PSYC Chapter 12
Woods and Anderson (2016) are among those researchers working to find common ground between behavioral conceptualizations of psychopathology and _____ conceptualizations. A) DSM-5 B) biopsychosocial C) medical-modeled D) person-centered
A) DSM-5
In response to longstanding criticisms related to the psychometric soundness of the Rorschach test, the _____ was designed. A) Holtzman Inkblot Technique B) Thematic Apperception Test C) Picture Story Test D) Ecological Momentary Assessment
A) Holtzman Inkblot Technique
Which of the following exemplifies an unobtrusive measure? A) The amount of sweat there is on one's hands B) Self-report verbalizations of anxiety C) A diary of one's thoughts and feelings D) A story told in response to a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) card
A) The amount of sweat there is on one's hands
An early projective test developed by Wilhelm Stern used _____ as projective stimuli. A) clouds B) water C) spilled milk D) astrological symbols
A) clouds
When the Rorschach test is scored, A) it is important to note whether the individual responds to part of the inkblot or to the entire inkblot. B) the content of the response is of greater diagnostic value than the location cited in forming the perception. C) only subjective clinical judgment is utilized, since no scoring or interpretive guidelines are available. D) the creativity of the assessee's responses will be a key determinant of the test user's vocational recommendations.
A) it is important to note whether the individual responds to part of the inkblot or to the entire inkblot.
The oracle-like, clinical approach to personality assessment has been characterized as the third ear approach. On the contrary, contemporary orientation has been characterized as a(n) A) El Greco approach. B) van Gogh approach. C) Monet approach. D) Pablo Picasso approach.
B) van Gogh approach.
When interpreting a person's response to an inkblot test, it is important to interpret A) only what the individual perceives in the blot. B) what the individual perceives in the blot and how he or she perceives it. C) whether or not the test user would have responded in the same way. D) All of these answers are correct.
B) what the individual perceives in the blot and how he or she perceives it.
Henry Murray's concept of "press" refers to determinants of behavior arising from A) the interaction of personal and environmental needs. B) within the environment. C) within the individual. D) the publication of a thought-provoking article in a newspaper or magazine.
B) within the environment.
According to Dr. Monica Webb Hooper, which of the following behaviors is "grossly underestimated in terms of its threat to good health"? A) Unprotected sex B) Overeating C) Smoking D) Physical inactivity
C) Smoking
An inherent problem with phallometric methods is that a defendant's self-interest co- exists with a well-documented ability of the assessee to A) "fake good" on the test. B) do the best they can on the task. C) purposely fail the task. D) be first to finish the task.
A) "fake good" on the test.
When administering the Rorschach Inkblot Test, A) an inquiry may be undertaken after the first administration in an attempt to clarify what was reported being seen. B) spontaneous statements that the test taker makes that are irrelevant to the card presented are not considered in the interpretation. C) "testing the limits" and asking specific questions of the examinee may invalidate the findings. D) care must be taken to ensure that examinees blacken the grids fully, and only with #2 pencils.
A) an inquiry may be undertaken after the first administration in an attempt to clarify what was reported being seen.
Although widely acknowledged to be of value in monitoring the progress in treatment of sex offenders, the value of phallometric data in criminal proceedings is A) less straightforward. B) very well-documented. C) undisputed by experts. D) only accepted into evidence in the Dominican Republic.
A) less straightforward.
Each item of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank is scored on a seven-point scale that ranges from A) "typical" to "atypical." B) "in harmony with the world" to "danger to oneself and others." C) "need for therapy" to "extremely good adjustment." D) None of these answers is correct.
C) "need for therapy" to "extremely good adjustment."
The packaged set of Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards is published with _____ cards in the set. A) 18 B) 23 C) 31 D) 42
C) 31
Which of the following groups could most probably be expected to hold the least favorable view of the Rorschach? A) Clinical psychology graduate students B) Clinicians C) Academicians D) None of these answers is correct.
C) Academicians
Henry Murray developed a projective instrument that involved response to spoken paragraphs. This instrument was called the A) Auditory Apperception Test. B) Auditory Sound Association Test. C) Azzageddi Test. D) TAT-RF.
C) Azzageddi Test.
Which of the following behavioral scientists is credited with being the first to investigate associations to words? A) Jung B) Kraeplin C) Galton D) Cattell
C) Galton
The phenomenon of reactivity can best be reduced in behavioral observation by A) having one or more observers observe all of the action from many different vantage points. B) having several video cameras record all of the action from many different vantage points. C) having an adaptation period in which the person being observed is given some time to adjust to the situation. D) using physiological techniques such as the polygraph to supplement more traditional methods
C) having an adaptation period in which the person being observed is given some time to adjust to the situation.
Research suggests that there may come a day when clinicians discuss general ( g) and specific ( s) factors in personality disorders in a way that is analogous to current discussions of g and s with respect to A) biopsychosocial aspects of depression. B) neuropsychological disorders. C) intelligence. D) personality in general.
C) intelligence.
Each response on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank is evaluated on a seven-point scale that ranges from A) extremely deviant to model of mental health. B) idiosyncratic to popular. C) need for therapy to extremely good adjustment. D) highly negative to highly positive.
C) need for therapy to extremely good adjustment.
The timeline-followback procedure is essentially a behavioral record A) of the "here and now." B) that gauges duration. C) of the past. D) that is future-oriented.
C) of the past.
Proposed improvements to the way that personality disorders are diagnosed have included A) sharpening the specificity of existing diagnostic categorizations. B) re-conceptualizing existing diagnostic categorizations. C) ordering diagnoses along a dimensional continuum. D) All of these answers are correct.
C) ordering diagnoses along a dimensional continuum.
On the Machover Draw-A-Person Test, a test taker draws a person with extremely large ears. One hypothesis the test user might reasonably entertain on the basis of this drawing is that this test taker is most probably A) impulsive. B) depressed. C) paranoid. D) anxious.
C) paranoid.
The assumption that individuals will supply structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with their own conscious and unconscious concerns underlies the A) projectile hypothesis. B) subjective hypothesis. C) projective hypothesis. D) Skinnerian hypothesis.
