Psyc chapter 8, Chapter 6, Psyc Chapter 5, Chapter 9 Motivation and emotion, Chapter 11: Personality Theory and Assessment, Chapter 10 Health and Stress, 12, 13
stimulus motivation.
According to the arousal theory, being bored can result in _____
episodic memory; semantic memory.
Ali's memory of her high school graduation is stored in her _____; her memory for what year Texas became a state is located in her _____
9
Approximately _____ percent of North Americans have one or more personality disorders.
Conditioned stimuli can be so powerful that we eat when we are not hungry.
How does classical conditioning affect our eating habits?
phallic
Identification with the same-sex parent occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development
ego ideal.
The superego is made up of the conscience and _____
obsessive-compulsive disorder
The technique of exposure and response prevention has been used successfully in treating individuals with
psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism.
The three personality factors studied by Hans Eysenck are _____
psychodynamic therapy.
Uncovering repressed childhood issues, if any exist, and using them to explain an individual's current difficulty is the goal of _____
conservation
Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as _____
A gold star
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
_____ aims at helping individuals overcome cognitive errors.
Reflexes
_____ are defined as built-in responses to certain stimuli that neonates need to ensure survival in their new world.
Humanistic therapies
_____ are psychotherapies that assume that people have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
Carl Rogers; a fully functioning person.
_____ created person-centered therapy in an effort to help each individual become
Biological
_____ factors seem to be central to the development of depressive and bipolar disorders
Atypical neuroleptics
_____ have been developed to target both the positive symptoms and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.
Lithium
_____ is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder and at the proper maintenance dosages reduces both manic and depressive episodes.
Burnout
_____ is a lack of energy, exhaustion, and pessimism that results from chronic stress.
The relearning method
_____ is a measure of memory in which retention is expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally.
Chunking
_____ is a memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units, which are easier to remember.
posttraumatic stress disorder.
_____ is a prolonged and severe stress reaction to a catastrophic event.
Declarative memory
_____ is a subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then stated.
Repression
_____ is a term used to describe when an individual cannot consciously recall a trauma that occurred in her or his life because it is too painful to remember.
Lithium
_____ is/are a naturally occurring salt used to bring an individual out of a manic state.
Reconstruction
_____ occurs when a person remembers the major portions of an event and then fills in the gaps with what she or he generally believes to be true.
Encoding failure
_____ occurs when information never made it into the long-term memory in the first place.
sedentary lifestyle
A _____ is described as spending most of one's time sitting and getting less than 20 minutes of exercise three times per week.
an incentive.
A stimulus from the environment that motivates a behavior is called _____
positive
Adding something good as a consequence of a behavior is called _____ reinforcement.
approach-approach
An _____ conflict occurs when an individual must decide between two equally desirable options.
preoperational
As three-year-old Angelo eats his bagel, he accidentally breaks it in half. He then says to his mom, "Uh oh, the bagel gone. I go get another." Angelo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
in school settings inattentive, impulsive, restless behaviors stand out.
Attention deficit disorder is usually diagnosed when children enter school because _____
Depression
Based on the research, which of the following will interpersonal therapy be effective in resolving?
cause emotional distress.
Behaviors may be classified as abnormal if they _____
increase; the binding of that particular neurotransmitter.
Blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters will lead to a(n) _____ in _____
encoding.
Daris, a marathon runner, is trying diligently to read his textbook, but he keeps finding himself preoccupied with his upcoming race. He is frustrated because he has had to go back and reread sections the textbook in order to really understand the material. Daris seems to be having difficulty with _____
semantic memory and episodic memory.
Declarative memory includes _____
self-actualization
Developing one's fullest potential is the goal of _____
A woman who has just lost her husband in a tragic car accident
Family therapy would probably not be the most ideal treatment for which of the following situations?
group therapy
In _____, several clients meet regularly with one or more therapists to resolve personal problems.
sleep-normalization therapies
Interestingly, several types of therapies have been successful in treating DID, including which of the following?
over age 30.
Obesity is defined by body mass index for individuals who are _____
extraversion
Outgoing and sociable describe aspects of the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs
Prior to working on self-esteem, which of the following needs did Maslow indicate must be met?
the CS has to provide information about the coming of the US.
Robert Rescorla's modern concept of classical conditioning is based on the idea that _____
neurotransmitter
Schizophrenia also involves abnormalities in the _____ system, leading to impaired communication between areas of the brain.
a fraction of a second; two seconds.
Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from _____ to _____
defense mechanisms.
Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called _____
4
Studies show that women are _____ times more likely than men to attempt suicide.
negative
Taking away something that hurts or bothers someone is called _____ reinforcement.
Holmes and Rahe.
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was created by _____
arousal; performance.
The Yerkes-Dodson law links _____ with _____
ventromedial hypothalamus
The _____ is part of the hypothalamus that acts as a satiety (fullness) center to inhibit eating
antibodies.
The key components of the immune system are white blood cells known as _____
a cognitive map.
The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents _____
expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
The three major concepts that form the basis for work motivation within the expectancy theory are _____
the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills
The zone of proximal development refers to _____
Travis is intrinsically motivated.
Travis and Chris are both high school teachers, but they also have summer jobs. They create patios and walkways with brick pavers. Travis works in the summer because he likes to be outside and enjoys creating artistic patios for others. Chris works during the summer because he wants the extra money. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements is true?
proactive interference
Travis is a high school teacher. He has the same group of students for a semester and then gets a whole new group of students the next semester. He notices that when he gets the second group of students, he has difficulty learning their names because he is so used to the names of his last semester students. Travis is experiencing _____.
the development of a fixation
Unsuccessful resolution of any of the stages of psychosexual development will likely result in _____
The uterus expels the placenta
What occurs during stage three of the labor process?
positive punishment.
When a bad thing (aversive stimulus) is applied to a person or animal and decreases the probability of a particular behavior, it is known as _____
insane; legal
When describing abnormal behavior, mental health professionals do not use the term _____, which is a _____ term related to responsibility for one's actions.
developmental age
When doing a psychological assessment to determine whether a behavior is normal in terms of psychological functioning, a person's _____ must also be considered.
intrinsically motivated.
When individuals engage in a particular behavior because they find it pleasurable in and of itself, they are said to be _____
maintenance rehearsal
When information is repeated over and over again until it is no longer needed, the process of _____ is being utilized.
ratio
When the number of responses is important to the schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a(n) _____ schedule.
reversibility
Which of the following allows for the attainment of Piaget's concept of conservation?
It is an ability most closely related to the notion of a "photographic memory."
Which of the following statements is true of eidetic imagery?
It assumes that the individual's beliefs about an event, rather than the event itself, cause distress.
Which of the following statements is true of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
Elaborative rehearsal involves processing at a deeper level, thereby increasing its chances for the information to make it into the long-term memory.
Which of the following statements is true of rehearsal?
Research evidence supports both sides of the debate.
Which of the following statements is true of the situation-trait debate?
Eyewitness testimony is relied upon in the U.S. courts and legal system.
Which of the following statements is true regarding eyewitness testimony?
Children at the end of the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage possess the skill of object permanence.
Which of the following statements is true?
Schachter-Singer theory
Which of the following theories of emotion contains a cognitive component?
Alfred Adler
Which of the following theorists is considered a neo-Freudian?
Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Which of the following therapeutic interventions are types of cognitive behavior therapies (CBT)?
Gestalt therapy
Which of the following therapies is directive and is known for its use of the empty chair technique?
the death instinct
Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of suicidal feelings?
Observational learning
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
Edward Thorndike
Who originated the law of effect?
Generalization
. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not _____ had occurred.
lifestyle changes
. Although there is no evidence for most alternative treatments or preventatives, there is a great deal of scientific research that supports _____ for both prevention and treatment of many health problems.
openness
. Imaginative and intellectually curious describe the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
encoding.
. In terms of the memory process, the physiological change that takes place in the brain to allow for new information to be stored is called
primary
A _____ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
discriminative stimulus
A _____ signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished
Type B behavior pattern
A behavior pattern marked by a relaxed, easygoing approach to life describes _____
the Type D behavior pattern.
A behavior pattern marked by chronic emotional distress, combined with a tendency to suppress negative emotions, describes _____
interpersonal therapy (IPT).
A brief psychotherapy designed to help people with depression better understand and cope with problems relating to their interpersonal relationships defines _____
socioeconomic status.
A collective term for the economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence an individual's relative position in society defines _____
see things from someone else's perspective.
A common feature of autism spectrum disorder across the range of functioning is the inability to _____
Bandura
A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?
Observational learning
A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?
reinforcement; punishment.
A consequence that brings about an increase in the frequency of a behavior is a(n) _____; a consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior is a(n) _____
use more effective coping strategies.
A critical difference between high-hardiness and low-hardiness individuals was found to be that high-hardiness individuals _____
Bandura; aggressive
A famous experiment conducted by _____ showed that children are more likely to be _____ if this behavior is modeled for them.
information-processing theory.
A framework for studying memory that uses the computer as a model of human cognitive processes defines the _____
They still had a low antibody count two weeks later.
A group of medical students was tested after a week of final exams. They were found to have a lowered antibody count, indicating a suppressed immune system. Which of the following is correct?
fear can be conditioned.
A key principle learned in the Little Albert experiment was that _____
short-term memory.
A major problem with cramming for an exam is that it overloads the capacity of _____
a sudden feeling of fear, including physical symptoms such as a racing heart, body shakes, and sweating
A panic attack is _____
manic episode.
A period of excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity often accompanied by delusions of grandeur characterizes a(n) _____
obsession.
A persistent, involuntary thought, image, or impulse that invades consciousness and causes great distress characterizes a(n) _____
compulsion.
A persistent, irresistible, and irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly characterizes a(n) _____
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response.
A puff of air in the eye naturally causes an eye blink response. The puff of air is the _____ and the eye blink is the _____
the zone of proximal development.
A range of cognitive tasks that a child cannot yet do but can learn to do through the guidance of an older child or adult defines _____
behavior modification.
A reduction in your auto insurance cost for a year accident free is an example of _____
increase; decrease
A reinforcer is a consequence that will _____ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that may _____ a behavior.
both the alarm and resistance stages
A release of glucocorticoids is an occurrence in _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.
biomedical model.
A researcher who describes illness solely in terms of biological causes and factors is using a(n) _____
tardive dyskinesia.
A severe side effect of the typical antipsychotic medications that affects many individuals is _____
physical; psychological causes.
A somatic symptom disorder involves _____ symptoms with no known medical cause, thought to be due to _____
a high need for achievement.
A state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of the situation that produced the state, and an outward behavior expressing the state, defines _____
Negative punishment
A student studied very hard in order to avoid getting bad grades and losing her driving privileges. It worked. What was the type of reinforcer she experienced?
positive reinforcement.
A student studied very hard in order to get a good grade. It worked. The good grade is an example of _____
variable-interval.
A teacher gives her class at least one unannounced quiz every week. The students never know which day it will fall on. The teacher is attempting to influence their study habits by using a _____
naïve idealism.
A type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems defines _____
Pathogen
A(n) _____ is a microorganism that can cause illness.
industrial/organizational psychologist
A(n) _____ is a psychologist who applies her or his knowledge in the workplace and is especially interested in work motivation and job performance.
obsession
A(n) _____ is an unwanted, intrusive, and often unpleasant thought that causes an increase in anxiety.
retrieval cue
A(n) _____ is any stimulus or bit of information that aids in retrieving particular information from long-term memory
Stressor
A(n) _____ is any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional stress.
40,000
About _____ suicides are reported in the United States each year.
automatic thoughts
According to Aaron T. Beck, _____ is/are unreasonable but unquestioned ideas that rule a person's life.
collective unconscious.
According to Carl Jung, the idea that all humans everywhere generally care for their young would be found within the _____
a drive.
According to Clark Hull, an internal state of tension is called _____
adolescence; identity vs. role confusion
According to Erikson, searching for one's identity begins in _____ with the _____ stage.
a little girl's identification with her mother.
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Elektra complex leads to _____
a little boy's identification with his father.
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to _____
a period of sexual calm
According to Freud, _____ occurs during the latency stage of psychosexual development.
5 or 6.
