Psyc Chapter 5, psych ch. 5-8, test 2

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

association

Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process.

association ??????

A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts

associative network

The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:

awareness

On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15

b. 11

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. a. 15 b. 18 c. 22 d. 25

b. 18

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. a. 1 or 2 b. 3 or 4 c. 5 or 6 d. 8 or 9

b. 3 or 4

Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? a. Increased rate of neuron development b. Slowed heart rate c. Turning over of the fetus d. Greater frequency of kicking

b. Slowed heart rate

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. a. pruning b. neurogenesis c. neural migration d. individuation

b. neurogenesis

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. a. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain b. overload their frontal lobes c. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus d. overload their flocculonodular lobe

b. overload their frontal lobes

Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. a. sensorimotor b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational

b. preconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

b. preoperational

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. a. cognitive programming b. pruning c. rewiring d. enriching

b. pruning

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development.

C. sensorimotor

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________.

C. strange situation

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on:

C. universal moral principles.

Which of the following is true about explicit memory?

Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.

T/F: By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.

False

T/F: The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.

False

T/F: The combining of an egg and the womb is called "fertilization."

False (egg and sperm)

T/F: In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.

False (eliminating extra neural connections)

T/F: Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.

False (least well developed sense)

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before.

Fluid

Which psychologist coined the term preconscious?

Freud

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter?

Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

Hallucination

What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?

Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning

Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis?

Hypnotized people are in reality awake

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?

Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence?

In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?

Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate?

It is a real activity that the brain experiences

Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?

It is driven by attention

Which of the following is true about effortful processing?

It is the basis of semantic memory

According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder?

MDMA

What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do?

Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time

Which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery?

Months ago, Dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she had a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge.

What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal?

Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training?

Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which of the following statements is true about pruning?

Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?

Psilocybin

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. b. children develop egocentrism. c. the size of the frontal lobe increases. d. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.

a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.

What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory?

Synaptic connections get strengthened.

Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s?

The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. a. zygote b. fetus c. blastocyst d. embryo

a. zygote

EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal:

abnormality in sleep spindles.

"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

acronym

______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.

alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy?

amphetamines

T/F: A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.

True

T/F: Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.

True

T/F: By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.

True

T/F: In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identification.

True

T/F: Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.

True

T/F: Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.

True

T/F: Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.

True

T/F: The brain is the first major organ to develop, after conception.

True

T/F: The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.

True

T/F: The formal operational stage begins about the age of 12.

True

T/F: The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.

True

T/F: The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.

True

T/F: Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.

True

T/F: Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.

True

Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to?

Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.

Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something?

When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together

Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?

When the various sensory elements get integrated.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur.

Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter?

White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.

Can negative reinforcers be punishers?

Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors ???

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________.

a stroke

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? a. Age b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Social class

a. Age

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________.

18

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's.

3 or 4

There are 4 types of touch receptors.

4

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces.

7 months

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:

A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________.

A. the development of moral reasoning in children

What does the AIM stand for?

Activation, input, and mode

Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance?

Addiction

Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep?

An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

Auditory

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders.

B. neurogenesis

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls.

B. Estradiol

Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep?

B. It consolidates memory.

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth?

B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect?

B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.

Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation?

B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.

B. preoperational

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers.

C. attachment

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________.

C. egocentrism

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. b. This is the second stage of cognitive development. c. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. d. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.

a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. a. Egocentrism b. Object permanence c. Animistic thinking d. Pruning

a. Egocentrism

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. b. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. c. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. d. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. a. postconventional b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational

a. postconventional

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. a. sweet b. salty c. sour d. bitter

a. sweet

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. a. the development of moral reasoning in children b. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age c. the cognitive ability of children d. the development of linguistic ability in children

a. the development of moral reasoning in children

Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope b. the vision of the fetus is fully developed c. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed d. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed

a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope

Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy."

are depressed or anxious

Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________

associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response

Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? a. Animistic thinking increases. b. Heart rate decreases. c. Scientific thinking becomes possible. d. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.

c. Scientific thinking becomes possible.

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: a. avoidance of punishments. b. the social consequences of an action. c. universal moral principles. d. individual moral temperaments.

c. universal moral principles.