C) projective hypothesis.
Which of the following words is most likely to be considered "traumatic" on a word association test? A) Dance B) Chair C) Water D) Mother
D) Mother
Both theRorschach and Rapaport et al.'s Word Association Test have in common A) an inquiry stage in the test administration. B) a category labeled "Determinants" for scoring responses. C) a testing-the-limits procedure. D) Mark Cuban as an investor and majority shareholder.
A) an inquiry stage in the test administration.
Determining a musician's popularity by assessing the length of time it takes to sell all of that artist's concert tickets is an example of A) an unobtrusive measure. B) a reactive measure. C) an aesthetic measure. D) an obtrusive behavioral measure.
A) an unobtrusive measure.
Projective tests are best characterized as _____ methods of personality assessment. A) indirect B) futile C) objective D) behavioral
A) indirect
Responses to the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study are scored in terms of the type of reaction elicited and the direction of A) the aggression expressed. B) the frustration in evidence. C) the nature of the story told. D) the eye gaze of the test taker.
A) the aggression expressed.
A total of _____ Rorschach cards are initially presented to a test taker. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 18
B) 10
A device that could be characterized as "auditory inkblots" was developed by A) Carl Rogers. B) B. F. Skinner. C) Harry Stack Sullivan. D) Wayne Holtzman.
B) B. F. Skinner.
The earliest attempt at investigating associations subjects made to unrelated stimulus words is attributed to A) Kraepelin. B) Wundt. C) Galton. D) Jung.
C) Galton.
_____ developed a form interpretation test using inkblots. A) Emil Oberholzer B) John Exner C) Hermann Rorschach D) Hans Behn-Eschenburg
C) Hermann Rorschach
Which of the following is true about the behavioral approach to assessment? A) It seeks to identify traits or motives that can be inferred from behavior. B) It seeks to reveal underlying motivations regarding personality. C) It focuses on what a person actually does in certain situations. D) It focuses primarily on what a person actually thinks while engaging in specific behaviors.
C) It focuses on what a person actually does in certain situations.
Which of the following is true of the reliability of the Rorschach using the Exner scoring system? A) It has a high degree of internal consistency reliability. B) It has a high degree of test-retest reliability. C) It has a high degree of inter-scorer reliability. D) None of the answers is correct.
C) It has a high degree of inter-scorer reliability.
Which of the following is not true of self-monitoring? A) It is a tool of psychological assessment. B) It is a tool for intervention. C) It has limited reliability and validity. D) All of these answers are correct.
C) It has limited reliability and validity.
A 100-item true/false test of extraversion is constructed so that every True response is indicative of extraversion, and every False response is indicative of introversion. Mei Ling answers True to every item on the test. What can the test user conclude? A) Mei Ling is extremely extraverted. B) Mei Ling has well-documented tendencies toward extraversion. C) Mei Ling may be extraverted. D) Mei Ling is clearly not introverted.
C) Mei Ling may be extraverted.
How many patients constituted the sample in the Sharp et al. (2015) study? A) Nearly 100 B) Nearly 500 C) Nearly 1,000 D) Nearly 1,500
C) Nearly 1,000
A behaviorally-oriented clinician might use a variety of instruments in a clinical assessment. Which of the following is such a clinician least likely to use? A) Case study material B) Observation C) A standardized checklist D) A projective technique
D) A projective technique
Biofeedback can be monitored and "fed back" to an assesse via A) lights. B) bells. C) buzzers. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Mia is a gym instructor and self-monitors her food intake to maintain her fitness. This is an example of A) impression management. B) dissonance reduction. C) reactivity. D) transference.
C) reactivity.
Which of the following is one of the earliest attempts to develop a standardized test using words as projective stimuli? A) The Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test B) The Blacky Pictures Test C) TEMAS D) The School Apperception Method
A) The Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test
Of the following projective picture-story telling tests, which is the most widely used? A) The Thematic Apperception Test B) The Make-a-Picture Story Method C) The Children's Apperception Test D) The Roberts Apperception Test
A) The Thematic Apperception Test
In 2011, the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) was published. The R- PAS was characterized by its authors as A) "a means of systematically observing and measuring personality in action." B) "a new conceptualization of a proven projective method." C) "a method for developing novel clinical hypotheses." D) "a combination of evidence-based insights applied to an iconic projective method."
A) "a means of systematically observing and measuring personality in action."
Which of the following drawings is a child described by a referral source as "fidgety, restless, and impulsive" most likely to produce on the Machover Draw-A-Person Test? A) A large person extending off the page B) A small person drawn in the left-hand corner of the page C) A person of average size drawn in the middle of the page D) A person drawn in an "x-ray" perspective
A) A large person extending off the page
Which of the following is not true about the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS)? A) According to its authors, it was created to compete with Exner's Comprehensive System. B) According to its authors, it is supplemented by an online scoring program that calculates summary scores. C) The R-PAS manual contains detailed instructions for administering the Rorschach. D) The R-PAS manual contains detailed instructions for coding Rorschach responses.
A) According to its authors, it was created to compete with Exner's Comprehensive System.
Behavioral assessment has many advantages over other forms of assessment. Which of the following is not one of those advantages? A) Behavioral assessment can provide adequate explanations for apparently contradictory dynamics in motivation. B) Behavioral assessment can provide behavioral baseline data. C) Behavioral assessment can provide a record of the assessee's behavioral strengths and weaknesses across a variety of situations. D) Behavioral assessment can be used to pinpoint environmental conditions that are acting to trigger, maintain, or extinguish certain behaviors.
A) Behavioral assessment can provide adequate explanations for apparently contradictory dynamics in motivation.
Which of the following is true of the reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? A) Inter-rater reliability has ranged from adequate to very high. B) Split-half reliability has been found to be adequate. C) Test-retest reliability has been found to be adequate. D) Inter-item consistency has ranged from moderately acceptable to acceptable.
A) Inter-rater reliability has ranged from adequate to very high.
