PSYC - Chap 5

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception? Subliminal priming is more effective than priming above the absolute threshold. Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures. Those who have a preexisting phobia will interpret innocuous patterns as threatening. Those who receive less auditory priming are more likely to hear things than those who receive more auditory priming.

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? afterimage preimage fovea monocular

afterimage

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. conductive congenital postnatal prenatal

congenital

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. crest; trough top; bottom trough; crest trough; peak

crest; trough

What is described by the concept of perception? how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory? detecting brain tumors improving the accuracy of military codebreakers improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips increasing typing speed for telephone operators

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. bottom-up processing inattentional blindness sensory adaptation top-down processing

inattentional blindness

Which part of the eye holds eye color? cornea iris lens retina

iris

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli? just noticeable signal detection subliminal top down

just noticeable

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space? dimensionality kinesthesia neurasthenia nociception

kinesthesia

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. cornea; iris fovea; lens iris; retina lens; fovea

lens; fovea

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. kinesthesia nociception preconception thermoception

nociception

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? cornea linear optic photoreceptor

optic

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual. phenome pheromone proprioception thermoception

pheromone

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? gustation proprioception somatosensation thermoception

proprioception

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? cones fovea iris rods

rods

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. as a result of disease as a result of old age due to deliberate damage since birth

since birth

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? feeling the warmth of the sun hearing an airplane fly overhead smelling cookies in the oven tasting white chocolate fudge

smelling cookies in the oven

What is vertigo? fear of heights inability to see color noise phobia spinning sensation

spinning sensation

Which of the following exemplifies gustation? feeling a piece of petrified wood hearing a cat purr smelling fresh mint in a garden tasting freshly caught salmon

tasting freshly caught salmon

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. gustation olfaction somatosensation thermoception

thermoception

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. beta gamma infrared ultraviolet

ultraviolet

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory? Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system. Research has not supported either theory. The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory. The trichromatic theory is more accurate than the opponent-process theory.

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? Different amplitudes of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different waves. Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. Different portions of the ear are sensitive to sounds of different decibels. Different sections of the cochlea are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? biometric Gestalt Pacinian somatosensory

Gestalt

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages? In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness. In laboratory settings, people do not perceive information outside of their awareness. In real life, people obey subliminal messages like zombies. Outside of laboratory settings, people have a lower absolute threshold.

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion. Meissner Ménière Merkel Müller-Lyer

Müller-Lyer

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception? Gestalt psychology was popular in the 20th century, but it has been replaced by psycholinguistics. Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt. Perception is a Gestalt branch of psychology, meaning the brain is studied apart from the body. Sensation requires the use of Gestalt psychology; perception requires the use of gerund psychology.

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception? Perceptions are influenced by our ethnic background. Perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate. Perceptions of weapons are influenced by our race. Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false? Kinesthesia interacts with information provided by the vestibular system. Proprioception interacts with information provided by the vestibular system. The vestibular sense helps us maintain a sense of balance. The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition

The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system." The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral." The word "central" should be changed to the word "middle." The word "neurons" should be changed to the word "protons." The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "neurosympathetic."

The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain." The word "damage" should be changed to the word "destruction." The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "congenital." The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory." The word "tissue" should be changed to the word "biological."

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts." The word "central" should be changed to the word "primary." The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole." The word "sum" should be changed to the word "components." The word "tenet" should be changed to the word "claim."

The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false? They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin. They are cells. They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose. They have small, hair-like extensions.

They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. can see can see only in the dark can't see can't see without sunlight

can see

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? cones fovea lens rods

cones

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called? congenital analgesia inherited numbness nociception Pacinian Syndrome

congenital analgesia

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. cornea; pupil iris; pupil lens; retina pupil; cornea

cornea; pupil

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye. contracted dilated longer smaller

dilated

________ is another term for the malleus. drum hammer nail percussive

hammer

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. kinesthesia nociception olfaction thermoception

kinesthesia

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. condensed; sharp high; low low; high truncated; high

low; high

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. distinguish the fat content of food feel pain maintain balance and body posture regulate body temperature

maintain balance and body posture

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. legal blindness night blindness night impairment night vision

night blindness

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes? fovea iris lens optic chiasm

optic chiasm

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear? It receives incoming sound information and bypasses the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain through the optic nerve. (NO) It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the basilar membrane to transmit information to the brain. It receives incoming sound information and indirectly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

?

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. higher; lower longer; shorter lower; higher (NO) shorter; longer

?

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false? Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth. Deaf individuals communicate using American Sign Language. Deaf individuals prefer to teach children to communicate in American Sign Language rather than teaching children to read lips. Deaf individuals primarily communicate through signing.

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.

Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not? The first sentence is encoded, and the second sentence is decoded. We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word. We learn the first sentence subliminally which lets us translate the meaning of the second sentence quicker. We read the first sentence as practice and the second sentence as real.

We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. Merkel's theory Weber's law

Weber's law

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. a subliminal message bottom-up processing sensory adaptation top-down processing

a subliminal message

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. adaptation formation regression revision

adaptation

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? afterimage blind spot preimage night blindness

afterimage

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives. *A. binocular B. cyclopean C. monocular D. trichromatic

binocular

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. blindness responsiveness sublimation transduction

blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." bottom-up sensory adaptation top-down vertical-horizontal

bottom-up

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. bottom-down bottom-up top-down top-first

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? absolute threshold signal detection subliminal top-down

top-down

What is a binaural cue? single eye and a single ear triangulating distance two ears hearing different frequencies of the same sound two-eared cue to localize sound two-eyed cue to focus distant sight

two-eared cue to localize sound

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? meat and vegetable monosodium and glutamate umami and fat content umami and monosodium glutamate

umami and fat content

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. nociception proprioception somatosensation vestibular

vestibular