According to Freud, individuals develop the moral component of their personality by age _____
death instinct
According to Freud, the _____ accounts for unconscious aggressive and destructive impulses.
life instinct
According to Freud, the _____ fuels the sexual instincts and biological urges such as hunger and thirst.
libido
According to Freud, the _____ is the psychic energy that fuels the entire personality.
conscious.
According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment define the
preconscious.
According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment, but that may be easily brought to consciousness, defines the _____
preconscious, conscious, unconscious.
According to Freud, the three levels of awareness are _____
Superego
According to Freud, which of the following is considered the moral system of the personality?
Superego
According to Freud, which structure of the personality contains the conscience?
Uplifts
According to Lazarus, _____ may neutralize the effects of many everyday stressors.
primary appraisal
According to Lazarus, _____ occurs when an individual thinks about and tries to determine how significant or relevant a stressor or event is.
Peak experiences
According to Maslow's ideas, which of the following appears to be the "hallmark" of self-actualizers?
feel competent and gain respect from others; one can begin to self-actualize
According to Maslow, the need to _____ must be met before _____.
a scheme
According to Piaget, _____ involves a plan of action, based on previous experiences, to be used in similar circumstances.
object permanence
According to Piaget, _____ is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be perceived.
assimilation
According to Piaget, when a child fits new information into schemes that already exist, _____ occurs.
predict
According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _____ the US or conditioning does not occur.
having them participate in setting the goals
According to goal setting theory, an employer can increase employees' motivation to reach goals by _____
chunking; displacement.
According to memory researchers, _____ can help prevent _____
Death of a spouse
According to present chapter, which of the following events seems to be the most stressful in the lives of older adults?
Id
According to psychoanalysis, which of the following is the source of the libido?
within her superego
According to psychoanalytic theory, all of Kendra's behaviors (both ones for which she has been punished and ones for which she has been praised) reside _____
conscious; preconscious.
According to psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel answering this question right now would be located in your _____ awareness, whereas information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be available in your _____
conscious
According to psychoanalytic theory, being aware of how you feel answering this question right now would be located in your _____ awareness.
unconscious; preconscious
According to psychoanalytic theory, the _____ is where traumatizing, repressed events are located, whereas the _____ holds information an individual may not necessarily be thinking about but can easily access.
id.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the pleasure principle is the _____
ego.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the structure of personality that operates on the reality principle is the _____
Global
According to research by Glenn Roisman and his colleagues, which of the following is not a domain of development addressed in the topic of emerging adulthood?
lower arousal.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a difficult and complex task requires _____
higher arousal.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a simple task requires _____
high arousal; low arousal
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a simple task requires _____, whereas successful performance on a difficult and complex task requires _____.
life events approach
According to the _____, a person's state of well-being can be threatened by major life changes.
expectancy theory
According to the _____, work motivation is explained in terms of workers' beliefs about the effectiveness and value of the effort they put forth on the job.
mastery/avoidance; mastery/approach
According to the goal orientation theory, those who adhere to the _____ orientation seem to be motivated to do whatever may be necessary to avoid failing, whereas those who adhere to the _____ orientation are intrinsically motivated to do whatever they can to put themselves into a position to succeed.
the brain structures involved in memory; learned memory strategies
According to the information-processing theorists, _____ refers to the hardware, whereas _____ refers to the software of the human memory system.
sensory memory; short-term memory
According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, _____ can hold information for less than 5 seconds, whereas _____ can hold information for 30 seconds or so.
short-term memory
According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the _____ is a memory system that can hold about seven items for about 30 seconds.
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, the components of memory are _____
sensory memory.
According to the model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, virtually everything we see, hear, or otherwise sense is held in _____
phallic
According to the psychosexual stages of development, initial sexual curiosity occurs during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
genital
According to the psychosexual stages of development, the establishment of mature, sexual relationships occurs in the _____ stage.
bipolar disorder.
According to the text, the genetic link is strongest for _____
implicit memory.
Activities that do not take much conscious thought, such as walking down the stairs or tying your shoes, are a part of your _____
lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus
Activity in the _____ tells us to eat, whereas activity in the _____ tells us to stop eating because we are full.
is overweight or even obese.
Adam has had difficulty controlling his insulin level for years. While he monitors his blood glucose level and tries to eat right, he finds that he still has insulin levels that are too high. In fact, medical tests have shown that his body chronically oversecretes insulin. Based on research, Adam likely _____
"Adam, this is not such a great study technique. You'll be better off just reading over your notes."
Adam studies his psychology material using note cards. He writes questions on the front of the card and the answers on the back of the card. After he has a stack of note cards completed, he studies them one by one, over and over again. Based on memory research, which of the following statements should not be made to Adam to help him maximize his studying?
Any projective test
Adolf is a psychoanalytic therapist. Which of the following personality tests would he find most useful?
anterior cingulate cortex
Affective neuroscientists say that the _____ works with the cortex to suppress the emotional cues that are associated with immediate reward and impulsivity.
spontaneous recovery; weaker
After a conditioned response has been extinguished and a period of time has passed, _____ may occur in response to the original conditioned stimulus; however, it will be in _____ form.
He would be more accurate if shown photos first.
After he was sexually assaulted, Gordon went to the police and filed a report. Later, the police asked Gordon if he'd be willing to look at potential suspects one by one. Gordon agreed to do so. Which of the following statements is true?
conditioned response.
After pairing a loud noise with a white rat many times, the sight of the rat would cause Little Albert to cry. Crying is an example of a(n) _____
90 percent
After three months of cognitive therapy, approximately _______ of clients with panic disorder are panic-free.
Intensity
Ahmed is an artist who has been working on a particular sculpture. Because he was enjoying the creative process so much, he did not notice that two hours had gone by. Additionally, because he was focusing his mental effort and attention on the piece of art, he did not even hear the phone ring. Which of the components of motivation best describe the focused attention Ahmed demonstrated during those two hours of work?
anterograde amnesia.
Aidan was in a car accident that left him with a brain injury. One of the abilities he lost was to take in and recall new pieces of information such as what he ate for dinner and what he watched on television the previous day. Aidan suffers from _____
children will model the aggressive behaviors they see others engage in.
Albert Bandura's experiments involving the inflated "Bobo Doll" indicate _____
self-help groups.
Alcoholics Anonymous, Overeaters Anonymous, and Gamblers Anonymous are all examples of _____
Motivation
Aldo is taking an exam and he is stuck on a question. The exam question describes certain processes such as activation, persistence, and intensity. All he has to do is name the concept behind these terms. In order to earn full credit, which of the following should Aldo select as his response?
Proactive coping
Aleaya knew that she would not have time to stop and pick up some food between her three classes. However, because she has diabetes, she has to maintain her blood sugar level by eating at certain times. Thus, she packed some food to bring with her just in case she needed it during her busy school day. In which type of coping did Aleaya engage when she packed her food?
Reconstruction
Alexandra's father was excited to learn about her first day of kindergarten. When he picked her up, he asked how her day was. "Good," she said. He wanted to know more so he asked her to tell him about her day and all of the things she did. Although Alexandra couldn't remember exactly, she told him they had circle time, then writing time, then recess, then snack time, then quiet reading time. Which process did Alexandra use to tell her father about her day?
industry vs. inferiority; a sense of inferiority
Alexis is a fourth grader who does not get along with her teacher very well. When asked why, Alexis complains that her teacher doesn't let them ask questions, doesn't let them try things on their own, and gets frustrated when the kids attempt to make things that the teacher didn't suggest. The _____ stage of psychosocial development will likely be affected for Alexis and the rest of the students in the class, and _____ may result.
individual psychology
Alfred Adler's theory is called _____ because of its emphasis on the uniqueness of the person.
Accommodation
Aliana was playing with her toys and came across a book. The book was filled with dinosaurs of all different types. Aliana looked at the dinosaurs and exclaimed, "Big doggies!" Her babysitter looked to her and said, "No, Aliana, those are called dinosaurs. They lived a long time ago." Aliana then continued to look through the book and said "dinosaur" over and over again. When they were watching television later, there appeared a dinosaur on TV. Aliana then said in an excited manner, "Look! Another dinosaur!" Which term best describes the preceding dinosaur sentence?
Workload
Alicia is an engineer in a plant that designs armored military tanks, and she enjoys her work immensely. Because she is so effective at what she does, she completes her assignments in about half of the time that her supervisor allows, which leaves her bored and frustrated during much of the work week. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable is not in Alicia's comfort zone?
HIV/AIDS is primarily a problem for gay men.
All but one of the following statements are correct. Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS is not correct? a) HIV/AIDS is primarily a problem for gay men. b) In the United States, about 11 percent of those with HIV/AIDS contracted it through sharing needles for drug use. c) Women make up a substantial portion of those infected with HIV. d) Circumcision reduces the risk of HIV transmission.
antigens.
All cells foreign to the body, such as bacteria and viruses, are known as _____
The barrier methods of contraception (such as condoms) provide complete protection against STDs.
All of the statements below except one are correct. Which statement is not correct? a) The incidence of STDs has increased over the past 30 years. b) The barrier methods of contraception (such as condoms) provide complete protection against STDs. c) About 16 percent of the adult population in the United States is infected with genital herpes. d) Some bacterial STDs, like gonorrhea, are becoming antibiotic resistant.
facial-feedback hypothesis.
Ally has a belief that whenever she gets angry, frustrated, or sad, all she has to do is force herself to smile and she will experience a decrease in that negative emotion. While her coworkers tend to poke fun at her for doing this, she is convinced it really works. Ally's behavior can be best aligned with the _____
Mastery/approach
Allya is in her third year of college and has a grade point of average of 3.92 out of 4.00. She is not really concerned about other students in her courses; Allya is simply determined to earn the highest grade point average possible based on her abilities. According to goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely led her to achieve this high GPA?
A self-help group
Although Caitlynn is already in cognitive therapy for her eating disorder, her psychologist believes that she would also benefit from talking to others with eating disorders. Her psychologist wants Caitlynn to meet others struggling to beat an eating disorder and also someone who has already recovered. What type of treatment will Caitlynn's psychologist likely suggest to her?
job status
Although Darrin feels that the work he does is important, he gets paid little for it. No one seems to appreciate his work or want a job similar to his. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, Darrin is likely to be experiencing _____ related work stress.
bulimia nervosa.
Although Tamara seems to be of average weight and height, her roommate notices that she has some potentially unhealthy eating behaviors. A few days after they go grocery shopping, many of the high calorie, rich foods turn up missing. Her roommate also notices that Tamara spends hours upon hours at the gym and often takes laxatives. Tamara's roommate is concerned that Tamara may be struggling with _____
Identity vs. role confusion
Although Vincent is now an adult, he feels as if he never really got a chance to find himself as an adolescent. He feels that he has no sense of who he is and what he stands for. He feels as if he missed out on the crucial time in development where that identity crisis is resolved. To which of Erikson's stages is Vincent likely referring?
repeated testing
Although all of following techniques are effective at enhancing memory and learning, Henry Roediger's (2009) research demonstrates that _____ has proven to be the MOST effective for studying textbook material.
phobia
Although it is normal to experience certain fears, when the fear of something specific becomes persistent, irrational, and gets in the way of everyday life, that fear may be considered a _____
primary appraisal
Although she thought she had plenty of credits already, Becca has just been told that she needs one more class to graduate from college. She knows she will take the class, because getting her degree has been her top priority over the last four years. According to Lazarus, the importance Becca places on taking that final class, and her eagerness to take the class, suggests that Becca had performed a(n) _____
avoidance-avoidance
An _____ conflict tends to occur when an individual must make a decision based on two undesirable options.
we have a common language to discuss mental illnesses.
An advantage of using one diagnostic manual is that _____
social anxiety disorder.
An anxiety disorder that involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation is called _____
behavior modification.
An approach to therapy that uses learning principles to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses defines _____
a panic attack.
An episode of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror defines _____
Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
depression
An important aspect for treatment of some sexual dysfunctions is the link with _____, which can be a cause or an effect of sexual dysfunction.
social anxiety disorder.
An intense fear of being humiliated or criticized by others in social situations is characteristic of _____
compulsion.
An irresistible urge to perform a behavior or action that serves to reduce anxiety is referred to as a(n)
e-therapy.