Which of the following types of reliability estimates is appropriate for use with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)? A) Inter-scorer B) Internal consistency C) Test-retest D) Split-half
A) Inter-scorer
A false positive on a polygraph indicates that A) a non-deceptive person is identified as deceptive. B) a guilty person is identified as innocent. C) the assessee misunderstood a question. D) the polygrapher is being deceptive.
A) a non-deceptive person is identified as deceptive.
The integration of data from statistical procedures, empirical methods, and formal rules to formulate descriptions and make predictions is referred to as A) actuarial prediction. B) clinical prediction. C) empirical prediction. D) formal prediction.
A) actuarial prediction.
The use of projective tests minimizes A) an assessee's attempt to fake good or fake bad. B) the necessity for examinees to have a working knowledge of English. C) cross-cultural bias. D) the need for payment by third parties such as insurers.
A) an assessee's attempt to fake good or fake bad.
An assumption inherent in the clinical use of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is that assessees A) are unaware of the significance of their responses. B) are aware of the significance of their responses. C) are unable to use their imagination to describe the pictures on the cards. D) None of these answers is correct.
A) are unaware of the significance of their responses.
The guiding principle underlying the interpretation of TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) responses is that A) assessees will identify with someone in the story and indirectly express their own needs. B) assessees will display their level of creativity while composing a story. C) the protagonist in the story will express the same personality traits as the person telling the story. D) the protagonist in the story will have the same personality type as the person telling the story.
A) assessees will identify with someone in the story and indirectly express their own needs.
In the Sharp et al. (2015) study, in order to determine if a subject met the criteria for borderline personality disorder, a clinician would interview the patient and determine that _____ of the 9 diagnostic criteria had been met. A) at least 5 B) at least 6 C) no more than 8 D) all9
A) at least 5
The Rorschach test A) continues to be a widely used clinical tool, despite its questionable validity. B) is taught in graduate psychology programs but is seldom used in professional practice. C) is neither widely taught in graduate psychology programs nor is widely used in professional practice. D) ceased to be published in 2011.
A) continues to be a widely used clinical tool, despite its questionable validity.
On the basis of their factor-analytic study, Sharp et al. (2015) concluded that the nine criteria for borderline personality loaded most strongly, and virtually exclusively, on the A) general ( g) factor, with little trace of s (the specific factor) to be found. B) specific ( s) factor, with little trace of g (the general factor) to be found. C) error ( e) factor, with roughly equivalent traces of the general ( g) and specific ( s) factors. D) specific ( s) factor, with roughly equivalent traces of the general ( g) and error ( e) factors.
A) general ( g) factor, with little trace of s (the specific factor) to be found.
Behavioral assessment tends to focus on A) individuals. B) small groups. C) large groups. D) Both individuals and large groups
A) individuals.
Ecological momentary assessment is essentially a behavioral record A) of the "here and now." B) that gauges duration. C) that entails verbal input. D) that is future-oriented.
A) of the "here and now."
The "all-or-none error" as applied to the DSM diagnostic system for diagnosing personality disorders refers to the fact that A) one either has or has not a personality disorder. B) either all of the diagnostic elements of a personality disorder exist, or none do. C) a personality disorder diagnosis is either valid or not. D) a personality disorder diagnosis is either reliable or not.
A) one either has or has not a personality disorder.
Timeline-followback procedure is to ecological momentary assessment as past is to A) present. B) extinct. C) consequence. D) defunct.
A) present.
Although phallometric data have increasingly been introduced into evidence in American and Canadian courts, concerns have been raised about the _____ of such data. A) reliability and validity B) utility C) effectiveness D) None of these answers is correct.
A) reliability and validity
Exner's Comprehensive System for scoring the Rorschach test A) results in some scoring categories that are deemed unreliable, but only because these categories are sensitive to the present state of the respondent. B) has been found to be more reliable for research use than for use with clinical populations of multicultural origin. C) has been heavily criticized for being standardized only on populations with psychiatric disorders that have a low prevalence. D) was initially conceived as part of an all-consuming, "last ditch effort" to keep the Exners from having members of the Myers-Briggs clan as in-laws.
A) results in some scoring categories that are deemed unreliable, but only because these categories are sensitive to the present state of the respondent.
A difference between self-monitoring and self-report is that A) self-report assesses the behavior at a time other than when it is occurring, while self- monitoring assesses the behavior at the time of occurrence. B) self-report assesses the behavior at the time of occurrence, while self-monitoring assesses the behavior at a time other than when it is occurring. C) self-monitoring uses stand-ins or surrogates of the behavior of interest. D) self-monitoring cannot be used to record specific thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
A) self-report assesses the behavior at a time other than when it is occurring, while self- monitoring assesses the behavior at the time of occurrence.
The approach where test responses are treated as clues to the test taker's underlying personality or abilities is the A) sign approach. B) sample approach. C) projective approach. D) None of these answers is correct.
A) sign approach.
Emanuel Hammer observed differences between a figure drawing produced by a rapist and one produced by an adult male pedophile. The most prominent difference was in the A) size of the figure. B) details in the rendering of the genitalia. C) documented comments made by the offender during the test administration. D) number of additional people introduced into the drawing.
A) size of the figure.
Situational performance measures A) take place in the actual environment being evaluated or in a simulated environment. B) are limited to a small range of variables that may be targeted for assessment or intervention. C) are ineffective in measuring elusive personality traits such as honesty or altruism. D) have been used extensively to research the psychological aftermath of a "mosh pit" experience at rock concerts.
A) take place in the actual environment being evaluated or in a simulated environment.
In a study that employed Rapaport et al.'s Word Association Test, the researchers found that to the stimulus word "mouth," 19% of a schizophrenic sample responded with the word"_____." A) teeth B) tongue C) lips D) dentures
A) teeth
According to Karen Machover, the person drawn in a Draw a Person test represents the person doing the drawing. Additionally, the paper on which the figure is drawn represents A) the environment. B) the individual's superego. C) the individual's dreams and aspirations. D) reality demands.
A) the environment.
