psyc chapter 2
10. One important difference between a mylinated and unmylinated axon is _____. a) the neural impulse is faster in the mylinated axon b) the neural impulse is faster in the unmylinated axon c) only the mylinated axons have nodes d) the unmylinated axons are heavier
a
11. Rosa has multiple sclerosis, a degenerative disorder that causes myelin to disintegrate. What effect is this going to have on Rosa's nerve impulses? a) They will slow down. b) They will be stopped in the soma. c) They will speed up. d) None of these options
a
13. Neurotransmitters perform different functions such as: a) regulate the actions of glands and muscles b) inhibit repressed memories from being formed c) promote digestion of food d) all of the above
a
16. This neurotransmitter is suspected of playing a role in Alzheimer's disease. a) Acetylcholine b) Dopamine c) GABA d) Norepinephrine
a
24. Your text book likens the depolarization and repolarization of a neuron that fires to ________. a) the wave done by the rows of people at a sports event b) a door opening and closing c) a tree bending in the wind d) a car speeding up and slowing down
a
26. Communication within neurons is _____ ,whereas communication between neurons is _____. a) electrical; chemical b) unmylinated; myelinated c) chemical; electrical d) very slow; very fast
a
29. When the neuron is at its resting potential, the fluid inside the axon: a) has more negatively charged ions than the fluid outside. b) has more positively charged ions than the fluid outside. c) has an equal number of negatively and positively charged ions outside. d) does not have any negative or positive ions.
a
3. The basic units of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that process, store, and transmit information are the _____. a) neurons b) neurotransmitters c) synapses d) myelin
a
34. Levels of serotonin, too low in depressed individuals, can be boosted by _____. a) taking antidepressants b) taking L-dopa c) taking anxiolytics d) taking levodopa
a
39. The endocrine system is composed of all the following, EXCEPT the _____ gland. a) neurotransmitter b) pituitary c) adrenal d) thyroid
a
42. The link between the brain and the spinal cord and the rest of the body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands is the _____ nervous system. a) peripheral b) autonomic c) somatic d) sympathetic
a
48. _____ are the immature, precursors that give birth to new, specialized cells. a) Stem cells b) Dendrites c) Axons d) Neurogenic cells
a
51. The somatic nervous system is made up of _____. a) nerves that connect to sensory receptors and control skeletal muscles b) the spinal cord and interneurons in the spine c) the nerves that maintain the functioning of the glands, heart muscles, and other smooth muscles d) all of these options
a
53. The _____ nervous system is responsible for involuntary tasks, whereas the _____ nervous system is responsible for voluntary tasks. a) autonomic; somatic b) somatic; autonomic c) central; peripheral d) peripheral; centr
a
56. Diane got very angry at Chris, and they argued over dinner. Afterward, Diane had a stomach ache. This was probably because: a) her sympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument b) her parasympathetic nervous system activated and shut down digestion during the argument c) her endocrine system sent out too many hormones to her stomach d) her central nervous system signaled for too much acid to be produced in her stomach
a
58. This term refers to the fact that various parts of the brain are specialized for particular functions. a) Localization of function b) Specialized functioning c) Functional ablation d) Brain plasticity
a
59. A main function of the medulla is to _____. a) control automatic bodily functions such as respiration and heart rate b) coordinate fine motor movement in the fingers and face c) regulate the functioning of the pons d) all of these options
a
66. Yuri works as a switchboard operator at a busy company. He directs incoming calls from all over the world to appropriate departments for processing. His job can be compared to the job of the _____ in your brain. a) thalamus b) hypothalamus c) pons and medulla d) cerebral cortex
a
68. This is a small structure that maintains homeostasis. It also regulates emotions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression. a) Hypothalamus b) Hippocampus c) Pituitary gland d) Thalamus
a
75. The case of Phineas Gage suggests that the _____ lobes regulate our personality. These lobes are largely responsible for much of what makes us uniquely human. a) frontal b) temporal c) parietal d) occipital
a
82. The reason you can wiggle your fingers "better" than you can wiggle your toes is because your _____ for your fingers than for your toes. a) motor cortex is larger b) somatosensory cortex is larger c) motor cortex is smaller d) somatosensory cortex is smaller
a
88. In most adults, the left hemisphere of the brain is specialized for . a) analytical functions b) nonverbal functions c) recognition of faces d) All of the above
a
92. Tongue-curling is a dominant trait. If you can curl your tongue, this means that _____. a) at least one of your parents can b) everyone in your family can c) both your parents have recessive genes for tongue-curling d) A or C
a