An ongoing interaction with a trained therapist via the Internet is referred to as _____
California Personality Inventory.
Andre was given ten cards to examine by his therapist and was asked what they might be. Although it was clear to Andre that the stimuli were actually symmetrical inkblots, he was able to think of many responses to each card. Andre was likely given the _____
fetal alcohol effects.
Andrew is a normal-looking five-year-old boy who is having some behavioral difficulties. Although he tries to be a good kid, he is sometimes so impulsive that he gets into trouble. Kara, his mother, cannot understand why he is impulsive. She reads all of the parenting books she can get her hands on and has set, and enforced, fair guidelines for his behavior. Andrew's behavior is puzzling to her. Kara's mother, who happens to be a researcher in the field of prenatal development, is not very puzzled by the situation at all. She speculates that Andrew's behavior is a result of Kara drinking small amounts of alcohol throughout her pregnancy, even when she advised Kara not to. Kara's mother is likely concerned about _____
Psychosis
Annie is unable to tell the difference between what is real versus what is not real. Annie's loss of contact with reality is referred to as _____
unwanted behavior; reinforced.
Another aspect of time out that relates to its effectiveness is that it prevents the _____ from being _____
the neighborhood where we got high makes us crave the drug.
Another example of the power of classical conditioning occurs when _____
Avoidant attachment
Anthony and his mother were in a playroom at school. He seemed like he wanted nothing much to do with his mother when they were in the room waiting to meet his new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Anthony and his mother. Then his mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When she returned to the playroom, Anthony didn't even seem to notice. Additionally, when she walked up to him to ask him a question, he walked the other way. Which attachment type does Anthony likely have with his mother?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
Antonia is a psychology graduate student who just learned how to administer and score another projective test. This one has black-and-white drawings of people in various situations. Antonia likely just learned about the _____
Directive therapy
Anya provides therapy to her clients in a very straightforward manner. She decides what course the sessions will take and offers advice and suggestions when she feels it is necessary. What type of therapy does Anya likely provide?
Elaborative rehearsal
As Adam was learning the new material in his psychology class regarding neurons and memory, he couldn't help but notice that he learned similar information in his biology class last semester. He decided to relate the new psychology material to the biology material he learned least semester as a way to help him learn and remember. What strategy is Adam using here?
Uplifts
As Lloyd was distressed about sitting in traffic, he began to think about the adorable comments his toddler son made yesterday. Before he knew it, he found himself smiling at the thoughts of his son. Which of the following would best label Lloyd's thoughts of his child?
Displacement
As Stephanie walked into the supermarket, she realized she forgot her grocery list. She tried to recall the items on the list, but once she got up to about ten items, she realized she had already forgotten the first few items. What did Stephanie experience?
goal setting
As a strategy for work motivation, _____ involves establishing specific, difficult but attainable goals rather than simply telling people to do their best in the absence of assigned goals.
Classical conditioning
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.
the serial position effect.
As three-year-old Luca is learning to count to ten, his parents notice he always remembers one, two, three easily and then nine, ten easily. However, he often skips or mixes up the numbers in the middle. This example demonstrates _____
It is a neurodevelopmental disorder.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is best described by which of the following statements?
dopamine and serotonin
Atypical neuroleptic medications work by affecting _____ in the brain.
denial
Audrey has just learned that she has cancer of the pancreas. Because she is a nurse, she knows that pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer and usually takes someone's life about a year after the diagnosis. However, she is convinced that the doctors have mixed up her chart with someone else's chart. After she is shown that it is indeed her chart, she tells the doctor that the results are clearly erroneous. Audrey is experiencing _____ according to research by Kübler-Ross.
James-Lange theory
Austin is sitting in class when suddenly his heart begins to pound, he begins to sweat, and his hands begin to feel clammy. Next, fear and nervousness set in as he walks to the front of the class for his oral presentation. What theory of emotion best fits this situation?
neurodevelopmental problems.
Autism is a result of _____
intrinsically motivated.
Averee spends about three hours every Saturday at the local nursing home. She spends her time playing cards with some of the residents and has many great conversations while she is there. Averee does not get paid for her time, but does it because she really enjoys spending time with them. Averee is said to be _____
classical conditioning.
Aversion therapy is built upon the concept of _____
printed material; online text
Background knowledge and experience with reading _____ strongly influence how much people learn from reading _______.
openness
Barabbas and Castor are brothers who live in Wisconsin. They both enjoy winter because of all the activities that are available to them. Barabbas prefers to ski, and only ski, whereas Castor likes to try any winter sport such as skiing, snowboarding, ice fishing, and the like. Based on this information, Barabbas and Castor differ on which of the factors of the five-factor model?
biological; biopsychosocial
Barbara and Jeffrey are both psychologists. Barbara believes that biology is the sole cause of psychological disorders. Jeffrey believes that although biology plays a large role, psychological and social factors should also be considered. Barbara practices from the _____ perspective, whereas Jeffrey practices from the _____ perspective.
Permissive type
Based on her research findings, which of Baumrind's parenting types results in immature, impulsive, and dependent children?
more than 40
Based on research by Barsh and colleagues (2000), _____ genes appear to be related to body weight regulation.
90 percent
Based on research by the National Institute of Mental Health, about _____ of people who commit suicide leave clues.
anticonvulsant drugs
Based on research evidence, _____ seem(s) to be an effective treatment option for those who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
Disorganized attachment
Based on research, which type of attachment pattern seems to be the least securely attached?
Though the gender gap has narrowed, men are still more likely to have more permissive attitudes toward sex than females.
Based on sexuality research presented in the current chapter, which of the following statements is true?
an area in the prefrontal cortex
Based on the PET scan research by Wayne C. Drevets and colleagues, _____, which may be implicated in mood disorders, is 40 percent to 50 percent smaller in people with major depressive disorder.
the hippocampus; a learned memory strategy
Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of hardware, whereas _____ would be an accurate example of software.
the hippocampus
Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of hardware.
a mnemonic
Based on the information-processing theory, _____ would be an accurate example of software.
Dysfunction in the fight-or-flight response
Based on the research conducted by the National Alliance for Mental Illness, which of the following is thought to be the cause of an uncued panic attack?
Actual experiences and information provided by others form the basis for one's self-esteem
Based on the research presented in the current chapter, which of the following statements is true of self-esteem?
Most women experience depressed mood.
Based on the research regarding menopause, which of the following is false?
Perceptual speed
Based on the results of the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which intellectual skill showed a decline for both men and women from about age 25 to 80?
The personal fable
Based on your knowledge of Piaget's theory, what could account for the it-can't-happen-to-me attitude typically displayed by teenagers?
dream analysis
Because Freud believed that emotional concerns repressed in waking life are sometimes expressed in symbolic form while sleeping, he utilized the technique of _____ in therapy.
44
Because of our shared system of classification, we know that at least _____ million people are diagnosed with some form of mental disorder in the United States.
late adolescence
Because of the typical age of onset of schizophrenia, researchers theorize that during _____, the neuromaturation of the brain becomes increasingly abnormal, including decreases in gray matter.
ego; id; superego
Because the _____ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _____ and the _____
panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Becky was the successful manager of a busy flower shop when she began to have panic attacks. At first, she only had them while out with her friends, so she stopped going out with her friends. Then she began having them in her car, so she stopped driving and had her roommate drive her to work every day. Eventually, though, Becky began having panic attacks while at work. Because the fear and anxiety was so overwhelming, she stopped going to work and eventually got fired. Over the last month, Becky has been unable to leave her house because of the intense fear that another panic attack will surface. Becky likely suffers from _____
is learned and can therefore be unlearned with the appropriate behavioral techniques
Behavioral therapy rests on the notion that abnormal behavior _____
is showing a normal reaction to the death of a loved one.
Belinda lost her mother in a tragic auto accident last week. She has experienced sadness, tearfulness, and problems sleeping since the accident. She also has no desire to go out with her friends for the time being. Belinda likely _____
tardive dyskinesia; neuroleptics
Bella was diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 22. She was put on medication to help control the hallucinations and delusions she was experiencing. Now at age 34, she continues to take that medication because it works for her. However, she has started to develop embarrassing facial twitches that she cannot control. Bella likely has _____, which is a result of the _____ she has been taking over the years.
discriminate.
Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk: his owner getting out his leash and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____
Systematic desensitization
Bernice has a terrible phobia of heights. It has become more problematic since the announcement of her promotion. With the promotion come more money, more perks, and more prestige. Unfortunately, it also requires Bernice to work on the 35th floor of the building. She knows that she must overcome this fear if she wants to accept the promotion. With which therapeutic technique will she likely find the most success?
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Bernice has been on two tours of duty in Iraq and has directly engaged in combat. Though she has been home from the war for some time, she is now experiencing problems concentrating, flashbacks of combat, and nightmares that severely interfere with her sleep. In an effort to quiet her mind, she has also started drinking alcohol. If Bernice goes to see a psychologist, she will likely be diagnosed with _____
the modeling effect.
Bethany wants to play baseball like her older sisters. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called _____
Shaping
Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely use?
50
Both men and women in the United States have an approximately _____ percent chance of being diagnosed with some type of mental disorder during their lifetime.
a secondary appraisal.
Boyd was just informed that he has cancer. He begins thinking through the treatment options available to him. He also considers how much time he will have to take from work, how that may impact his finances, and whether he'll be able to afford his house. In addition, he begins thinking of who will be able to help care for him after the treatments begin. According to Lazarus, the thoughts that went through Boyd's mind represent _____
Latent learning
Brad, a first grade teacher, is teaching his students various colors. None of them could name all the primary colors. Little Janie is not coloring in her worksheet. All of the students are dismissed for recess except Janie. Brad tells Janie she may go to recess as soon as she can learn the colors. Before Brad could say anything else, Janie correctly names all of the colors. Which type of learning does this best demonstrate?
approach-approach
Brenda found out last week that she was admitted into the respiratory therapy program at a prestigious university. Just today, she received her acceptance letter into a highly regarded nursing program. Brenda now faces an _____ conflict.
concrete operations
Brenna was sitting in her fourth grade class taking her mathematics test. An extra credit question read as follows: If Jonah is taller than Barry, and Tori is taller than Jonah, is Barry taller or shorter than Tori? Brenna continued to think about the extra credit problem, but could not come up with the correct answer. Brenna is likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
humanistic; unconditional positive regard; congruence
Brett notices in therapy that he seems to be the one controlling the direction the session is taking. He also notices that his therapist has done a nice job of creating an atmosphere of acceptance in therapy. Because his therapist does not make it seem like she is a know-it-all and an expert, he feels like they are on a person-to-person basis. Brett finds this all helpful because it make him trust his therapist even more. Brett's therapist is practicing _____ therapy and is utilizing _____ and _____ as therapeutic techniques.
those who have a single psychological diagnosis, have functioning relationships, and who believe the therapy will be effective.
Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy tends to be most effective for _____
Anterograde amnesia
Brigit studied her business law all day and then went to work. The person who was supposed to work the midnight shift called in sick, so Brigit had to stay for another entire shift. Though she was very tired and terribly sleep deprived, she still had to go to class and take her exam. Although she had studied all of the material, she found she couldn't remember very much of it. Which of the following likely explains Brigit's forgetting?
retrieval.
Bringing to mind the information when you need it is referred to as _____
performance/avoidance.
Bryce knows that the rest of the class got Ds and Fs on a difficult exam, so he is happy with a C, even though he knows he could have gotten an A with a little more effort. Bryce's motivation best matches _____
rational emotive behavior therapy.
Bud has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. He and his therapist are discussing what happened at school yesterday. Bud's psychology professor surprised the class with a pop quiz. Although Bud had been doing well in class up until that point, he had not had a chance to do his reading because he worked until midnight the night before; therefore, he failed the pop quiz. Bud's therapist asked him to share his thoughts about failing the pop quiz. Bud replied, "I should have known we'd have a pop quiz. I should have stayed up after work or gotten up early this morning to do my reading. I know I will fail the class now!" Bud's therapist retorted with, "Why do you think you have the ability to predict what will happen? That is ridiculous. It is just a pop quiz. Didn't you tell me that your professor drops a low score anyway?" His therapist continued on in this directive manner. Based on this interaction, it seems likely that Bud's therapist is providing him with _____
semantic memory.