The Comprehensive System for interpreting the Rorschach was developed A) to create a system that incorporated all of the best features of other systems. B) to increase the validity of the test by determining common responses. C) to increase the number of responses given by examinees to each blot by expanding the inquiry period. D) All of these answers are correct.
A) to create a system that incorporated all of the best features of other systems.
Which of the following is not a situational performance measure? A) A typing test for a secretarial position B) An IQ test for the position of CEO in a major corporation C) A road test for a driver's license D) A rocket simulation test in a laboratory mock-up for a would-be astronaut
B) An IQ test for the position of CEO in a major corporation
A psychologist counts the number of aggressive acts committed by a child in class and on the playground. Which assessment approach is the psychologist most likely to be using? A) Projective B) Behavioral C) Sign D) Unobtrusive
B) Behavioral
The Word Association Test was developed at the Menninger Clinic by David Rapaport and his colleagues. Rapaport's inspiration for developing this test came from word association experiments initially conducted by A) Sigmund Freud. B) Carl Jung. C) Karen Horney. D) Sandor Ferenczi.
B) Carl Jung.
Which of the following statements is true about projective techniques in general? A) There is a direct and positive correlation between the ambiguity of the stimuli and the amount of information the subject reveals about his or her personality. B) Projective techniques continue to enjoy widespread clinical acceptance despite their questionable psychometric soundness. C) Projection has been shown to be greater for stimulus material that is familiar to the subject. D) Projection on a grand scale has been referred to by clinicians as "IMAX projection."
B) Projective techniques continue to enjoy widespread clinical acceptance despite their questionable psychometric soundness.
Which of the following groups of researchers would be most likely to make use of phallometric data? A) Researchers studying voting preferences B) Researchers studying pedophilia C) Researchers studying agoraphobia D) Researchers studying the validity of projective methods
B) Researchers studying pedophilia
Of the following, the projective technique that is most frequently taught in counseling psychology programs is the A) Mooney Inkblots. B) Rorschach. C) Sentence Completion Test. D) Word Association Test.
B) Rorschach.
Which of the following is the most practical method to gauge the number of cigarettes the subjects of a health-related study are smoking? A) Behavioral observation B) Self-report by individual subjects C) Experimenter diary-keeping D) Analogue recall
B) Self-report by individual subjects
Why is it surprising that B. F. Skinner developed the first auditory projective test? A) As a behaviorist, B. F. Skinner did not believe that mentalistic terms such as projection are scientifically useful. B) The development of this test was an accidental product of a behavioral assessment for hearing that B. F. Skinner had been working on. C) B. F. Skinner did not believe in projective instruments but nonetheless believed there was a great market for this test at the time. D) Most of B. F. Skinner's career was in the era before sound could be recorded, and this test was one of his final accomplishments.
B) The development of this test was an accidental product of a behavioral assessment for hearing that B. F. Skinner had been working on.
Which of the following is a step toward a solution to the problem of contrast effects in ratings? A) Use of modified rating scales B) Use of composite judgment C) Use of same gender raters D) All of these answers are correct.
B) Use of composite judgment
Identification of the antecedents and consequences of behavior is a routine part of A) an analogue analysis. B) a functional analysis. C) a psychic analysis. D) behavioral determination.
B) a functional analysis.
Measuring a runner's level of ability by having the runner run a mile is an example of A) a general performance measure. B) a situational performance measure. C) a cross-sectional performance measure. D) a cross-country performance measure.
B) a situational performance measure.
A student improves her ability to attend her instructor's lecture as a result of a counselor's behavioral observation and recording of the student's attentiveness in the class room. This improvement could best be cited as an example of the effectiveness of self-monitoring as A) a tool of psychological assessment. B) a tool for intervention. C) a technique for remediation. D) a diagnostic methodology.
B) a tool for intervention.
Self-monitoring can be both a method of data collection and A) a type of projective instrument. B) a tool of intervention. C) a means of watching oneself on closed circuit television. D) a method of increasing the generalizability of findings.
B) a tool of intervention.
The Children's Apperception Test (CAT) depicts _____ in its pictures. A) clouds B) animals C) fruits D) buildings
B) animals
Projective instruments were originally developed in a spirit of rebellion against normative data. Today, responses to projective stimuli A) remain independent of norms. B) are becoming increasingly norm-referenced. C) are rebelling yet again, this time from the constraints of cultural sensitivity. D) are a clinician's first choice to evaluate rebelliousness.
B) are becoming increasingly norm-referenced.
In recent years, interpretations of responses to projective stimuli have A) increasingly been criticized for being culturally loaded. B) become increasingly norm-referenced. C) attempted to tap less and less unconscious content. D) None of these answers is correct.
B) become increasingly norm-referenced.
Self-monitoring differs from self-report because in self-monitoring A) it is up to the assessee to decide what to report. B) behaviors are recorded at the time and place in which they occur. C) the responses are not recorded. D) the assessee records all the relevant behaviors but reports to the evaluator only selectively.
B) behaviors are recorded at the time and place in which they occur.
In the context of word association tests, Jungbelieved that A) they are usually based on cognitive theories of personality. B) by selecting certain key words to represent areas of conflict, such tests could be used for psychodiagnostic purposes. C) they utilize only "traumatic" stimulus words, in an attempt to diagnose associative disturbances. D) normative databases with samples matched to U.S. census data should be used in such tests.
B) by selecting certain key words to represent areas of conflict, such tests could be used
Objective tests of personality have in common with many objective tests of achievement the fact that items on the test A) typically contain only one correct answer. B) can be scored by varied means, from hand scoring to computer scoring. C) have a sound grounding in theory. D) All of the answers are correct.
B) can be scored by varied means, from hand scoring to computer scoring.
There is no point in aggregating Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) scores into a scale in the absence of applying internal consistency reliability criteria. Proponents of the TAT respond to this criticism by noting that A) internal consistency seldom has any bearing on validity. B) each subunit of an aggregated group of predictors of a construct, when found in combination, might well predict important variance in the construct. C) in the arena of clinical judgment and the use of projective instruments, statistics are a sideshow. D) "foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."