93. This is a measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors. a) heritability b) inheritance c) the biological ratio d) the genome statistic
a
100. With regard to gender and the brain, research has shown: a) variations between the sexes are larger than variations within each sex b) variations between the sexes are smaller than variations within each sex c) there are no variations within each sex d) there are no variations between each sex
b
12. The tips of the branches of the axon are called _____. a) dendrites b) terminal buttons c) soma d) mitochondria
b
17. Too much of this neurotransmitter may be related to schizophrenia, whereas too little of this neurotransmitter may be related to Parkinson's disease. a) Acetylcholine b) Dopamine c) Norepinephrine d) Serotonin
b
28. Your body has designed a traffic signal for action potentials traveling from one neuron to another. In this system, a red light represents _____. a) an excitatory neurotransmitter b) an inhibitory neurotransmitter c) a combination of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters d) none of these options; once started, an action potential never stops
b
31. A synapse is _____. a) the gap between the brain and the skull that contains cerebrospinal fluid b) the gap between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron or gland c) the vestibule that contains neurotransmitters d) the place where neurotransmitters exchange ionic molecules
b
35. Drugs act at the synapse by _____. a) causing the action potential to fire b) replacing, decreasing, or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitter c) initiating the graded potential d) acting to enhance the amount of neurotransmitters
b
36. The brain and the spinal cord make up the: a) PNS b) CNS c) endocrine system d) sympathetic nervous system
b
41. In your text, the analogy was presented that neurotransmission at the synapse is like _____ whereas hormonal communication is like _____. a) a drug; a vitamin b) an individual message; a global email c) a global email; an individual message d) a classroom; television
b
44. Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change its _____ in response to environmental conditions. a) shape, weight, and size b) structure and function c) basic organization d) all of these options
b
5. The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____. a) somas; axon b) dendrites; axon c) axons; dendrite d) dendrites; soma
b
61. This structure at the top of the brain stem is involved in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming. a) Medulla b) Pons c) Cerebellum d) Reticular formation
b
63. The next time you see someone at a party who is having trouble walking properly, you might say, "He has had too much alcohol to drink, and it went right to his _____." a) reticular formation b) cerebellum c) frontal lobe d) parietal lobe
b
71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cerebral cortex? a) It is the convoluted gray matter on the outside surface of the brain. b) It controls both autonomic and voluntary behavior. c) It regulates most complex behavior. d) It is responsible for higher mental processes.
b
79. While roller blading without a helmet, Irena fell and hit the back of her head. She was taken to the hospital because she injured her _____. a) motor cortex, and was paralyzed b) occipital lobe, and had visual problems c) thalamus, and was paralyzed d) brain stem, and stopped breathing
b
83. This is a term for the specialization of the left and right hemisphere of the brain for particular operations. a) Localization b) Lateralization c) Plasticity d) All of these options
b
89. The case of Phineas Gage most clearly demonstrated that _____________ was/were a function of the brain - especially the frontal lobe. a) thought disorders b) personality c) cognitive impairment d) dementia
b
90. _____ are threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic information. a) Genes b) Chromosomes c) Stem cells d) Heredity cells
b
91. Genes are found on chromosomes and _____. a) contain threadlike double-strands of DNA molecules b) carry the code for hereditary transmission c) are precursor cells that give birth to new cells d) all of these options
b
94. It is likely that your genetics has absolutely nothing to do with the color of the shoes you are wearing right now. This would mean that your choice of shoe color this morning has a heritability estimate of _____. a) -1 b) 0% c) +1 d) 100%
b
96. _____ are suspected causes in disorders such as Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. a) Strokes b) Genetic abnormalities c) Hormonal abnormalities d) All of these options
b
1. The scientific study of the biology of behavior and mental processes is called _______. a) biopsychocognition b) behavioral biology c) biopsychology d) biobehaviorism
c
18. Michael J. Fox has Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease results from: a) too little serotonin b) too much dopamine c) too little dopamine d) too much serotonin
c
19. This neurotransmitter's major role is to inhibit neural transmissions in the central nervous system. a) Acetylcholine b) Dopamine c) GABA d) Norepinephrine
c
2. The interdisciplinary field that studies how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called ____. a) biopsychocognition b) behavioral biology c) neuroscience d) biobehaviorism