By the middle of the semester, Jeb is finally able to recall the name of his psychology professor. This information comes from his _____
human contact.
Caitlyn wants a career in which she'll be surrounded by other people. Freda prefers to work alone with animals and doesn't want to have to interact much with other people. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, Caitlyn and Freda vary in their desire for _____
latent learning
Casey has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Casey knows the way. The fact that Casey can drive herself to school suggests that _____ has occurred.
Activation
Chelsea's parents have been pressuring her to find a job. She wakes up Monday morning and makes a plan. First she'll look at the classified advertisements and then she'll look online for open positions. After that, she plans on calling all of her friends whose parents own a business to see if there are any open positions. These first steps and the plan she has created are best described as the _____ component of motivation.
disinhibitory effect.
Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the _____
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Children who have fits of rage so intense and so frequent that their ability to function in social and academic settings is seriously impaired may be diagnosed with which of the following?
retroactive interference.
Chris is a high school teacher. He has the same group of students for a semester and then gets a whole new group of students the next semester. He notices that after he gets the second group of students and learns their names, he has difficulty remembering the names of his last semester students when he sees them. Chris is experiencing _____
an internal locus of control.
Christina believes firmly that if she wants good things to come her way, she must work for them to the extent that she can. For this reason, she is volunteering her time at the local food bank. In addition, she is studying extra hard in school in an effort to be admitted into the prestigious social work program she is interested in attending. Christina is demonstrating _____
Insulin
Chronic oversecretion of _____, a hormone produced by the pancreas, stimulates hunger and often leads to obesity.
atypical neuroleptics.
Clozapine, risperidone, and olanzipine are collectively referred to as _____
depression
Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in the treatment of __________ .
learned helplessness.
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to _____
mnemonics.
Coming up with memory tricks such as ROY G. BIV for the visible spectrum of colors and HOMES for the Great Lakes are types of _____
formal operations stage.
Concepts such as the personal fable and naïve idealism are characteristic of the _____
implicit
Conditioned responses you have learned by association are located in your _____ memory
The context effect
Connie always studies at night in her bedroom. When she is taking an exam and cannot remember a particular answer, she often imagines herself in her bedroom. Sometimes that technique helps her to remember the material she studied. Which of the following is Connie using to assist her memory?
egocentrism
Conservation is to concrete operations as _____ is to preoperational thinking.
Extraversion
Consider the theories of both Eysenck and Goldberg. Which of the following dimensions of personality do their theories share?
Superego
Consider this statement: We are our own worst critic. According to Freud, which of the following components of our personality may best fuel this notion?
encoding; storage
Consolidation occurs after _____ but before _____ in the memory process.
Courtney should listen to Luke in order to perform at her best level
Courtney is a gymnast and is preparing to compete in a very difficult and challenging meet. Her friend and fellow gymnast, Luke, suggests that Courtney relax and take her high arousal down a notch to a lower point. However, her coach tries to get her all revved up and excited to compete in the meet. Which of the following will likely be true based on theories of motivation?
unconditional positive regard.
Creating an environment in which someone is accepted and not judged, no matter what, exemplifies _____
retrograde amnesia.
Curt was in a car accident last year and lost consciousness. Although he has made nearly a full recovery, he is still unable to remember what occurred shortly before the accident. Curt is likely experiencing _____
Conventional level
Dagon believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagon?
Scaffolding
Daliah was at a diner with her three-year-old son. When he was done with his lunch, he wanted to take his tray to the trash can. Because Daliah wasn't sure he would be able to complete that task without dropping everything, she helped him hold one side of his tray. According to Lev Vygotsky, in which of the following concepts did Daliah just engage?
stress.
Dane knows that _____ is anything that challenges him psychologically or physiologically and warrants some type of adaptation or adjustment.
biomedical model; biopsychosocial model.
Darla is a physician who asks about physical symptoms when diagnosing illnesses in her patients. Jack is a physician who asks his patients questions about their lifestyle, their environment, their level of stress, and their physical symptoms when diagnosing illnesses in his patients. Based on this information, it is likely that Darla works from the _____ whereas Jack works from the _____
nondeclarative memory
Declarative memory is to explicit memory as _____ is to implicit memory.
working memory
Declarative memory is to explicit memory as short-term memory is to _____
Choose a different neutral/conditioned stimulus.
Dee Dee wants to condition his lab rat to fear drinking orange-flavored water. He pairs a mild shock with the drinking of flavored water. He wants the rat to associate the unconditioned stimulus, the shock, with drinking the water. How could he be most successful?
conscientiousness
Dependability and reliability describe two aspects of the _____ dimension of the five-factor model.
Her husband, because second-hand smoke exposure doubles the risk of a heart attack.
Diane works in a bar where there is always heavy smoke from cigarettes. Her husband is worried about her exposure to tobacco smoke. Diane tells him not to worry; it is unpleasant to smell, but other people's smoke can't really hurt her. Who is right?
identity
Dissociative _____ disorder involves the existence of two or more distinct personalities in the same individual, along with severe memory disruption.
Amnesia
Dissociative _____ is a complete or partial loss of memory for personal information and past experience.
behavioral; flooding.
Dora has been admitted to veterinary school and is excited to begin. She has an intense fear of dogs, probably stemming from when she was bitten by a dog many years ago. Dora knows that she must overcome this fear before she begins vet school. She finds a therapist who has her stand in a room with five dogs; the therapist remains in the room with her. After a few minutes of thinking that she would need to run out or start screaming, she realized that the dogs were actually not hurting her. After about an hour and a half, she noticed her anxiety level was substantially lower than it was before she entered the room. The technique seemed to be working. Dora's therapist was using the _____ technique known as _____
"Dorie, the good news is that you don't have test anxiety. You just are not studying in a way that helps you encode the information."
Dorie is convinced she has test anxiety. Every time she gets to the test, she cannot remember what she studied. She goes to her professor to try to see what she can do about it. Her professor asks her how she studies for the exams. Dorie reports that she reads the chapters and rereads her notes. After talking to her professor about her study habits, her professor—who specializes in memory—will likely say which of the following?
sensory
Douglas was shown a painting for a few moments, and then was asked to jot down as many details regarding the painting as he could remember. As he began writing, he was surprised to learn that although he remembered what the painting was, he had trouble recalling the details and seemed to lose them within a few seconds. Based on this information, the original information was likely stored in his _____ memory.
biological
Dr. Lowe treats anxiety disorders. She believes they are caused by faulty brain activity. Dr. Lowe is taking a _____ view of anxiety disorders.
the life instinct
Drug use aside, which of the following, according to Freud's theory, could have likely been the cause of the free love movement in the 1960s?
Initiative vs. guilt
During which stage do children begin making plans and showing inventiveness in their behaviors?
Difficult
Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an "intense" kid by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have?
a high
Dustin works at the local drugstore as a cashier. He feels his job is very simple, and he easily gets bored at work. In order for Dustin to perform at a high level at work, he should have _____ level of arousal.
biomedical
Dylan is a psychiatrist who feels strongly that psychological disorders are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain or other brain abnormalities. Dylan works from a _____ perspective of treatment.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Early autoimmune diseases, early strep infections, and changes in the brain caused by infections may predispose a person to develop which of the following anxiety disorders?
Expectancy
Elliott, fresh out of college, is an engineer who has just begun his career. He knows that the harder he works, the better he will get at engineering. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Elliott the most?
approach-avoidance
Elsie has always wanted to work for a prestigious computer company located in sunny California. When she was offered the job, it was everything she could wish for. Then she was told that for the first two years, she would have to train in Minnesota. Elsie despises cold weather, so she is now faced with an _____ conflict.
Schizotypal personality disorder
Emily is well known around town. People refer to her as the town's "favorite crazy person." She seldom interacts with others and always has on some outlandish outfit. When people try to speak to her, she tells them they have to stay at least six feet away so they don't exchange any parts of their soul with her. She seems to get along okay in life but has lots of weird ideas. Emily might be diagnosed with which of the following?
develop a major health problem within the next two years.
Emily just lost her husband and two daughters in a tragic automobile accident. Because they had no life insurance, Emily began experiencing major financial problems and eventually lost her house. Consequently, she and her son had to move to a small apartment. Just as she thought her life was beginning to feel somewhat stable, the company she worked for announced that they were filing for bankruptcy and all of the employees would lose their jobs within the next month. The period of time from the car accident to the loss of her job was about seven months. Based on research regarding the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), Emily is at risk to _____
schizophrenia.
Emily took the MMPI-2 and agreed with items such as "I have never seen an apple" or "Sometimes I leave my body to travel through space." In fact, she endorsed 90 percent of similar items on that dimension. Based on her responses, Emily would score high on _____________
The doctor will classify her as being obese.
Emily was at her doctor's office for her yearly checkup. She knew she had been experiencing some weight gain and had good intentions over the last year to get that under control. However, she was appalled and shocked to find her body mass index was 32.5. What will the doctor say about her current weight?
problem-focused coping
Emma commutes more than an hour each way to work, five or six days per week. The commute is very stressful. She has tried many different routes to work, altered her work schedule, and has even considered moving. Emma's coping mechanism can be best described as _____
exposure and response prevention
Encouraging individuals to think of obsessions without allowing them to engage in compulsive behavior is the gist of the _____ technique.
prenatally.
Environmental factors that impact the risk for developing schizophrenia start as early as _____
alternative; interact with her medical treatment.
Erin is being treated for diabetes by her physician. She knows there is no medical cure, so she is taking a supplement she found testimonials for on the internet. Erin does not want to tell her physician because she might disapprove or laugh at her. Erin is using a(n) _____ treatment and running the serious risk it will _____
social anxiety disorder.
Evelyn has been working as the bookkeeper at the same company for the last 30 years. Although she is successful at her job, she gets written up for calling in sick to work too often. Interestingly, Evelyn only calls in on the last Wednesday of every month, which happens to be the day of the staff meeting, when Evelyn would be required to give a five-minute speech on finances. Even the thought of giving that speech incapacitates her because she is so terrified she will make a fool of herself. Evelyn could meet the criteria for _____
38 percent
Even though the number has declined over the past 40 years, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for _____ of all deaths
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Every time 18-month-old Shayla tried to feed herself, her nanny would tell her to stop and wipe up the mess she had made. Her nanny would then proceed to feed her so the high chair wouldn't get dirty. Which stage of psychosocial development will Shayla likely unsuccessfully resolve?
suppression
Every time Tim remembered how embarrassed he had been at the party, he immediately thought of something else. He really tried to forget all about the party. Tim was using _____ for the purpose of motivated forgetting.
Hassles
Everyday _____, studied extensively by Richard Lazarus, are irritating demands that occur daily and may cause more stress than major life changes do.
Aerobic
Exercise that uses large muscle groups in continuous, repetitive action and increases heart and respiration rate is _____ exercise.
Major depressive disorder
Extreme sadness, despair, a feeling of "slowing down," and problems eating and sleeping characterize which of the following disorders?
more likely to include incorrect information
Eyewitnesses who perceive themselves to be more objective have more confidence in their testimony and are _____
Automaticity
Fantasia knows Freud's theory of personality development so well that it appears she doesn't need to put forth much effort when discussing it. Which of the following concepts would describe this scenario best?
Type A behavior pattern.
Feeling as if one always has to do more than the next person, faster than the next person, and better than the next person, may suggest the presence of _____
generativity vs. stagnation
Feeling the need to mentor or create something worthy for the next generation is the objective in the _____ stage.
Valence
Felicity is a highly motivated pharmaceutical representative. She has earned a company-paid trip for the last two years and has enjoyed every bit of those vacations. Because she values those trips so much, she has made it a personal goal to earn another trip this year. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Felicity the most?
unconscious.
For Freud, the primary motivating force of human behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts, wishes, and desires of which you have never been consciously aware, is the _____
the monkey has no biological predisposition to fear flowers.
For his graduate project, Seth wanted to demonstrate that he could condition a monkey to be afraid of a flower. Seth might have to come up with a different plan because _____
sense of confidence about initiating the new activity.