B) each subunit of an aggregated group of predictors of a construct, when found in
Situational performance measures make it difficult to A) fake bad. B) fake good. C) fake good or bad. D) perform well.
B) fake good.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, an early study using pictures as projective stimuli for storytelling found differences in the stories that children gave in response to nine pictures. This difference was found to be a function of_____. A) religion B) gender C) age D) race
B) gender
Scott Lilienfeld and Bernard Murstein A) have both argued in favor of projective techniques. B) have both written critiques of projective techniques. C) are on opposing sides when it comes to projective techniques. D) served as consultants in the development of the Thematic Apperception Test.
B) have both written critiques of projective techniques.
The strongest psychometric aspect of the Rorschach is its A) inter-rater reliability with respect to interpretations. B) inter-rater reliability with respect to scoring categories. C) test-retest reliability over a short period of time. D) internal-consistency split-half reliability for odd and even items.
B) inter-rater reliability with respect to scoring categories.
Different Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards have different stimulus "pulls." By this, it is meant that different TAT cards have different A) form demands. B) latent stimulus demands. C) variations on the same theme. D) frequent plots.
B) latent stimulus demands.
Figure-drawing tests A) provide little opportunity for respondents to verbalize what they think of the drawings. B) may be affected by the drawing ability of the test taker. C) are not scored by means of any formal scoring system. D) None of these answers is correct.
B) may be affected by the drawing ability of the test taker.
Pictures as projective stimuli A) are considered to be the earliest form of personality assessment. B) may be photos, paintings, drawings, or etchings. C) must depict human beings in some situation. D) All of these answers are correct.
B) may be photos, paintings, drawings, or etchings.
The purpose of the inquiry stage in the administration of the Rorschach test is to A) encourage subjects to change responses that are unacceptable. B) obtain additional information about stimuli that played a role in formulating the percept. C) give examiners the opportunity for verbal interaction with subjects. D) provide extended time for observing subjects under the stress of having to recall initial responses.
B) obtain additional information about stimuli that played a role in formulating the
The polygraph A) provides therapeutically helpful feedback to the test taker. B) provides results that must be interpreted by a professional. C) produces a chart that will clearly demonstrate guilt or innocence. D) is capable of detecting deception with as little as one question.
B) provides results that must be interpreted by a professional.
Weiss et al. (2008) believed that one of the most compelling reasons to use the Rorschach as a tool in preemployment screening of police officers was that the Rorschach A) rendered results accepted by courts throughout the United States. B) rendered ineffective any efforts to fake good. C) had greater validity compared to prior methods used. D) All of these answers are correct.
B) rendered ineffective any efforts to fake good.
The development of projective tests A) was virtually ignored by legitimate test publishers for the last 25 years. B) represented a reaction to attempts to assess personality using normative approaches. C) was heralded by those employing actuarial prediction as a breakthrough in assessment techniques. D) All of these answers are correct.
B) represented a reaction to attempts to assess personality using normative approaches.
Sharp et al. (2015) interpreted their findings as suggesting that borderline personality disorder A) is analogous only to the specific ( s) factor in conceptualizations of intelligence. B) represents the core features of personality pathology in general. C) is a much less severe disorder than previously thought. D) has elemental features unique from other personality disorders.
B) represents the core features of personality pathology in general.
The plethysmograph is most useful in the assessment and treatment of A) people with severe headaches. B) sexual offenders. C) mania. D) depression.
B) sexual offenders.
B.F. Skinner devised an auditory projective test that he called A) the tautophone. B) the verbal summator. C) the instrumental responder. D) the audioblot.
B) the verbal summator.
Sentence completion tests A) are based predominantly on cognitive theories of personality. B) usually have a high degree of face validity. C) are not vulnerable to "faking." D) All of these answers are correct.
B) usually have a high degree of face validity.
A teacher reports that a fifth-grader has been misbehaving in class. The school principal comes into the class to observe and the child behaves "like a model student." The effect of the principal's presence is best associated with the term A) observer bias. B) analogue. C) reactivity. D) biofeedback.
C) reactivity.
Which of the following statements is true about the reliability of the Rorschach test? A) The split-half method appears to be a more feasible method for assessing reliability than test-retest procedures. B) The Journal of Personality Assessment has published numerous studies attesting to the high split-half reliability of the Rorschach. C) Published data demonstrate the potential reliability of Rorschach scoring but do not assure that Rorschach protocols are always reliably scored. D) Inter-scorer reliability has been shown to be much higher among expert Rorschach users who also have access to background information on the examinee.
C) Published data demonstrate the potential reliability of Rorschach scoring but do not assure that Rorschach protocols are always reliably scored.
According to DSM-5, there are nine criteria for borderline personality disorder. Which of the following is not one of them? A) Chronic feelings of emptiness B) Paranoid ideation and dissociation C) Sleep disturbances D) Abandonment fears
C) Sleep disturbances
Dr. Monica Webb Hooper offered four recommendations to students interested in a career as a research psychologist. Which of the following is not one of those recommendations? A) Practice communicating assessment and research results to fellow professionals and the public. B) Learn about test administration, scoring, and interpretation. C) Submit a research article to a journal and pay close attention to the feedback. D) Strive to understand the scientific basis for reliable and valid assessments.
C) Submit a research article to a journal and pay close attention to the feedback.
Which of the following is true aboutthe Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Apperceptive Personality Test (APT)? A) The emotional tone of the cards of both tests is negative. B) The APT cards require more reasoning. C) The APT has an objective scoring system. D) Both tests have high split-half reliabilities.
C) The APT has an objective scoring system.
Which of the following tests features custom-created cartoons as its projective stimuli? A) The Thematic Apperception Test B) The Roberts Apperception Test C) The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study D) The Hand Test
C) The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study
In which of the following tests does the test taker fill in what the people in a cartoon-like stimulus might be saying or thinking? A) The Children's Apperception Test-Human B) The Roberts Apperception Test for Children C) The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study D) None of these answers is correct.