__________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped.

cell assemblies

In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.

central executive

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.

crystallized

A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. a. 8 b. 12 c. 18 d. 26

d. 26

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. a. 2 years b. 3 months c. 1 year d. 7 months

d. 7 months

_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. a. Bipolar disorder b. Schizophrenia c. Down syndrome d. Alzheimer's disease

d. Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? a. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. b. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. c. At birth, infants are far-sighted. d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. preoperational d. concrete operational

d. concrete operational

The natural painkiller in the human body is:

endorphin

One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________.

engage in thrill-seeking behaviors

___________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.

ethology

Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:

excellent memories

In operant conditioning, ____________ occurs when a behavior stops being reinforced

extinction ???

Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is:

extremely drunk

The brain is not very active during sleep.

f

Each cycle of REM-nonREM sleep periods last about 90 minutes.

f.....t

AIM stands for Awake, Images and Movement.

false

Alcohol is a type of stimulant.

false

Marijuana actually contains few, if any, of the carcinogens found in cigarette smoke.

false

Nicotine is the world's most commonly used psychoactive drug.

false

Psychoactive drugs are only found in Western cultures.

false

The frontal lobes are typically not affected by excessive drinking.

false

Unexpectedly, caffeine relaxes the skeletal muscles.

false

When we choose to be aware of as much of the world around us as possible, we are engaging in selective attention.

false

The scale for the loudness of sound is the metronome.

false (decibels)

Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):

false memory

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________.

feelings of self-worth in adulthood

The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception.

fetal

If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.

five

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop?

formal operational

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception.

four to six months

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.

gained significantly more weight

Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________.

generativity versus stagnation

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________.

gray matter WRONG ANSWER

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

growth of new neurons

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

habituation

Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?

hallucination

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood?

having a child

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain.

heart

Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is:

highly mindful

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment.

identity crisis

Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of:

increased energy

Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks?

increased heart rate

Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress?

increased heart rate

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play.

insecure-resistant

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________.

integrity and despair

Which of the following is true of REM?

it is characterized by active dreaming

Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's:

lack of conservation

The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________.

latent learning 305

According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:

latent level

Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:

lysergic acid diethylamide-25.

Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?

marijuana

Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?

melatonin

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.

middle adulthood

Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person.

mindful

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

minimally conscious

Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?

morphine

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________.

myelin

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.

myelinated

The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.

negative reinforcement 294

Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.

neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus

Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a:

node

When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as:

object permanence

Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________.

observational learning 306

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.

operant conditioning

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________.

overload their frontal lobes

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children.

overweight

_________ is a well known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks.

parallel distributed processing

A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that:

people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.

Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing

phonemic

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature?

pituitary

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development.

postconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.

preoperational

The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage.

primacy

___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli.

priming

What does REM stand for?

rapid eye movement

A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.

recovered

Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):

recovered memory

Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?

rehearsing the stored process

When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________.

reinforced

Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will:

relive an extremely traumatic event over and over

If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life.

schizophrenia

During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer?

semantic

In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing.

semantic processing

____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory.

sensation

3. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?

sensorimotor

Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

sensorimotor

From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:

serial position effect

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.

shaping

_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.

short-term

By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help.

six

_____________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.

television

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.

television

The male gonads are called ______________.

testes

According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times?

texting

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:

the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others

While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the secondary reinforcer?

the treat 294

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________.

theory of mind

The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work.

theory of mind

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________.

three

A circadian rhythm refers to a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle.

true

Amplitude of a soundwave refers to loudness.

true

An example of a "loss of consciousness" is "fainting."

true

Attention refers to the "focusing of conscious."

true

Consciousness is considered to be a combination of wakefulness and awareness.

true

Depressants slow down central nervous system activity.

true

Hearing begins when we sense sound waves.

true

Hypnosis has been found to help with pain during childbirth.

true

In a dichotic listening task, a different message is directed to each ear at the same time.

true

LSD is a hallucinogen.

true

Melatonin is a hormone that makes us sleepy.

true

Moderate alcohol use can be beneficial for the cardiovascular system.