Four-year-old Damian sees his father getting out the vacuum cleaner. In an effort to be helpful, Damian runs over to him and says that he wants to vacuum and begins to take the vacuum cleaner from his father. Even though his father knows he will not vacuum perfectly, he allows Damian to complete the chore. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this instance will likely help Damian to develop a _____
egocentrism
Four-year-old Dino was looking at his alphabet book. He was so excited that he recognized many of the letters that he shouted, "Mom! Mom, look at these letters. I know some of them!" As he pointed to the letters he recognized, he failed to turn the book to her so she, too, could see where he was pointing. According to Piaget, Dino demonstrated _____ when he did not turn the book to where his Mom could see.
Sitting with another student instead of sitting by herself
Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the operant?
No one making fun of her
Fourteen-year-old Judy Ann is frustrated with the way the kids at school treat her during lunch. Instead of sitting by herself like she normally does, she sits with another student at lunch. As they begin to engage in conversation, she notices that no one stops to make fun of her. Because of this, she decides to no longer sit by herself at lunch. Which of the following can be considered the reinforcer?
Paranoid personality disorder
Fred is very hard to get along with. Others perceive him as cold and rather emotionless. He does not trust anyone and gets offended easily by harmless jokes others make. He is suspicious and thinks his coworkers are talking about him whenever he sees them in a group. If he thinks you crossed him, he never forgets it. Fred may have which of the following disorders?
resistance.
Freud's view that important information is contained in what is NOT being said, is referred to as _____
agreeableness
Friendly, warm, and cooperative are descriptors associated with the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
human contact
Fritz is a very social and extroverted person. He also has expertise in planning. His boss assigned him to work in a quiet area by himself so he can concentrate on his plans. This could be a bad management decision because it may result in too much work-stress related to Fritz's _____ needs.
an overextension error.
Gabriel is a 16-month-old boy who lives with his mom and grandma. He calls his mom "Mama" and his grandma "Nona." Last week, Gabriel was at the grocery store with his mom and saw a little lady with white hair and glasses that looked similar to his grandma. He immediately called her "Nona." Gabriel demonstrated _____
a serious disease; indicate a high risk of cervical cancer
Genital warts are a sign of _____, and can _____
monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).
George's psychiatrist gave him a long list of foods that he cannot eat while on his new medication. If he does not follow the list, he is at risk for having a stroke. Based on this, George
Slow-to-warm-up
Gertrude is a nervous child. She tends to withdraw from other children and family members. However, if given enough time, Gertrude slowly adapts to new situations, people, and environments. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Gertrude likely have?
Fritz Perls.
Gestalt therapy was developed by _____
Denial
Gigi just gave birth to her first child. Unfortunately, the baby was born with significant heart, lung, and kidney damage and is in the neonatal intensive care unit. Though the baby is only surviving because of all of the life support machines he is hooked up to, Gigi refuses to acknowledge the severity of the situation and instead talks about what outfits the baby can wear and whether he'll like his nursery at home. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Gigi's refusal to acknowledge how ill her newborn son really is?
Martin will perform better because he spaced out his studying.
Ginny and Martin are both studying for a psychology exam. Ginny organizes her time so that she has the entire day before the exam to read and study. Martin arranges his week so he gets about an hour and a half of study time in each day the week before his exam. Both Ginny and Martin end up studying the same total number of hours. Which of the following will likely be true?
Giorgio is considered to be overweight.
Giorgio is a high school student who is on the wrestling team. He competes in the heaviest weight class and has won many of his matches this year. Yesterday in his physical education class, he learned how to calculate his body mass index. He found that it was 31.1. Which of the following is true based on this scenario?
a schema
Giuseppe cannot remember exactly what happened at the wedding he attended a while ago, but he knows that the reception followed the ceremony. He also knows that at the reception, there was a large guest list, great food, and lots of dancing. Giuseppe is using _____ to help him reconstruct his memory for the event.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Gustav works on the psychiatric floor of the hospital. He is responsible for properly diagnosing individuals upon admittance to the hospital. Which of the following tools would be most helpful to him considering his position at the hospital?
neurological functioning.
Hans Eysenck proposed that all three of the personality dimensions he studied are rooted in _____
Interpersonal therapy
Harold is a 52-year-old manager at a major automotive company. He was just informed that the company is downsizing, and he has two weeks to find a new job. Harold had been with the company for the past 24 years and was surprised, angry, and bitter about the news. Eventually, Harold's job loss started to interfere with his functioning. Based on research from your text, which of the following types of therapy would likely benefit Harold the most?
anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa.
Having a distorted perception of one's own body, weighing less than one should based on height and weight, and having an intense fear of becoming overweight are symptoms of _____, whereas the act of bingeing (and feeling one has lost control during the binge) and purging are symptoms of _____
strong superego.
Having a strong feeling of guilt for minor mistakes may be a reflection of a(n) _____
Heino has developed an integration orientation
Heino recently immigrated to the United States from his home country. Though he can speak English quite well, he knows little about American history or ways of life. His overall plan is to learn as much as he can about the American culture. However, he still wants to maintain strong ties to his own culture. Which of the following is true regarding Heino?
Generalized anxiety disorder
Heinrich has been exhausted, tense, and anxious for the last year now. He worries about work when he is at home. He worries about what is going on at home while he is at work. Even when he is out with his friends, he worries. In fact, his friends have stopped asking him to go out because all he does is worry. Additionally, Heinrich suffers dizziness and nausea most of the time. Although Heinrich expects the worst most of the time, his fears appear greatly exaggerated. What disorder best seems to fit Heinrich's symptoms?
health psychologist.
Helen is a researcher interested in topics such as cancer and heart disease. She wants her psychological research to address why some people get sick, how some people stay healthy, and what they do when they get sick in order to try to recover. Helen is likely a _____
Psychodynamic therapy
Henry is a therapist and always begins sessions with new patients by asking them all about their childhood. Because he believes strongly that childhood experiences, especially traumatic ones, can affect the unconscious, he prefers to start there. Which type of therapy does Henry likely provide?
Ego integrity vs. despair
Howard's family is celebrating his ninetieth birthday. Howard, however, is not enjoying the celebration. He wishes everyone would go home and leave him alone to fester in his thoughts of failure about the life he has lived. In which stage of psychosocial development is Howard?
the natural tendency toward realizing one's inner potential is blocked by oneself or others.
Humanistic psychologists believe that psychological disorders result when _____
a reinforcer
If Behavior A brings about a desirable Consequence B, and Behavior A reoccurs, then Consequence B can be considered _____.
Private speech
If Lev Vygotsky were in the room talking about his theory, which of the following terms might you hear him say?
3
If you also want to lose weight and maintain your weight loss, you should do exercise that uses large muscle groups in continuous, repetitive action and increases heart and respiration rate at least _____ hours or more a week.
a cognitive map
If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon _____ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.
primacy effect; recency effect
Imagine you are trying to remember a list of words. Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Imogen was the recipient of excellent care by her mother during her first year of life. Which of the following stages of psychosocial development will Imogen have likely successfully resolved?
culture
In Africa, the Swazi people demonstrate an amazing ability to remember the slightest details of their cows. A finding such as this illustrates the importance and significance of _____ in memory.
ego.
In Freud's theory, the logical, rational, and largely conscious system of personality is the _____
65 percent showed a secure attachment.
In Mary Ainsworth's study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found that about _____
20 percent
In Mary Ainsworth's study of American children and their attachment to their caretakers, she found that about _____ demonstrated an avoidant attachment.
latent learning.
In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. These rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates _____
memory; identity.
In a dissociative disorder, an individual's consciousness becomes separated from their _____ and/or _____
stop
In a token economy, when the tokens stop coming, the reinforced behaviors usually _____
interval
In a(n) _____ schedule, the first response made after a specific period of time has elapsed brings the reinforcement.
Decided to use the word "client" as opposed to "patient"
In an effort to help individuals facilitate their own personal growth in therapy, humanistic therapists did which of the following?
insight.
In an experiment, a bunch of bananas was placed just beyond a chimpanzee's reach. Boxes and sticks were left in its housing area. After trying various ways of getting the bananas, the chimps seemed to give up, and then return in a while with an idea that worked. They were demonstrating _____
Culture
In determining if a behavior is abnormal, a person's _____ should be considered, because this factor can vary in what is considered abnormal.
benefited substantially from
In large survey conducted by Consumer Reports in 1995, most clients expressed a belief that they had _____ psychotherapy.
reconstruction
In memory, _____ is an account of an event that has been pieced together from a few highlights.
reinforcement
In operant conditioning, _____ is associated with a voluntary response.
observable; measurable.
In order for behavior modification to work, the behavior must be _____ and _____
The predictive value of the unconditioned stimulus
In terms of classical conditioning, which element of the process did Robert Rescorla argue was the most important?
insight.
In terms of cognitive processing, a sudden realization of how to successfully solve or complete a problem is known as
Exhaustion
In terms of the general adaptation syndrome, the _____ stage occurs if the organism fails in its efforts to resist the stressor.
storage.
In terms of the memory process, keeping the information in memory refers to _____
encoding
In terms of the processes of memory, _____ refers to transforming the information into a form that can be stored in memory.
fear of the noise
In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus was the _____.
fight-or-flight; sympathetic
In the _____ response to stress, the _____ nervous system and the endocrine glands prepare the body to take action.
secondary appraisal
In the _____, a person cognitively evaluates available resources and options prior to deciding how to deal with a stressor.
salivation; salivation
In the case of the dogs Pavlov observed, the _____ was the unconditioned response and the _____ was the conditioned response.
object permanence; naive idealism.
In the concrete operational stage, children have _____ but not _____
remember how to speak.
In the famous case of H.M., his hippocampi were removed as part of a surgical procedure to stop his seizures, and afterward he could not _____
Psychoneuroimmunology
In the field of _____, psychologists, biologists, and medical researchers combine their expertise to study the effects of psychological factors on the immune system.
pediatric bipolar
In the past, children with frequent, intense episodes of uncontrollable rage were most likely to have been diagnosed as having _____ disorder.
successive approximations.
In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called _____
Stage 2 of the preconventional level
In which of Kohlberg's stages is "You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" thinking most apparent?
Wanting Jerome to stop dwelling on violent thoughts
In which of the following scenarios would aversion therapy be an appropriate treatment?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
In which of the following stages of psychosocial development do toddlers learn to exert their independence?
Basic trust vs. mistrust
In which stage do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted?
Optimism
Individuals who exhibit the characteristic of _____ generally have an expectation that things will turn out well.
neuroticism
Individuals who show high traits of _____ in the Big Five model of personality may be disposed to depression.
inferiority.
Initiative is to guilt as industry is to _____
thoughts, behaviors, coping mechanisms, emotions, and motives.
Insight therapies work by increasing an individual's understanding of her or his own _____
conscientiousness
Irresponsibility and being undependable fall within the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
The inhibitory effect
Isaiah has been taught not to get involved in drugs. However, he puts that aside and tries marijuana after he sees his older brother using it without getting in trouble. Which of the following best explains Isaiah's behavior?
respectful of
It is important for physicians to be _____ patient use of alternative therapies.
they can tell you if they will interact with your treatment.
It is important to tell your medical treatment provider about any herbs, vitamins, or food supplements you are taking so that ____
trauma
It was long assumed that early _____ played a key role in the development of dissociative identity disorder. However, we now know this has not happened in most cases.
Type A behavior pattern.
Ivanhoe is described by others as always in a hurry, always trying to one-up the next person, impatient, and quick to become irritated. Based on this information, Ivanhoe can be described as having _____
high; neuroticism
Jacquez has been described as a "nervous Nellie" and "worry wart" by those who know him. Jacquez's seemingly emotional instability would likely score _____ on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Overlearning
Jada has an upcoming anthropology exam. She has spaced out her studying over the course of six days and feels she knows the material well. Two days ago, she was confident with her knowledge, but decided to study beyond the point of being able to discuss it without error. She spent the last two days studying the material even further. She now feels ready to take her exam. Which technique best explains Jada's last two days of studying?
latency
Jane is at the stage of her life in which she is interested in female friends and playing soccer. She also has taken interest in her science class because she thinks the teacher lets the students do cool experiments. According to the psychosexual stages of development, Jane is in the _____ stage.
homosexual.
Janna is finding that she has romantic and sexual feelings toward other women. Although she wants to be attracted to males, she just doesn't feel it. Janna's sexual orientation can best be described as _____
It is extremely unlikely they are real, as the brain is not developed enough to form and store such memories during those years.