C) The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study
Which of the following is true of behavioral assessment? A) Groups of people are generally observed in order to obtain normative data. B) More traditional psychological tests are routinely administered before than after behavioral assessment. C) The frequency, intensity, or duration of the behavior is typically specified. D) Assessments are preceded by in-depth interviews designed to explore relevant aspects of motivation.
C) The frequency, intensity, or duration of the behavior is typically specified.
Which of the following is not a quantifiable target behavior? A) The number of times Ahmed is aggressive toward his peers during recess. B) The number of seconds Johanna spends out of her seat during class. C) The number of seconds Johnny spends daydreaming during math class. D) The number of times Mary Jo raises her hand during social studies class.
C) The number of seconds Johnny spends daydreaming during math class.
Which of the following is a problem associated with self-monitoring? A) Self-monitoring is a tool of assessment, but it cannot be used as a tool of intervention. B) The act of self-monitoring inevitably leads to hypertension and panic attacks. C) The person who is self-monitoring must be competent, consistent, and motivated. D) None of these answers is correct.
C) The person who is self-monitoring must be competent, consistent, and motivated.
Which of the following is a conclusion that can reasonably be made about the Rorschach test and its contribution to psychological assessment? A) Rorschach-based interpretations represent the essence of "scientifically informed psychological assessment." B) Rorschach-based interpretations have little reliability and even less validity. C) There exists a mixture of favorable and unfavorable reviews of the Rorschach's contributions to psychological assessment. D) No single tool of psychological assessment has undermined the credibility of behavioral science more than Hermann Rorschach's test.
C) There exists a mixture of favorable and unfavorable reviews of the Rorschach's contributions to psychological assessment.
Which of the following is true of polygraph tests? A) They are physically painful to the test taker. B) They are based on the assumption that the physical changes that occur in individuals when they lie cannot be detected. C) They typically yield more false positives than false negatives. D) All of these answers are correct.
C) They typically yield more false positives than false negatives.
For projective drawing expert Emanuel Hammer, a prominent feature of the figure drawings of male pedophiles is A) the introduction of a second person in the drawing. B) the powerful arms exhibited by the person drawn. C) an overall sense of inadequacy or immaturity. D) comments made by the offender while drawing.
C) an overall sense of inadequacy or immaturity.
A person capable of using a hands-off approach to leadership along with a directive management style when necessary is referred to as A) a partial leader. B) a leaderless person. C) an unleader. D) a nonleader.
C) an unleader.
Projective tests A) are direct methods of personality assessment. B) place great verbal demands on the test taker. C) are relatively unstructured techniques. D) All of these answers are correct.
C) are relatively unstructured techniques.
With regard to a DSM diagnosis of a personality disorder, such disorders may be more usefully conceived and diagnosed A) in diagnostic categorizations. B) as other psychiatric disorders. C) as psychopathology on a continuum or dimension. D) in a way that de-pathologizes them.
C) as psychopathology on a continuum or dimension.
In the context of approaches to clinical assessment, sign is to sample as traditional is to A) objective. B) projective. C) behavioral. D) None of these answers is correct.
C) behavioral.
The lack of standardization in phallometrics is in part due to A) a plethora of scoring systems. B) a plethora of methodologies. C) both a plethora of scoring systems and methodologies. D) None of these answers is correct.
C) both a plethora of scoring systems and methodologies.
Dr. Monica Webb Hooper, Director of the Office of Cancer Disparities Research at Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, holds a Ph.D. in _____ psychology, with a specialization in health psychology. A) social B) developmental C) clinical D) organizational
C) clinical
A researcher notes that "behavior X" is exhibited by a subject in the woods. The researcher wonders if "behavior X" would also be exhibited in the laboratory if the laboratory environment was modified to be like the woods in key respects. What this researcher wishes to explore can best be summed up by the term A) reactivity. B) contrast effects. C) generalizability. D) unobtrusive measures.
C) generalizability.
According to Jensen (1965), the rate of scientific progress in clinical psychology might well be measured by the speed and thoroughness with which A) it accepts tests like the Rorschach. B) it rejects projective techniques as unreliable and invalid. C) it gets over the Rorschach. D) it understands the need for normed projective measures.
C) it gets over the Rorschach.
Different test takers may evidence similarities in response themes to the same projective stimuli. This fact has been used by critics of projective techniques to support the fact that A) there is a commonality of response to projective material. B) responses to projective material are the result of stimulus-response models of behavior. C) projective material is not as ambiguous as proponents claim. D) multiple-choice tests must be used with projective methods if accurate interpretations are to result.
C) projective material is not as ambiguous as proponents claim.
A criticism of analogue research is that A) one cannot re-create problematic situations in a counseling setting. B) one cannot re-create problematic situations in a research setting. C) reactions identical to those in behavioral laboratories cannot be assumed to occur in the real world. D) analogue research is unethical or illegal in most jurisdictions.
C) reactions identical to those in behavioral laboratories cannot be assumed to occur in the real world.
During a therapy session, Kim's therapist asks her to demonstrate exactly how she would respond if she was in a restaurant and the waiter delivered a bloody red rare steak after Kim had specifically ordered a well-done steak. The therapist will act like the waiter and Kim will reprise the role of the unfortunate customer. In this example, Kim's therapist is using _____ to better understand and treat Kim. A) performance-based assessment B) behavioral observation C) role play D) systematic desensitization
C) role play
The problem with role playing as a diagnostic technique is that A) it is expensive and not highly flexible in most situations. B) it is inconvenient and time-consuming. C) the desired behavior may not be reliably elicited in the actual situation. D) few assessees come to the assessment situation with sufficient training and experience in theatre arts.
C) the desired behavior may not be reliably elicited in the actual situation.
An element of a Rorschach administration is termed the "inquiry." This term to A) all questions asked by the examiner. B) the investigative process of the examiner. C) the process of clarifying the test taker's original response. D) the process of asking and then re-raising questions.
C) the process of clarifying the test taker's original response.
The utility of self-reports and self-monitoring is to some extent dependent on A) the reporter's diagnosis. B) the clinician's time. C) the reporter's honesty. D) All of these answers are correct.