true

Most people dream numerous times each night, but typically we do not remember our dreams on awakening.

true

The Cognitive theory of dreams, suggests that dreams are similar to our everyday thinking experience.

true

The Cognitive-Biological theory of dreams combines the Cognitive theory and the AIM theory.

true

The degree to which a person can monitor information from the environment and one's own thoughts is "awareness."

true

The higher the frequency of a sound, the higher the pitch.

true

Tobacco is used throughout the world.

true

Wakefulness is the degree to which a person is awake or asleep.

true

When we sleep and dream, we are considered to be "moderately conscious."

true

After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.

unable to form new memories

Since dogs always salivate at the sight of food, salivation in this case would be called a(n) ___________.

unconditioned response (UCR)

A tap just below your kneecap will cause your leg to jerk forth. This is an example of a(n) ___________.

unconditioned stimulus

In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.

variable-ratio schedule 300

Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:

visuospatial sketch pad

Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of:

wakefulness and awareness

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________.

wisdom

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment.

wisdom

Which of the following statements is true of dreams?

A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?

"Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest?

. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.

0.08

T/F: A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.

True

Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?

A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting. 292

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia?

A. Age

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

A. Prenatal programming

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?

A. Sensorimotor

Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?

A. William Dement

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage?

A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________.

A. bone cells

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario.

B. animistic thinking

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.

B. crystallized

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.

B. gained significantly more weight

Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative?

Benzodiazepines

How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?

By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses

Which of the following is true about brain waves?

C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.

Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness?

C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

C. intimacy

People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:

C. minimally conscious.

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.

C. myelinated

Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep?

Circadian rhythm

Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?

Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision?

D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe.

D. concrete operational

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people.

D. generativity

Talking while driving:

D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.

_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic.

Delirium tremens

When does sleepwalking usually occur?

During non-REM sleep

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

4. Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Question 5 options:

During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma?

Emotional responsiveness

Which of the following is true of nicotine?

It relaxes the automatic nervous system

Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?

It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

What did B. F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?

Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior.

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?

There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy

Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?

They are more likely to be iron deficient.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario?

This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal?

Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.

Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience?

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. a. Prenatal programming b. Neuron migration c. Pruning d. Generativity

a. Prenatal programming

Which of the following statements is true about pruning? a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. b. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. c. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. d. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.

a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational

a. Sensorimotor

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. b. The difficult child is happy most of the time. c. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions d. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.

a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. b. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. c. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. d. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.

a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? a. Vision b. Hearing c. Taste d. Smell

a. Vision

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage b. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote c. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote d. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage

a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: a. a person's personality becomes whole and full. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

a. a person's personality becomes whole and full.

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. a. bone cells b. zygote c. brain d. blastocyst

a. bone cells

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. a. identity crisis b. sensorimotor stage c. pruning d. neural migration

a. identity crisis

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disorganized d. insecure-disoriented

a. insecure-resistant

As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. a. larger cerebellums b. fewer neurons c. thinner corpus callosum d. more white matter

a. larger cerebellums

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. a. middle adulthood b. late adulthood c. emerging adulthood d. early adulthood

a. middle adulthood

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. a. overweight b. blind c. depressed d. violent

a. overweight

A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. a. physical movement and body control b. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings c. peer relationships and status d. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers

a. physical movement and body control

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? a. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. c. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. d. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.

b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.

In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? a. Germinal stage b. Embryonic stage c. Fetal stage d. Blastocyst stage

b. Embryonic stage

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. a. Testosterone b. Estradiol c. Leptin d. Oxytocin

b. Estradiol

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? a. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. c. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. d. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.

b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? a. Animistic thinking b. Having a child c. Symbolic thinking d. Graduating

b. Having a child

Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. c. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. d. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.

b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? a. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. c. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. d. It has always caused brain growth.

b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? a. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking c. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet d. Developing an infection during pregnancy

b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? a. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. c. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. d. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.

b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? a. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor d. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. a. matter conservation b. animistic thinking c. egocentrism d. social referencing

b. animistic thinking

A teratogen is: a. brain region responsible for the ability to speak. b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. c. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. d. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.