c
20. A chemical substance in the nervous system that is involved in pain control, pleasure, and memory is _____. a) morphine b) epinephrine c) endorphin d) acetylcholine
c
21. When an axon is not stimulated, it is in a polarized state called _____. a) steady state b) homeostasis c) the resting potential d) super polarized
c
22. Most poisons and drugs act at the _________ by replacing, decreasing or enhancing the amount of neurotransmitter. a) soma b) cell c) synapse d) all of the above
c
23. __________ help explain why soldiers and athletes continue to fight, despite horrific injuries. a) Courageous attitudes b) Morphine receptors c) Endorphins d) Transcranial stimuli
c
25. Your textbook's definition of an action potential is _____. a) the likelihood that a neuron will take action when stimulated b) the tendency for a neuron to be potentiated by neurotransmitters c) a neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron d) the firing of a nerve, either toward or away from the brain
c
37. A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____. a) nervous system b) alimentary system c) endocrine system d) hypothalamus
c
4. The cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for neurons are called _____ cells. a) nerve b) axon c) glial d) dendrite
c
40. Which of the following is NOT associated with the endocrine system? a) Hypothalamus b) Pituitary c) Serotonin d) Hormones
c
46. In the future, _____ may be used to treat injury, disease, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, epilepsy, stress, and strokes. a) dopamine b) neuroplasticity c) stem cells d) serotonin
c
50. The peripheral nervous system is made up of the______ nervous systems. a) sympathetic and parasympathetic b) central and somatic c) somatic and autonomic d) autonomic and parasympathetic
c
52. Anna hears her teacher ask a question she knows the answer to, so she raises her hand so she can speak. Which division of the nervous system was responsible for her hand going up? a) Central nervous system b) Autonomic nervous system c) Somatic nervous system d) Parasympathetic nervous system
c
54. The _____ nervous system is responsible for fight or flight, whereas the _____ nervous system is responsible for maintaining calm. a) central; peripheral b) parasympathetic; sympathetic c) sympathetic; parasympathetic d) autonomic; somatic
c
57. This part of the brain is responsible for survival functions such as heart beat and respiration. a) Cerebellum b) Corpus callosum c) Brain stem d) Thalamus
c
6. An impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in the following order: a) cell body, axon, dendrites b) cell body, dendrites, axon c) dendrites, cell body, axon d) axon, cell body, dendrites
c
62. This structure at the base of the brain, behind the brain stem, is responsible for maintaining smooth movements, balance, and some aspects of perception and cognition. a) Frontal lobe b) Motor control area c) Cerebellum d) Corpus callosum
c
64. While reading your newspaper in the morning, you notice a crash in the street outside. The part of your brain that refocuses your attention from the paper to the crash is the _____. a) medulla b) cerebral cortex c) reticular formation d) auditory cortex
c
67. Injury to the thalamus can cause all except which of the following? a) Deafness b) Blindness c) Loss of smell d) Loss of taste
c
69. The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus are all parts of the _____. a) brain stem b) reticular formation c) limbic system d) neocortical unit
c
70. This almond-shaped structure is part of the limbic system and helps regulate emotion. a) Fornix b) Hippocampus c) Amygdala d) None of these options
c
72. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes make up the _____. a) subcortical area of the brain b) reticular formation c) cerebral cortex d) association areas of the brain
c
74. Beverly had a stroke that has left her with Broca's aphasia, even though she can read and write. This suggests her _____ was damaged. a) left parietal lobe b) right temporal lobe c) left frontal lobe d) entire occipital lobe
c
76. This is the seat of body sensations. a) Frontal lobe b) Occipital lobe c) Parietal lobe d) Temporal lobe
c
8. What part(s) of the cell receive incoming messages? a) Axons and cell body b) Dendrites and axons c) Dendrites and cell body d) Axons
c
81. If your neighbor was abducted by aliens and they removed his right parietal lobe, he would be unable to _____. a) move the left side of his body b) move the right side of his body c) feel sensations from the left side of his body d) fell sensations from the right side of his body
c
84. You have a close friend who has undergone surgery to separate her brain hemispheres. It is MOST likely that, prior to surgery, she suffered from _____. a) schizophrenia b) dyslexia c) severe epilepsy d) bilateral localization
c
85. Although the left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized, they are normally in close communication through the _____. a) reciprocating circuits b) thalamus c) corpus callosum d) cerebellum
c
86. A split-brain patient is presented with the word "TENANT," with "TEN" presented to her right visual field, and "ANT" presented to her left visual field. How does she respond when asked what word she sees? a) Tenant b) Ten c) Ant d) She reports she sees nothing