Janna likes to talk about her recovered memories of her own birth and the events of the first two years of her life. She provides many details and gets very emotional telling the stories. What does science tell us about these memories?
free association.
Jaycee attends therapy once per week. Her therapist instructs her to say whatever comes to mind without censoring it, and stresses the importance of this instruction. Jaycee's therapist is utilizing _____
industrial/organizational psychologist.
Jaycee's employees are quite dissatisfied. They are not meeting his goals and nothing he does seems to motivate him. Jaycee could benefit most from a(n) _____
Intimacy vs. isolation
Jayson is 23 and has just met the man of his dreams. They date for about two years before deciding to get married with their families and friends. Jayson feels joyful and fortunate to have found someone with whom he can connect. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Jayson at this point?
Task variety
Jeana is happy with her pay, has great benefits, nice co-workers and a pleasant work environment. She spends the day just filing folders all day. What work-stress related variable might explain the fact that she feels a significant amount of work stress and does not find herself happy about her job?
a specific phobia.
Jeb lives on a small island. Over the last year or so, Jeb has developed an intense fear of crossing the bridge. He is aware his fear doesn't make sense. The problem is that Jeb has had to turn down promotions at work because it would require him to cross the bridge on a daily basis. Jeb's family is frustrated because they could really use the money that comes with the promotion. Jeb likely has _____
Generalization
Jenni was startled by the sudden loud barking noise made by a large black dog. Every time she saw a large black dog after that, she felt anxious and jumpy. She also began to feel the same way when she saw any brown, medium sized dogs. This change in her conditioned response is known as
a time out.
Jeremiah is told that he can play in the sand box only if he promises not to throw sand. He agrees. After about six minutes in the sand box, however, Jeremiah is caught by the teacher throwing sand at another child. Jeremiah is taken out of the sand box and made to sit on a chair for eight minutes where he can see the others playing in the sand box and having fun, but he cannot join in. Jeremiah is experiencing _____
inhibitory effect.
Jesse chooses not to steal a cookie after watching his sister getting reprimanded for that behavior. Jesse is demonstrating the _____
Jesse meets the criteria for PTSD, which can occur years after a traumatic event.
Jesse was deployed in the military in a field hospital. He seemed to cope well until, during the tenth anniversary of his deployment, he had a minor car accident in which he sustained a head injury. Soon after, he began re-experiencing the horrible sights, sounds and smells from the hospital and having nightmares in which he was back trying to save critically injured patients. Which of the following is correct?
set-point theory.
Jessica comes home from middle school one day and is upset. Her Mom asks her what is wrong and Jessica responds, "All the kids at school make fun of me and say that I am chunky and big-boned. I just want to be thin like the rest of the girls!" Jessica's Mom retorts with, "Honey, don't worry what the other kids say. You don't have to be very thin like some of those other girls, just make sure you are healthy. Besides, we are all genetically preprogrammed to carry around a certain amount of body weight. That is just how we were made." Jessica's Mom is clearly referring to the _____
Type B behavior pattern
Jessica is a highly successful, young professional. Although she is definitely ambitious, she does not seem to be overly competitive, impatient, in a rush, or easily angered. Jessica likely exhibits _____
Jetta's jump
Jetta was at her favorite coffee shop reading her psychology textbook. She was so engrossed in the material that she did not see her friend Willy coming up behind her. Willy approached her chair and tapped her back. Though she never learned to respond this way, Jetta jumped in surprise because Willy's tap had startled her. Which of the following would be considered the unconditioned response in this scenario?
learning perspective
Jim has been breaking the law for some time now and has been arrested several times for hurting other people. The court has ordered that he undergo psychological therapy, in addition to jail time, to eliminate these behaviors. The therapist working with him feels strongly that Jim engages in these behaviors because he grew up watching his parents engage in a life of crime. In fact, Jim was often rewarded when he was young for stealing from the neighbors. Unfortunately, Jim never had the chance to learn appropriate ways of thinking and acting. Which psychological perspective best describes the cause Jim's psychological disorder?
conditioned stimulus
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____ in his study.
a strong id.
Jolene frequently gets into fights at school. When asked about her behavior, she says that she just can't help but fight. According to psychoanalytic theory, Jolene likely is being influenced by _____
Whether this a common belief in her culture.
Jorinda believes in evil spirits. She thinks she is suffering bad luck due to a curse placed on her. She also tells you that she can hear the spirits talking to her. What do you need to find out before deciding how to classify her perceptions?
Jose's behaviors are not unusual for his age, so he should not be casually diagnosed.
Jose is 15 years old. He is very moody. Little disappointments get him very upset and he seems depressed by them. His hours of sleep are irregular and he has trouble falling asleep before midnight. Sometimes he has outbursts of temper that seem irrational. Which of the following is correct?
conversion; somatic
Joseph was recently the driver in an auto accident where the other driver was killed. In the week following the accident, his arms became so numb he could not drive. His doctors could find no medical reason for this. While at the doctor's office, he ran into his friend Jameson, who was back for the fifth time this month. Jameson confided that he is terrified that he has cancer, but the doctor can't find anything. Joseph might be diagnosed with a _____ disorder, whereas Jameson might be diagnosed with a _____ disorder.
a stimulus motive.
Joseph was sitting at the airport waiting to board his plane. His flight had already been delayed by poor weather conditions. As he found himself getting restless and tired of waiting, he decided to play solitaire on his cell phone. The desire to play the game on his cell phone would be considered _____
Cognitive behavior therapist
Juan is a therapist who is meeting for the first time with an individual with depression. Juan inquires not only about his symptoms, but also about what thoughts or beliefs go through his mind when experiencing those symptoms. Juan strongly believes that in order to reduce the depressed symptoms, he first needs to address any irrational thoughts and beliefs that come before them. What type of therapist is Juan?
Cannon-Bard theory
Julian is watching the University of Texas Longhorns basketball game. Just as his heart starts pounding and hands begin trembling, he rejoices in excitement that his team has won the championship. Which theory of emotion can best explain this scenario?
The maintenance stage
Julianna is a chemistry professor and is established in her career. Even after 20 years of employment, she enjoys her work thoroughly and intends on staying there until retirement. Based on the research by Donald Super, in which of the phases of career development is Julianna?
Research suggests that Julie will have better memory for items at the beginning and the end of the list.
Julie is a participant in a research project. She is instructed to memorize a list of items. Julie reads the list, in order, over and over again. When it comes time for her to be tested on what items she remembers, what will the finding likely be?
sense of guilt about initiating the new activities.
Justin is cared for by his grandmother while his mother is away at work. Justin is an active and imaginative kid who sometimes pretends he is Superman and tries to get his grandmother to play along. Other times he makes up games with rules and asks his grandmother to join in. She is often put off by these behaviors and tells him to go sit down quietly and read a book. According to the psychosocial stages of development, Justin will likely develop a _____
work motivation.
Justin owns a small business and wants his employees to increase their productivity. He analyzes the conditions and processes that form the basis for their work. He examines the level of effort that is required to increase their performance. After that, he devises a plan that he hopes will achieve his goal. Which of the following has he just assessed in order to generate his plan?
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Karol is an eight-month-old boy who has not received very good care from his caretakers. They respond to him when they have time and are often annoyed by his crying. At this point, which stage of psychosocial development will Karol have unsuccessfully resolved?
sense of control.
Katherine was told that she was borderline diabetic but that if she made some lifestyle changes she could probably prevent an onset of diabetes. Katherine was confident she could do this. Kitty was told she, too, was borderline diabetic, but her physician told her this meant she would develop diabetes eventually. Katherine coped well with her situation, but Kitty did not. Based on what we know, the difference was likely to have been at least partly due to the difference in their _____
psychodynamic perspective
Katie has an anxiety disorder and recently sought treatment for it. The therapist explained that the anxiety stemmed from her early childhood experiences. When Katie was young, her parents divorced. Her anxiety increased when her dad abandoned Katie, and when her mom decided to start another family with her new husband. According to Katie's therapist, Katie has unresolved unconscious conflicts involving fear of abandonment in addition to aggression toward her father. From which psychological perspective is this explanation?
Displacement
Kayla is terribly saddened and frustrated by the antisocial behavior of her moody teenage son. Instead of yelling at him for not engaging with her, she decides to go for a jog. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Kayla's decision to go for a jog instead of yell at her son?
Resistance stage
Keith knows that he has a research paper due in two days. He received the assignment at the beginning of the semester, but found that he was just too busy to ever get it started. The next two days are spent doing research, writing, and getting very little sleep. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does these two days best illustrate?
Kent
Kent is an accountant who is terribly bored and frustrated with his current position. He feels he is not paid nearly enough and feels terribly unappreciated. Ahmed, a very sociable person, is frustrated by the fact that he gets very little human contact throughout the day. The human contact he does have is with his boss, who is frequently absent. James, a construction supervisor, is tired because he is on his feet all day. All other things being equal and based on research, who is most likely to experience burnout?
a classically conditioned taste aversion.
Kenyatta went out for pizza Tuesday night. She developed the flu on Tuesday night, which included intense stomach cramps and vomiting. She did not know at that point she had the flu. Now she can't stand pizza. Kenyatta appears to have developed _____
mastery/avoidance.
Kerry is a straight A student. She does not really enjoy studying, but her siblings are all straight A students and her parents are extremely proud of that. She does not want to disappoint her parents or be labeled the "dumb sister," so she often stays up all night studying even though she is not really interested in the class. She demonstrates _____
physical variables.
Kevin works for his own gutter and siding company and loves that he gets to climb around and work outside. Marsha is an accountant who prefers to work in a cubicle protected from the elements of nature. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, Kevin and Marsha are both content with their respective _____
unconditional positive regard
Kito has just begun the process of therapy with a new therapist. Compared to his previous therapist, this new one seems to create an atmosphere of acceptance and nonjudgment no matter what he says in therapy. Because of this, Kito is willing to share much more than he ever has before. It is clear that Kito's new therapist is utilizing _____ to establish a safe therapeutic environment.
Maintenance rehearsal
Kris just wrote a new song and wants to commit the lyrics to memory. He repeats the chorus over and over until he learns the words. What memory strategy has Kris just employed?
episodic memory.
Kristy lost her dad in a tragic accident. Her experience of this painful event is located in her _____
Naïve idealism
Kristyn is a first-year college student. She decided to stay home for the first year and is struggling with getting along with her parents. She has noticed lately that her thoughts and opinions are in such contrast to her parents'. She feels strongly that if she had just gone away to school, then she would not be having such differences of opinion with them right now. Which of the following concepts could account for Kristyn's thinking that being away at school would be so much better for her?
recognition
Lacey just finished her sociology exam in which she was given 50 questions. Her professor also supplied 50 responses; all Lacey had to do was pick the right answer from a field of four options. Lacey's sociology professor tested her _____
Extraversion
Lacie is known to most of her friends as outgoing and personable. She feels comfortable in a group of people and has never really been described as shy in any situation. Which factor of the five-factor model best relates to this scenario?
recall.
Lalana just took a history exam that consisted of three essay questions. By giving essay questions, Lalana's professor measured her _____
conditioned taste aversion.
Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced _____
a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
Laurel is taking medication for major depressive disorder. She has noticed that because she has been on the medication, she cannot perform sexually. She has also gained some weight, but it is the sexual dysfunction that is really bothering her. Laurel is likely taking _____
She should use rehearsal.
Layla was at the bar when she met Steve. He seemed like a nice guy and Layla was excited to get his phone number. He told her his number and then left when she realized she had nothing to write with. She could not program his number into her cell phone because her battery had just died. What should Layla do in order to increase her chances of remembering the number until she has an opportunity to write it down?
Systematic desensitization
LeRoi has been diagnosed with a specific phobia. His therapist asks him to imagine a time when he was very relaxed. After he achieves that relaxed state, the therapist asks him to imagine the feared object and then eventually works with him to be relaxed in the presence of the real object. This procedure is completed in gradual steps. Which technique did his therapist use?
latent learning.
Learning that occurs, but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, is called _____
Classical conditioning
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.
