PSYC Chapter 7

Class inclusion

Categorizing a new object or concept as belonging to a broader group of objects or concepts.

There is a debate as to whether language developments follow or precedes _____ development.

Cognitive.

Most preschoolers cannot conserve volume, mass, or number because they _____.

Focus on one dimension of a situation at a time.

Centration

Focusing on an aspect or characteristic of a situation or problem.

Sleep terrors

Frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep.

Preschoolers' learning of grammatical rules has led to ______.

Overregularization.

According the Kellogg, the final stage in children's drawings is the ______ stage.

Pictoral

Symbolic play

Play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are. Also called pretend play.

Rehearsal

Repetition.

Gross motor skill

Skill employing the large muscles used in locomotion.

Overregularization

The application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns.

Appearance-reality distinction

The difference between real events on the one hand and mental events, fantasies, and misleading appearances on the other hand.

In the United States, about one child in _______ suffers from a major chronic illness.

Three.

A three-year-old may argue that she should go on the swings because it is light outside. Her logic is an example of _______ reasoning.

Transductive.

T or F: "Because Mommy wants me to" may be a perfectly good explanation- for a three-year-old.

True. It is true that "Because Mommy wants me to" may be a perfectly good explanation- for a three-year-old. This line of "reasoning" is another reflection of early childhood egocentrism.

T or F: Two-year-olds tend to assume that their parents are aware of everything that is happening to them, even when their parents are not present.

True. It is true that two-year-olds do tend to assume that their parents are aware of everything that is happening to them, even when their parents are not present. This erroneous (but adorable) assumption reflects their egocentrism and their inability to focus on multiple aspects of a situation simultaneously.

We would expect a child to first be able to build a tower of six cubes at the age of ____.

Two years.

Inner speech

Vygotsky's concept of the ultimate binding of language and thought. Inner speech originates in vocalizations that may regulate the child's behavior and become internalized by age six or seven.

The average four- to six-year-old needs about ________ calories a day.

1,400

How many hours of sleep does the National Sleep Foundation recommend that three- to five-year-olds obtain in a 24-hour period?

11 to 13.

We would expect a child to be able to catch a small ball, using hands only, by the age of _____.

5 years, or any answer between 60-71 months.

According to the text, if both of a child's parents are left-handed, the child's probability of becoming left-handed is about _____%.

50.

Theory of mind

A commonsense understanding of how the mind works.

Fast mapping

A process of quickly determining a word's meaning, which facilitates children's vocabulary development.

Precausal

A type of thought in which natural cause-and-effect relationships are attributed to will and other preoperational concepts.

Scripts

Abstract, generalized accounts of familiar repeated events.

Plasticity of the brain is greatest, when?

At about one to two years of age.

Sleep terrors differ from nightmares in that they typically occur during _______ sleep.

Deep.

Piaget used the three-mountains test to study ______ in children.

Egocentrism.

Studies of Head Start show that it has been effective at _____.

Enhancing the cognitive development of economically deprived children.

What is true about enuresis?

Enuresis is usually outgrown.

Enuresis

Failure to control the bladder (urination) once the normal age for control has been reached.

Bed-wetting

Failure to control the bladder during the night.

Encopresis

Failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached. Also called soiling.

T or F: Competent parents toilet train their children by their second birthday.

False. It is not true that competent parents toilet train their children by their second birthday. Most American children are actually toilet trained between the ages of three and four.

T or F: A preschooler's having imaginary playmate is a sign of loneliness or psychological problems.

False. It is not true that having imaginary playmates is a sign of loneliness or psychological problems. Having imaginary companions is a normal-though not universal- aspect of development.

T or F: Some children are left-brained, and others are right brained.

False. It is not true that some children are left-brained and others are right-brained. The statement is too all-inclusive to be true. The functions of the two brain hemispheres overlap.

Conservation

In cognitive psychology, the principle that properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same (are conserved) when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or arrangement are changed.

What happens to the rate of growth between the ages two and six, when compared to the growth rate during infancy?

It slows down

Scales of the HOME Inventory

Parental emotional and verbal responsiveness, avoidance of restriction and punishment, organization of physical environment, provision of appropriate play materials, parental involvement with child, and opportunities for variety in daily stimulation.

Egocentrism

Putting oneself at the center of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person's point of view.

Transductive reasoning

Reasoning from the specific to the specific.

Most children do not engage in spontaneous ____________ to remember things until they are about five years of age.

Rehearsal

Fine motor skills

Skills employing the small muscles used in manipulation, such as those in the fingers.

Somnambulism

Sleepwalking.

Piaget believed that children usually begin to engage in pretend play in the second year, when they have developed the ability to ________ objects.

Symbolize.

Contrast assumption

The assumption that objects have only one label.

Whole-object assumption

The assumption that words refer to whole objects and not to their component parts of characteristics.

Animism

The attribution of life and intentionality to inanimate objects.

Artificialism

The belief that environmental features were made by people.

Autobiographical memory

The memory of specific episodes or events.

Pragmatics

The practical aspects of communication, such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation.

Preoperational stage

The second stage in Piaget's scheme, characterized by inflexible and irreversible mental manipulation of symbols.

Plasticity

The tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts.

Corpus callosum

The thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. Myelination of the corpus callosum, this process is largely complete by the age of eight.

T or F: Some diseases are normal during childhood.

True. It is true that some diseases are normal in childhood. Minor illness, referred to by some as "the stuff going around," are statistically normal, meaning that many or even most children contract them.

Scaffolding

Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the situation in which a child carries out tasks with the help of someone who is more skilled, frequently an adult who represents the culture in which the child develops.