c
9. The BEST definition of the myelin sheath is a _____. a) protein membrane that increases the electrical receptivity of axons b) fatty substance that collects inside axons, slowing the rate of an action potential c) fatty insulation wrapped around some axons that increases the rate at which impulse travel along the axon d) protein that converts food into energy within the nucleus of a neuron
c
97. Evolutionary psychology is the branch of psychology that looks at _____. a) how fossil discoveries affect behavior b) the relationship between genes and the environment c) the relationship between evolutionary changes and behavior d) the effect of culture change on behavior
c
99. Genetic mutations are responsible for _____. a) continuing, long-term improvement in plant and animal species b) differences in concepts of beauty and religions in various cultures c) changes in a species that helps them adapt to a particular environment d) all of these options
c
14. Among other behaviors, this neurotransmitter also affects sleep, appetite, and emotional states. a) acetylcholine b) dopamine c) norepinephrine d) serotonin
d
15. Certain forms of depression are related to lowered levels of _____. a) Prozac b) Zoloft c) GABA d) serotonin
d
27. Neurotransmitters are _____. a) chemicals that cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on another neuron b) excitatory chemicals that make it more likely that a neuron will fire c) inhibitory chemicals that make it less likely that a neuron will fire d) all of these options
d
32. If you run a marathon, your body will release _____ to elevate your mood and reduce your pain. a) lactic acid b) epinephrine c) norepinephrine d) endorphins
d
38. Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system identified in your text? a) Impact sexual behavior and reproduction b) Maintain the body's normal function c) Influence growth d) Control the fight-or-flight response
d
43. Sal had a severe stroke that left him unable to talk for a year. However, during the second year, he gradually regained his ability to speak. What is the most probable explanation for what happened? a) The neurons regenerated b) Neurons split to form new neurons c) Stem cells initiated the formation of new cells d) The brain rerouted the neurons around the damaged area
d
45. Replacing lost cells in the brain with new cells is called ________. a) neuroplasticity b) neuroformulation c) neurokinesis d) neurogenesis
d
47. A possible future treatment to help people who are paralyzed from spinal cord injuries walk again is ______. a) neuroplasticity b) stem cell transplants c) neurogenesis d) both B and C
d
49. An impulse that travels inward from a sensory fiber to the spinal cord, then outward to a muscle fiber is called a(n) _____. a) inhibitory potential b) sensory-motor arc c) excitatory potential d) reflex arc
d
55. Sensory neurons carry messages _____ the central nervous system; motor neurons carry messages _____ the central nervous system. a) to; to b) away from; to c) away from; away from d) to; away from
d
60. Three structures included in the hindbrain are the: a) thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem b) amygdala, pons, and reticular formation c) hypothalamus, pons, and the brainstem d) medulla, pons, and cerebellum
d
65. The largest and most prominent part of the human brain is the _____. a) cerebellum b) hindbrain c) midbrain d) forebrain
d
7. Which of the following is TRUE of the cell body? a) It accepts incoming information from dendrites. b) It determines whether the neuron should fire and pass information on to the axon. c) It contains the cell nucleus. d) All of these options
d
73. Motor control, speech production, thinking, personality, emotion, and memory are all governed by your _____. a) parietal lobe b) occipital lobe c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe
d
77. The _____ lobes are involved with hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control. a) frontal b) occipital c) posterior d) temporal
d
78. _____ area is found in the temporal lobe, and is involved with language comprehension. a) Broca's b) The association c) Gage's d) Wernicke's
d
80. This lobe is involved in the perception of shape, color, and motion. a) Frontal b) Parietal c) Temporal d) Occipital
d
87. In most adults, the right hemisphere of the brain is specialized for _____. a) musical abilities b) spatial abilities c) nonverbal abilities d) all of these options
d
95. Which type of twins can be helpful to researchers studying the contribution of genetics and environmental for behavior? a) Identical b) Dizygotic c) Fraternal d) All of these options
d
98. Natural selection is MOST accurately summarized by the saying _____. a) "Survival of the fittest" b) "Might makes right" c) "Only the good die young" d) "Reproduction of the fittest"
d
30. Excess neurotransmitters left in the synapse after an action potential _______. a) are absorbed back into the sending neuron b) stay in the synapse waiting for the next action potential c) are broken down by enzymes d) all of the above e) both A and C
e
33. The class of neurotransmitters known as endorphins function to ______. a) elevate mood b) reduce pain c) affect memory and learning d) both A and C e) all of the
e