A token economy
Lester, a 29-year-old smoker, has a head injury and lives in a group home with four other men. They have staff members who are with them 24 hours per day to help them with everyday tasks. Lester often displays aggressive or otherwise inappropriate behaviors as a result of his brain injury. For this reason, the staff members have been trained by the agency psychologist to give him a coupon every time Lester shows an appropriate behavior. When he saves up eight coupons, Lester is rewarded with a cigarette. Which of the following techniques is the staff members using with Lester?
frontal lobes; lower
Levels of activity in the _____ tend to be _____ in the brains of people with schizophrenia than in other people.
infantile amnesia.
Lili, a teenager, can remember her first day of kindergarten, but cannot seem to remember anything in her life that occurred before that. Lili is likely experiencing _____
Postconventional level
Lillian knows that we have laws and that we should obey the laws set forth by society. However, she also acknowledges that these laws can and should be changed if they are not doing what they were set out to do. In which stage of moral development is Lillian?
Lisa should offer as much choice to the residents as possible so they feel they have some aspect of control over their day.
Lisa just finished her graduate degree in psychology and has landed a job as the director of a large nursing home. Which of the following ideas should she implement in an effort to help the residents effectively deal with their general stress?
conditioned emotional
Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) _____ response.
sematic
Long-term memories are usually stored in _____ form.
declarative memory; nondeclarative memory.
Long-term memory is categorized into _____ and _____
Lourdes was born before 37 weeks and weighed less than 5.5 pounds.
Lourdes was a premature infant. What can be gleaned from that diagnosis?
episodic memory.
Lucille remembers the day she won the lottery like it was yesterday. She was at the gas station filling up her car and decided to check the lottery ticket she had purchased the day before. When the gas station attendant scanned it, he looked at her with a huge smile and then told her to get ready for some fantastic news. The memory of this event is located in Lucille's _____
75 pecent
Luisine took his statistics exam and was glad he studied as hard as he did. He remembers that it took him about an hour to relearn how to solve the problems after spending four hours on them the first time. Based on the relearning method, what was Luisine's savings score?
Lazarus theory
Luke just received word that his grandmother passed away. First, he thinks about how much he loved her and how much he will miss her. He then feels sad and begins to cry. Which theory of emotion best describes this situation?
conditions of worth.
Lulu's parents have told her that as long as she becomes a doctor, they will pay for her schooling. Lulu, however, really wants to become a chemistry teacher. When she tells her parents of her desire to study chemistry and teaching, they tell her to apply for financial aid. Lulu responds with sadness, anxiety, and distress. Lulu's parents have established _____
Go over the speech again tomorrow anyway
Maggie memorized the speech she wrote for her business presentation. Because she was confident that she knew it, she went to bed knowing she would remember the speech just as well the next day when she was scheduled to give it. Based on memory research, what advice would you give Maggie?
conversion
Many of Freud's patients experienced numbness, paralysis, even blindness, without apparent physical causes. These patients most likely had _____ disorders.
avoidance learning.
Many students dread public speaking so much that they do not give oral presentations or take speech classes. This is an example of _____
A panic attack
Marc was sitting in the lecture hall for his Anatomy 200 class. Seemingly out of the blue, his heart started racing, he began sweating, and his hands started to shake. He also felt like he was choking and that he couldn't breathe correctly. After about ten minutes of waiting it out, all of his symptoms subsided. Knowing Marc has no physical health conditions, which of the following did he likely experience?
Compulsion
Maria has a six-year-old son who attends school near their house. She has terrible thoughts that he will be abducted while at school. Though she tries not to think about these images, she cannot seem to control it. She has found that if she drives around the school three times in a row, the disturbing thoughts and images of her son being abducted seem to go away. Unfortunately, she finds herself doing this for about three hours every school day. Which of the following would we call her behavior of driving around the school?
Maria's obsessions consist of intrusive, terrifying thoughts that her son might be kidnapped from school
Maria has a six-year-old son who attends school near their house. She has terrible thoughts that he will be abducted while at school. Though she tries not to think about these images, she cannot seem to control it. She has found that if she drives around the school three times in a row, the disturbing thoughts and images of her son being abducted seem to go away. Which of the following is likely true regarding this scenario?
Working memory
Marie has a final exam in psychology in one hour. She has been studying for this exam for the last three days. However, she is not convinced she has mastered the material. Marie is currently sitting in her car in the college's parking lot diligently studying her note cards so she can ace the exam. Not only is she striving to remember all of the information, but she is also trying to understand the theories from different perspectives. Which of the following memory systems is Marie engaging the most?
the state-dependent memory effect.
Mario had consumed a large amount of caffeine prior to his human anatomy study session with classmates. During their time together, they studied diligently and learned a lot of information. When the exam day arrived, Mario planned on consuming a large amount of caffeine just before taking his exam. Mario is applying his knowledge of _____
She has a higher risk for low birth weight
Marla just gave birth to her first child, Jennifer. As soon as Jennifer was born, the medical staff carefully examined her because they knew Marla smoked heavily throughout her pregnancy even when advised not to. Which of the following statements is likely true for baby Jennifer?
Borderline personality disorder
Martha always has drama in her life. When she has a boyfriend, she is at first head over heels in love. Her boyfriends get tired of her demanding reassurance that they love her just as much. Eventually they do some little thing that she perceives as abandonment. She has even cut on herself to show them how hurt she is. Her moods change often in a day and she is frequently impulsive. Martha best fits the description of which of the following disorders?
Optimism
Mary is a graduate student studying to be a psychologist. The schooling is quite rigorous, and the academic pressures are high. For some reason, the competition between classmates is intense. Mary's overall attitude, however, is that of a positive outlook. She believes that she will finish school soon and will do well in the process. She also expects that she will learn how to be a successful psychologist. Based on this scenario, Mary seems to demonstrate the quality of _____, which has been shown to somehow buffer the effects of stress and illness.
shaping.
Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ____
aversion therapy
MaryBeth has awful and frequent thoughts of suicide. Her therapist wants those thoughts to be eliminated as soon as possible. The therapist decides to pair the suicidal thoughts with the repugnant smell of ammonia with the intent that MaryBeth will eventually avoid engaging in suicidal thoughts. MaryBeth's therapist is using the _____ technique.
MMPI-2
Mateen works at a clinic that provides substance abuse counseling to adults in need. Which of the following inventories would be most useful to him in assisting the individuals he counsels?
Schizophrenia
Matt's parents are devastated to have just found out that their son has been experiencing hallucinations. They immediately decide to take him to the hospital where he can be evaluated by a psychiatrist. During that time, Matt reveals that he thinks his parents are trying to poison him. The psychiatrist also notes additional disturbed thinking and social withdrawal, but no depressed mood. Which of the following psychological disorders does Matt likely have?
Performance/avoidance
Matthew is a teacher at a local high school. He doesn't particularly like his job, nor does he have much regard for his students. He shows up to work every day and works hard enough to be better than the worst teacher. He does enough avoid getting fired or otherwise losing his job, but by no means is he striving to be a great teacher. According to research on the goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely fits Matthew's motivation?
A stressor
Mauro and his wife just found out that their infant has a birth defect in his heart that will require heart surgery. Which of the following is the best label for the heart defect?
dopamine
Medications that act on _____ are usually helpful to treat psychotic symptoms.
Xanax
Meghan has been taking medication for panic disorder. After a while, she decides she wants to try not taking the medication anymore. Her psychiatrist takes her off the medication. However, within a week or two, Meghan's panic attacks are worse than before and she is experiencing intense withdrawal symptoms. Which of the following drugs was Meghan likely taking?
Formal operations
Melanie is asked the question, "What if humans never had hands or feet?" Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, "Well, I guess we wouldn't have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm...I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn't have feet." According to Piaget, in what stage of cognitive development is Melanie?
flashbulb memories.
Memories for shocking, emotion-provoking events that include information about the source from which the information was acquired are known as _____
speech-based.
Memory researchers strongly suggest that working memory is largely _____
refractory period; resolution
Men experience the _____ during the _____ phase of the sexual response cycle.
specific visual imagery; emotional and romantic content
Men's sexual fantasies usually involve _______, whereas women's sexual fantasies usually involve _________ .
fluid
Mental flexibility and abstract reasoning make up _____ intelligence.
psychological disorders.
Mental processes or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress or substantial impairment in functioning are considered _____
an external locus of control.
Merrisa believes that getting a good job after college is all about the connections one has in addition to being at the right place at the right time. Merrisa also believes that if a person doesn't get the job she or he wants, it was simply not meant to be. Merrisa is demonstrating ____
cognitive
Mice who received a paired tone and shock 20 times and the same tone with no shock 20 times were not successfully conditioned to fear the tone. Mice who received a shock every time the tone sounded were conditioned to fear the tone. This observation supports the _____ theory of classical conditioning.
Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?
Generativity vs. stagnation
Michael is in the process of reflecting on his 55 years of life. He realizes that he has not contributed anything substantial to society, nor has he left any type of legacy in terms of his family or his work. He is "feeling stuck" at this point in his life, which is preventing him from moving ahead. Which stage of psychosocial development best describes Michael?
Major depressive disorder
Milo has been feeling down for the last month or so. However, he cannot quite trace back to what may have caused this feeling to begin with. Aside from feeling sad, he cannot seem to eat or sleep as he normally does. He has never felt this way before and it is beginning to scare him because he is starting to feel as if there is nothing he can do to stop feeling this way. Which diagnosis currently seems to best fit Milo's symptoms?
the misinformation effect.
Misleading information can often be inadvertently supplied to an eyewitness during the process of an investigator's interview and can result in false recollections. When this happens it is known as _____
It is evident that she did not maintain any of the original learning in her long-term memory.
Mitzi learned the concept of classical conditioning for the first time in her psychology class. It took her about 60 minutes to thoroughly learn the process. Three weeks later, she had an exam in that class that covered classical conditioning. As she studied for that part of her exam, she realized it took her about 60 minutes to understand it once again. Which of the following statements is true of Mitzi based on this scenario?
Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Nadia is a psychotherapist dealing mainly with clients battling depression and anxiety. Prior to ending the session with her last client, she assigned him homework. She told him to record and keep track of any automatic thoughts he notices in addition to his emotional response to them. When he came into the next session, they went over his homework and she analyzed his responses for cognitive errors. What type of therapy is Nadia most likely providing?
Alarm
Nancy is hiking in the mountains when she comes across a rattlesnake looking right at her. She immediately feels a burst of energy that she will use to run away from the danger she is encountering. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is this scenario illustrating?
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Nardil, Parnate, and Marplan are examples of _____
increase
Negative reinforcement will _____ a behavior.
sleep; sleep-wake cycle
New research on _____ has suggested many individuals with DID have disruptions of the _____
flashbulb memory
Nicole feels she will not forget the emotions she felt upon hearing of the attacks on America on September 11, 2001. She remembers very vividly what she was doing, who she was with, what was said, and what emotions she experienced. Nicole has a _____ for that tragic event.
retrieval cue.
Nikki was taking her driving test at the Department of Transportation office so she could renew her license. When she came upon the last question, she couldn't remember the answer. She paused to think and then started reviewing the previous questions for clues to the answer to the last question. Because that strategy didn't work, she started looking around the office for clues on the wall posters and windows. The poster on the wall nearest to her jogged her memory and helped her to answer the last question. The poster on the wall served as a(n) _____
culturally sensitive therapy.
Nina is an African-American therapist. Most of her clients are also African-American because they request a therapist who shares a similar cultural outlook. Nina is quite successful not only because she is a brilliant psychologist, but also because she knows well the African-American culture and chooses therapeutic interventions for her clients accordingly. Nina clearly provides _____
She seems to demonstrate the hardy personality.
Nina is highly respected by other attorneys in her firm. Many comment on the fact that she seems to take on some of the most difficult cases and continues to do well. When asked how she does it, Nina replied, "Well, I truly love my job and feel a strong connection to what I do. I take on the difficult cases because someone has to. I view them as challenges to meet instead of cases that I might lose. I like to believe that I have a good deal of control as to what has gone on in my life. While I know I cannot control everything, I try to control that which is in my power." Which of the following is true of Nina?
concrete operations; formal operations
Nine-year-old Desi is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her 15-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.
Regression
Nine-year-old Sofia was excited about having a new baby brother. However, she was not excited about the fact that he now gets all the attention. She finds that she no longer wants to attend to him when he cries or needs something. Her parents have also noticed, and are frustrated by, her need to suddenly suck her thumb. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Sofia's new thumb-sucking behavior?
a high need for achievement.