b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. a. amorphous b. crystallized c. alternative d. fluid

b. crystallized

The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. a. talking on cell phones b. exposed to violence in video games c. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles d. texting in the classroom

b. exposed to violence in video games

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. a. cried less b. gained significantly more weight c. slept significantly more d. fell ill more frequently

b. gained significantly more weight

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. a. two b. three c. four d. five

b. three

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. a. fluid intelligence b. wisdom c. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence d. crystallized intelligence

b. wisdom

Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:

boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? a. Infants b. Babies c. Adolescents d. Elderly adults

c. Adolescents

Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? a. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. b. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. d. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.

c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. a. Crystallized b. Alternative c. Fluid d. Amorphous

c. Fluid

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? a. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. b. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. d. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.

c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? a. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. b. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. d. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.

c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. a. Parkinson's disease b. a bipolar disorder c. a stroke d. Alzheimer's disease

c. a stroke

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. a. self-assured and flexible b. highly career oriented c. anxious and self-doubting d. emotionally sterile and calculating

c. anxious and self-doubting

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. a. cognition b. imprinting c. attachment d. sublimation

c. attachment

During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. a. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error b. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events d. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. a. individuation b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. animistic thinking

c. egocentrism

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. a. poorer performance in school b. more conflicts with authority figures c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood d. more conflicts with parents

c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. a. one to two months b. two to three months c. four to six months d. seven to eight months

c. four to six months

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disoriented d. insecure-attached

c. insecure-disoriented

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. a. pruning b. rewiring c. intimacy d. object permanence

c. intimacy

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. a. rewired b. migrated c. myelinated d. pruned

c. myelinated

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. sensorimotor d. preoperational

c. sensorimotor

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. a. prison study b. obedience experiment c. strange situation d. line judgment task

c. strange situation

The Gestalt law of ________ occurs when we perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information.

closure

According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage.

concrete operational

A(n) ____________ is a previously neutral input that an organism leans to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus (CS) 289

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.

conditioning of reflexes

The second stage of long-term memory formation is

consolidation

Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition.

contact

Robert asks Thomas if he heard a knock at the door, and Thomas says that he did not. Robert, swearing he heard a knock, goes to the door and opens it, but there is no one there. Signal detection researchers would label Thomas's report of no knock as a _______.

correct rejection

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? a. Parathyroid b. Adrenaline c. Alveolar d. Pituitary

d. Pituitary

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. a. Computer b. Cellphone c. Video game d. Television

d. Television

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? a. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. b.A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. c. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. a. bottom of the brain to the top b. top of the brain to the bottom c. frontal lobes to the back of the brain d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. a. heart b. intestine c. liver d. central nervous system

d. central nervous system

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. a. bargaining b. depression c. anger d. denial

d. denial

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. a. difficult b. conventional c. slow-to-warm-up d. easy

d. easy

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. a. two b. five c. six d. eight

d. eight

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. a. pruning b. neural migration c. prenatal programming d. generativity

d. generativity

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. a. skull b. liver c. intestine d. heart

d. heart

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. a. gray matter b. number of neurons c. number of axons d. myelin

d. myelin

According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. preoperational

d. preoperational

Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. a. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters b. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder c. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change d. the environment affects gene expression

d. the environment affects gene expression

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. a. egocentrism b. animistic thinking c. object permanence d. theory of mind

d. theory of mind

What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device?

decrease in parietal lobe activity

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________.

denial

If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):

depressant

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.

easy

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant.

eight

The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________.

embryo

REM stands for Rapid Eye Movements.

t

meditation:

stabilizes attention

Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.

stimulus generalization ???

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________.

strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument 316

Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the:

subcortex (273)

The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors.

sweet

Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.

synapses ???

________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.

synesthesia

Alpha waves are dominant when we are drowsy.

t

Beta waves are dominant during wakeful periods.

t

Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?

the cocktail party effect

Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?

the cognitive theory

Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention?

the dichotic listening test

According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them?

the growth of new neurons was inhibited

To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ___________.

the learner wants

Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior?

the perceptual load theory

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which:

the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient