another
response processes
if test claims to measure skill then test takers should need to use skill to answer
flynn effect
improved education and test taking skills
physical health
in early life plays a role on intelligence
crystallized intelligence
includes knowing how to tie shoelaces or how to solve algebra problems
evaluation process
includes the items of the test, procedures for administering the test and process of scoring test
flynn effect
increased cognitive stimulation
flynn effect
increased tendency for people to marry outside their own neighborhood
Howard Gardner
intellectual abilities could be tested in pure form like music or logic, we might find multiple intelligence that are unrelated to each other
genetic makeup
intelligence level is primarily a function of _______ _______ rather than environmental influence
fluid intelligence
intelligence you are born with, ability to reason and effectively use ones knowledge
start early
interventions work best if they _____ ______
spearman
invented factor analysis to identify relationships among mental tests
intelligence
is _________ set at birth or learned?
middle class
limitation in all research is that most twin studies rely on data from ________ _____ famlies
human genome project
locate genes that are more common among those with higher IQ than those with lower
IQ
made up of components of mental age and chronological age
Human Genome project
make it possible to identify particular genes that promote intelligence
variability
males show greater individual ________
norms
measure of how frequently various test scores occur
reliability
measures consitency
high validity
measures what its supposed to measure
psychometric
measuring intelligence by administering specific mental tests to people, like following direction, matching colors and doing arithmetic or spelling
intelligence
mental abilities that enable one to adapt to shape or select ones environment
biased test
misestimates performance by members of some group
dizygotic
non identical twins
biased
overstates or understates the true performance of one or more groups
multiple intelligence
people can be outstanding in one type of intelligence but not others
mentally challenged
people more than 2 sd below avg, IQ score of 68 or 70
higher, better, better
people with ______ IQ scores get _____ jobs and earn _____ salaries
stereotype threat
peoples perceived risk of performing poorly and thereby supporting an unfavorable stereotype about their group
fluid intelligence
power of reasoning and using information
IQ tests
predict someones performance in school and similar settings
validity
problem predicting ______ in college because students taking different courses
test retest reliability
procedure in which the same group takes the test at 2 different times
standardization
process of evaluating questions, establishing rules for administering test and interpreting score
s
provide scores on specific abilities or skills a person has
g
provides single overall measure of intelligence
mental age/chronological age
quotient of IQ
fluid
reaches peak before 20
creative
refers to ability to effectively solve new problems that arise in life and generate new ways to solve old problems
cultural bias
refers to knowledge some groups may have based on the surrounding they are familiar with
crystallized intelligence
refers to things learned and skills acquired throughout ones life
thurston
rejected g and said 2 abilities of equal importance
negative
reliability correlation coefficient never _______
reliability
replicability of scores
higher
researchers have found ________ correlation in IQs of brothers born closer together than far apart
factor analysis
s and g
content
should match its purpose
standardization
similar and consistent
analytical
similar to fluid intelligence, ability to evaluate a problem and produce a path to a solution
cultural bias
some IQ tests are also designed to eliminate ______ ______
bias
some groups perform better than other groups
bias
some groups perform worse than other groups
inhibit
some research results show that living in an impoverished environment can _____ intellectual development regardless of genetic makeup
well
someone who does not do well on one test does _____ on others
s
specific intelligence components
16
standard deviation for stanford-binet
15
standard deviation for wechsler test
a little
studies of impoverished families find much less evidence for genetic influence monozygotic twins resemble each other ___ ______ more than dizygotic twins
spearman
suggested that people do have specific abilities like mechanical, arithmetical, reasoning and logical
content validity
test covers necessary content
bias
test overstates true performance
validity
test should measure what its intended to measure
bias
test understates true performance
analytical
thinking critically
empirical
to be decided by evidence
intelligence
type of mental capacity
IQ
typically refers to scores from tests designed to predict a persons performance in school and similar academic type settings
similar
typically scores across different mental tests are ______
bias
unfairness for a particular purpose
subdivisions of g
verbal processing, perceptual processing or image rotation
general intelligence
what IQ intends to identify
achievement
what someone has already learned or crystallized intelligence
focus
women spread ______
multiple intelligence
would stop correlating so strongly if we could measure them in pure form