C) the reporter's honesty.
The use of words as projective stimuli is based on the assumption that A) words are inherently emotionally charged and, therefore, a good source of psychological data. B) associations to words are chance happenings. C) word associations are the result of an individual's life experiences and personality. D) word associations exhibit high test-retest reliability.
C) word associations are the result of an individual's life experiences and personality.
Which of the following is a category by which a Rorschach response can be scored? A) Location B) Popularity C) Content D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
In the context of inter-scorer agreement on the Rorschach, which of the following statements is true? A) Unacceptably low levels of inter-scorer reliability on basic scoring categories among trained scorers has been observed, even for specific scoring systems. B) Inter-scorer reliability with respect to final interpretations made from Rorschach protocols tend to be significantly higher than inter-scorer reliabilities for individual scoring categories. C) The highest degree of inter-scorer agreement generally occurs for the determinants of form and movement. D) Agreement with respect to how specific responses should be scored according to a certain scoring system does not necessarily imply agreement on the interpretation of a Rorschach protocol.
D) Agreement with respect to how specific responses should be scored according to a certain scoring system does not necessarily imply agreement on the interpretation of a Rorschach protocol.
A problem associated with behavioral observation as a tool of assessment is A) reactivity. B) observer bias. C) equipment costs. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
According to Dr. Monica Webb Hooper, assessment is a critical component of research because it A) is a common thread in past and present research, as well as research yet to be devised. B) is only through rigorous measurement that variables targeted in research may be operationalized, quantified, and ultimately, evaluated meaningfully. C) is only through rigorous measurement that changes in specified behaviors can be meaningfully gauged. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
According to Emanuel Hammer, people project their self-image or self-concept in _____. A) figure drawings B) paintings C) dreams D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
An actuarial approach to personality assessment relies on A) norms. B) standardization. C) preset, uniformly applied rules and procedures. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Debate over the validity of the Rorschach has stemmed from inconclusive results of research examining A) the predictive validity of the Rorschach. B) the effectiveness of the Rorschach in differentiating between clinical groups. C) the interpretation of Rorschach responses. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Differences between traditional and behavioral approaches to psychological assessment include the fact that A) in traditional approaches to assessment, data is typically used to diagnose and classify, while in behavioral approaches, assessment data is used to describe targeted behaviors and maintaining conditions, usually for the purpose of selecting specific therapeutic techniques and then tracking response to therapeutic intervention. B) traditional approaches to assessment are more likely to evaluate the traits and states of the individual (collectively referred to as "personality"), while behavioral assessment is more likely to focus attention on the conditions in the environment that were instrumental in establishing a targeted behavior, as well as the environmental conditions that are currently maintaining the behavior. C) rather than drawing inferences about personality from samples of behavior (as in traditional approaches to assessment), behavioral approaches to assessment focus on the meaning (in the sense of purpose, utility, or consequences) of the behavior itself. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
In the Sharp et al. (2015) study, in order for a patient to meet the criteria for borderline personality disorder, A) the symptoms must have been present in a variety of settings. B) the diagnostic criteria must have been met for at least two years. C) the symptoms must not have been better explained by any other disorder. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
In which of the following formats are items written in objective methods of personality assessment? A) Multiple-choice B) True-false C) Matching D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
John E. Exner, Jr. A) was the founding curator of the Hermann Rorschach Museum and Archives. B) created a Rorschach scoring system that he called a "comprehensive system." C) authored a book that reviewed several Rorschach scoring systems. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Projective drawing expert Emanuel Hammer identified certain commonalities in the features of figure drawings rendered by persons from certain diagnostic groups. For example, Hammer noted that in the figure drawings of males who had raped women, commonalities included A) simian-like arms. B) exaggerated shoulders. C) an inflated chest. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Role play can be used A) for diagnostic purposes. B) for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy. C) to prepare candidates for debates. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following assumptions concerning projective methods was questioned by Murstein? A) The more ambiguous the stimuli, the more subjects reveal about their personality. B) Subjects are unaware of what they are disclosing. C) There is a parallel between behavior obtained on a projective test and behavior displayed in social situations. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is true of traditional psychometric standards applicable to behavioral assessment? A) Cone argued that reliability and validity were both relevant. B) Cone argued that reliability and validity were both not relevant. C) Bellak and Hersen argued that reliability and validity were both relevant. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following was a limitation of the Sharp et al. (2015) study? A) It focused exclusively on the six personality disorders that are described in Section III of the DSM. B) It did not focus on the ten personality disorders described in Section II of the DSM. C) It used an inpatient sample of subject, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings exclusively to inpatients. D) All of these answers are correct.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is true about the evaluation of the psychometric adequacy of behavioral assessment methods? A) Traditional psychometric standards related only to reliability and validity should be applied to behavioral assessment methods. B) Traditional psychometric standards such as reliability and validity do not apply to behavioral assessment methods. C) Although controversial, most experts argue against the use of traditional psychometric standards to evaluate behavioral assessment methods. D) Although controversial, most experts support the use of traditional psychometric standards to evaluate behavioral assessment methods.
D) Although controversial, most experts support the use of traditional psychometric standards to evaluate behavioral assessment methods.
How is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) similar to the Rorschach? A) Inter-rater reliability based on interpretation is high. B) Inter-rater reliability based on coding categories is low. C) Test-retest reliability is high. D) Inter-rater reliability based on coding categories is high.
D) Inter-rater reliability based on coding categories is high.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test A) was originally developed with highly structured and comprehensive administration and scoring instructions. B) can be purchased as either a black-and-white or a multicolored set of cards. C) is used widely by behavioral psychologists. D) None of these answers are correct.
D) None of these answers are correct.
The stimulus cards of the Rorschach test are A) all achromatic. B) all multicolored. C) all black, white, and red. D) None of these answers are correct.
D) None of these answers are correct.
Exner characterized the Rorschach as A) a projective tool. B) an objective test. C) an artistic potpourri. D) None of these answers is correct.
D) None of these answers is correct.
When interpretations about personality are derived from analyses of figure drawings, A) emphasis is placed on the artistic skill of the person drawing. B) the most critical variable is the length of time required to complete the drawing. C) nationally representative standardization samples are frequently used. D) None of these answers is correct.
D) None of these answers is correct.
When scoring the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), A) most examiners use the scoring manual packaged with the test. B) most examiners use the scoring manual written by Christiana Morgan. C) most examiners use independent, online scoring services. D) None of these answers is correct.
D) None of these answers is correct.
With which of the followings groups of people has plethysmography been used extensively for purposes of diagnosis and treatment? A) Members of the armed forces suffering from post-traumatic stress syndrome B) Children who have been sexually abused C) Outpatients with a diagnosis of depression D) None of these answers is correct.
D) None of these answers is correct.
______ served as the curator of the Hermann Rorschach Museum and Archives in Bern, Switzerland. A) Klopfer B) Piotrowski C) Beck D) None of these answers is correct.
D) None of these answers is correct.
Which of the following is the most widely used and widely taught scoring system for the Rorschach? A) Rorschach's own Psychodiagnostics system B) The Piotrowski system C) The Klopfer system D) The Exner system
D) The Exner system
Of the following projective tests, which is the most widely used? A) The Draw-A-Person Test B) The Holtzman Inkblot Test C) The Thematic Apperception Test D) The Rorschach Inkblot Test
D) The Rorschach Inkblot Test
Which of the following is a reliable test developed for use with populations from grade 9 through adulthood? A) The Rorschach B) The Thematic Apperception Test C) The Children's Apperception Test-Human D) The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
D) The Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
Which of the following is not a reason for critics having attacked projective tests? A) The assumptions inherent in the use of projective tests B) The situational variables that affect projective test results C) The low reliability of projective tests D) The difficulties in administering projective tests
D) The difficulties in administering projective tests
Which of the following is not unobtrusive? A) The number of slashes on a depressed person's arm B) The number of dry cracks in the hands of a person who is a compulsive handwasher C) The redness of the eyes of an insomniac D) The number of times a hyperactive student stands up in class
D) The number of times a hyperactive student stands up in class
Why did projective tests using ambiguous sounds eventually become unpopular with clinicians? A) Advocates for the disabled argued convincingly that these tests were biased against people with disabilities. B) The sounds were considered offensive by some cultural groups. C) Insurance companies refused to reimburse clinicians for administering them. D) The tests did not distinguish between clinical and nonclinical groups.
D) The tests did not distinguish between clinical and nonclinical groups.
A study by Carla Sharp and her colleagues (2015) focused on the six most frequently diagnosed categories of personality disorder. Which of the following was personality disorder studied by Sharp et al.? A) Schizotypal personality disorder B) Avoidant personality disorder C) Narcissistic personality disorder D) Unspecified personality disorder
D) Unspecified personality disorder
The procedure whereby a written record of multiple physiological changes is obtained in response to a specially devised interview is best associated with _____. A) a blood pressure biofeedback device B) a plethysmograph C) a gauge of pupillary response D) a polygraph
D) a polygraph
The type of research that attempts to replicate a real-world problem in a research or clinical setting is called A) unobtrusive research. B) case history research. C) sign research. D) analogue research.
D) analogue research.
The sample approach to assessment focuses on A) global traits. B) unconscious needs. C) diagnoses. D) behavior.
D) behavior.
Scoring criteria for the Rorschach include A) accuracy, content, determinants, form, and popularity. B) accuracy, polarity, reliability, and validity. C) content, form, reliability, and validity. D) content, determinants, form, location, and popularity.
D) content, determinants, form, location, and popularity.
Assessing the reliability of the Rorschach using the split-half method is inappropriate because A) there are not enough inkblots to enable interpretation through the split-half method. B) stimulus cards are presented twice and possibly three times. C) responses by subjects may be too lengthy to adapt to split-half procedures. D) each inkblot is considered to have a unique stimulus quality.
D) each inkblot is considered to have a unique stimulus quality.
The major advantage of clinical prediction is its A) adaptability to computer usage. B) reliance on correlational research. C) applicability to research settings. D) flexibility and potential for using novel data.
D) flexibility and potential for using novel data.
Exner's Comprehensive System for scoring the Rorschach test A) was the system endorsed by Hermann Rorschach himself. B) was studied extensively and found to be unreliable. C) is the product of a joint collaboration by psychologists from around the world. D) is an attempt to integrate the best features of various scoring systems.
D) is an attempt to integrate the best features of various scoring systems.
Acting a particular role in a simulated but therapeutic situation is referred to as A) self-report. B) self-monitoring. C) behavioral observation. D) role playing.
D) role playing.
In one study of 105 Vietnam War veterans with chronic PTSD, the subjects were asked to keep a sleep diary over the course of six weeks. The researchers found that shorter duration of sleep was correlated with A) length of service in Vietnam. B) degree of post-service adjustment. C) depth of co-morbid depression. D) severity of PTSD.
D) severity of PTSD.
Questioning the utility of the projective/objective distinction, Weiner proposed that the dichotomy be changed to one labeled A) personally invested versus personally distanced. B) transparent versus obscured. C) ambiguous versus unambiguous. D) structured versus unstructured.
D) structured versus unstructured.
Controversy surrounding Exner's norms for the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach stemmed from the claim that A) Exner took great liberties when developing the norms, making their validity questionable. B) the graduate students collecting the data were poorly trained. C) the normative sample from Detroit was not representative. D) the norms over-pathologized nonclinical groups.
D) the norms over-pathologized nonclinical groups.
When administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), A) all stimulus cards are presented to all subjects. B) a minimum of ten cards must be presented. C) a maximum of twenty cards is presented. D) the number of cards presented is left to examiner discretion.
D) the number of cards presented is left to examiner discretion.
The assumption that individuals provide structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with their individual needs, conflicts, and impulses is known as A) the psychoanalytic concept of repression. B) the stimulus-response hypothesis. C) the defense mechanism of denial. D) the projective hypothesis.
D) the projective hypothesis.