Nino finds that he sets high standards of excellence for himself and strives to reach those standards. Nino notices that his desire to reach difficult goals and attain high standards seems to increase as previous goals are met. Nino is said to have _____
Secure attachment
Nunzio and his mother were in a playroom at school. Nunzio was playing in and exploring the playroom as they waited to meet his new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Nunzio and his mother. Then Nunzio's mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When the mother returned to the playroom, Nunzio ran up to her to be picked up and gave her a hug. He then politely asked to get down so he could further explore the neat toys in the room. The preschool teacher was impressed with his behavior and told his mother she looks forward to having Nunzio as a student. Which attachment type does Nunzio likely have with his mother?
Albert Bandura.
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is _____
Lawrence Kohlberg
Of the following researchers, who would be most interested in moral development?
Memory decay
One day Oliver was sitting with his friend as they were discussing how long they have been friends. As they counted back, Oliver said, "Oh, I remember. We met in the third grade at recess time." As he and his friend reminisced, Oliver came to the conclusion that because he hadn't thought about the third grade in so many years, he could not remember who their teacher was. In fact, he could not remember anything about his teacher. What is Oliver likely experiencing?
a therapist; the media.
One theory holds that DID is a pattern of behaviors resulting from the influence of _____ and _____
conversion
One type of somatic symptom disorder, called _____ disorder, involves a loss of motor or sensory functioning in some part of the body.
source
One's overall level of likability, a trait possessed by all to a certain degree, is an example of Raymond Cattell's _____ trait.
The vaccine is for both males and females
Only one of the following statements about the HPV vaccine is correct. Which of the following is statements is true? a) The vaccine offers protection against all strains of HPV. b) The vaccine is for both males and females. c) The vaccine prevents the onset of cervical cancer in those who already have HPV. d) Those who have been vaccinated need not practice safe sex, because the risk of any infection is quite low.
OCD
Other evidence that there may be common origins among disorders is the fact that medication that works for _____ is also effective for conversion disorder.
aversion therapy.
Pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior in an effort to reduce or eliminate that undesirable behavior is the basic idea behind _____
No disorder
Patricia is terrified of bees. In fact, when summer comes around and the bees are out, Patricia avoids places where she is likely to risk encountering a bee. She found out some time ago that she is deathly allergic to bee stings. For which of the following does Patricia seem to meet the criteria?
the five-factor theory of personality.
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae are known for their work on _____ a) self-efficacy.
expectancy; remember the consequences.
Pavlov and Watson believed the critical element in classical conditioning was the _____ of stimuli; Rescorla believed it was how well the conditioned stimulus made it possible to _____
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Pedro is a psychologist. He has just given his client a checklist of 43 events to go through and has told his client to circle each event that she has experienced during the past year. When she is done, Pedro will add up the assigned point value of her experiences. This score will give him an understanding of her overall stress level and will help him predict her risk for a major health problem within the next two years. Which of the following tools is Pedro likely using with his client?
learned helplessness.
People who are exposed repeatedly to unpleasant events over which they have no control may become passively resigned to those outcomes. This is called _____
do not meet the criteria for
People who are said to be faking illness in order to avoid work or other activities _____ a somatic symptom disorder.
"Peter, you are likely experiencing repression. After we work through the painful details of that traumatic event, your depression will lift and you will feel much better."
Peter finally got up the courage to see a therapist after struggling with depression. When discussing his issues with his psychoanalytic therapist, Peter told his therapist that he was sexually assaulted by his previous college roommate. Though Peter was aware that the assault took place, he could not remember any of the painful details of the situation. Which of the following is Peter's therapist likely to say?
conservation
Piaget's concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away, defines _____.
trait theorist.
Piotr is a researcher who has spent his career studying personality in terms of characteristics and descriptions that are stable across time. Piotr is likely a _____
have positive effects for 70% to 90% of the children who take them.
Placebo-controlled studies have shown that the drugs used to treat attention-deficit disorder _____
only part of the differences
Poverty explains _____ in health risks and outcomes become different ethnic groups.
secondary reinforcement.
Praise, awards, and good grades are all examples of _____
discriminative stimulus; asking questions.
Professor Ronson told her students that if her door was closed, it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Ronson's door being open was a _____ for _____
Neuroticism
Psychologist Timothy Brown has studied generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder extensively. He found through his research, and subsequently argued, that generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia are manifestations of which factor on the Big Five theory of personality?
no
Psychologists generally agree that _____ true instincts motivate human behavior.
stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior
Psychoneuroimmunologists believe that _____ are important factors with respect to immune system functioning.
14
Public health officials estimate about _____ percent of children in the United States are living with a psychological disorder of some kind.
coronary heart disease.
Rachael visited her physician for her annual physical. It was determined that her weight and body mass index put her at the obese level. Additionally, she was diagnosed with high cholesterol. Her physician gave her all kinds of literature warning her of the danger of smoking, a habit she has been meaning to quit for some time now. Although she loves her job as a librarian, she wonders how she can make time to exercise because she gets little or none at work. Rachael is at high risk for _____
Psychoanalysis
Rasha uses free association, resistance, and dream analysis to help understand her patients' unconscious functioning. Which type of therapy does Rasha likely provide?
Raymond Cattell's theory of personality.
Rational emotive behavior therapy is based on _____
surface; source
Raymond Cattell describes Kevin as a funny and sarcastic guy upon first meeting him. Funny and sarcastic would be examples of _____ traits, whereas his overall level of sociability would be considered a(n) _____ trait.
Chunking
Raymond is required to learn long lists of numbers for his job. Because he wants to remember as many numbers as possible, he breaks the numbers up into groups. What technique is Raymond utilizing?
bulimia nervosa.
Recurrent episodes of bingeing and purging are best explained by a diagnosis of _____
The death instinct
Reggie works in an office with about 50 other attorneys. The environment is fiercely competitive because many of them want to be made a partner in the firm. In an effort to gain some ground, Reggie began spreading harmful rumors about two of his coworkers. Even though Reggie knew that the rumors could ultimately impact their career in a negative manner, he still chose to engage in the rumor-spreading behavior. Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of Reggie's malicious acts?
extinction.
Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will eventually result in _____
serotonin.
Research suggests that the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder is likely _____
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is part of which process?
Performance/approach
Rhianna is fiercely competitive in the classroom. If she does not graduate at the head of the class she will feel bad. According to research on the goal orientation theory, which of the following orientations most likely fits Rhianna's motivation?
Consolidation
Rinu was awake late one night in his apartment. He was trying to cram in as much biology material as he could because he had a midterm exam the next morning. However, he was getting so sleepy that he found it difficult to learn much of anything. His roommate woke up to get some water to drink and saw Rinu trying to study. He told Rinu that because he is so tired, his brain will not be able to physiologically change to accommodate the incoming information. He strongly suggested that Rinu get some sleep instead. To which process was Rinu's roommate referring?
The Yerkes-Dodson law
Rita's favorite college football team made it to the national championship game with a near perfect win-loss record. Though her team was known for playing a smart game with few errors throughout the season, she was surprised and disappointed to see them making so many errors in the big game. The players just couldn't seem to settle down and play the type of game for which they were known. In the end, they lost by a large margin. Which of the following theories or principles of motivation could best account for the behavior of Rita's favorite team?
presenting a conditioned stimulus with and without the unconditioned stimulus.
Robert Rescorla provided evidence that supported his theory by _____
He should first help her find shelter so she feels secure
Roger is a therapist who is working with an individual currently experiencing legal and relationship difficulties. Roger finds out that because of all of the legal fees the person has incurred, the individual has lost her house and has nowhere to stay. Which of the following should Roger address based on Maslow's theory?
clarity of job description and evaluation criteria.
Roger's boss evaluates him based on the satisfaction of the employees who work under Roger's supervision. Roger's supervisees are very unhappy because the company provides poor salary and benefits and won't even hire a cleaning company to keep the bathrooms clean. None of this is in Roger's control. The factor responsible for Roger's high work stress as described in this scenario is _____
Agreeableness
Salvatore has been described by his classmates as unfriendly, argumentative, and unpleasant to be around. If these characteristics had to be summed up in one of the factors of the Big Five, which would it be?
This is abnormal because school does not normally cause this level of distress.
Sammy is so anxious about going to school that he throws up every morning and cries all the way there. After he's at school, he shakes and is often tearful with anxiety. Which of the following is correct?
escape learning.
Sammy took two aspirin to treat a pounding headache. This is an example of _____
Mental challenge
Sariah is a production supervisor. She feels that her current position does not allow her to demonstrate her knowledge and skills. Zachary is a chemist who is frustrated by his supervisor's expectations. Although Zachary specializes in one category of chemical compounds, his supervisor expects him to know three other categories of chemical compounds. Both Sariah and Zachary are frustrated. Based on Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable would best describe their collective frustration?
glucocorticoids.
Selye found that the most harmful effects of stress are due to the prolonged secretion of _____
sense of pride regarding her accomplishments.
Seven-year-old Francesca brings home her worksheet from second grade with a big gold star on it. Her foster parent is so proud of her that she hangs it on the refrigerator for everyone to see. According to the psychosocial stages of development, this will likely cause Francesca to develop a _____
Schachter-Singer theory
Sevina is sitting at her desk at work. She suddenly feels her stomach drop and heart pound. She then thinks about and remembers that she forgot to pay her rent yesterday. This results in her feeling upset and frustrated because her landlord told her not to be late getting the payment in. Which theory of emotion best fits this situation?
If he is unresponsive she should stay with him, observe for signs of alcohol poisoning and call 911 if signs are present.
Shanaya and her boyfriend had a great time at the end of school party. She was the designated driver. Her boyfriend was pretty blitzed, so he laid down in the back seat while she drove them home. When she got to their apartment she couldn't wake him up to get out of the car. She thought about just letting him sleep it off. She was irritated with him so she pinched him hard but he still did not respond. What should she do?
The drive-reduction theory
Shannon was so hungry that she found herself unable to concentrate on her studies. The only thing she could think of was food, which made it impossible to learn the material in her textbook. She decided to leave the library and eat dinner before returning to study again. Which of the following theories best describes Shannon's motivation to go eat dinner?
exposure and response prevention.
Sharif has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. His therapist purposely asks him to think about the unwanted, intrusive, unpleasant thought. These thoughts typically trigger Sharif to feel the need to engage in a particular behavior. However, his therapist does not allow him to engage in that behavior for periods of time. The goal is to decrease and eventually eliminate the need for the compulsion. This technique is called _____
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Sharon and Peggy were talking about what they did over the weekend. Peggy told Sharon all about the concert she attended. As she was giving Peggy the details, she realized she could not remember the name of the group who performed. She could easily tell Sharon other songs they sang and even described what they looked like. However, Peggy could not seem to remember the name of the group at the moment. What did Peggy just experience?
Token economy
Shay is a nursery school teacher who works with two- and three-year-old children. Because she knows this is the time when most children become potty trained, she uses a technique in her classroom that encourages this behavior. Shay tells the children that they will get a sticker on their chart each time they successfully use the bathroom. Whenever a child gets 10 stickers, the child receives a small prize. What technique is Shay using?
mental filter
Shayla focuses on one small detail of a situation instead of the overall situation. According to Aaron Beck, which cognitive error is Shayla experiencing?
problems in her life instinct
Shelley is currently undergoing treatment for an eating disorder. She reports to her therapist that food absolutely disgusts her. Her therapist, trained in psychoanalysis, immediately thinks of _____ as the potential cause
sound.
Short-term memory usually codes information according to _____
extraversion; extraversion
Shy and reserved fall within the _____ factor of the five-factor model; outgoing and sociable describe the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Leah is in the stage of concrete operations and has demonstrated reversibility.
Six-year-old Alex and 11-year-old Leah watched Rachel take apart a craft. Rachel then challenged them to put the craft back together from memory. Because Leah could put together the craft in her mind and then remember what it looked like, she has no problem reconstructing the craft. However, Alex had great difficulty with the challenge. Because he couldn't put it back together in his mind, he couldn't remember what the craft looked like before Rachel took it apart. Which of the following statements is true?
preoperational; concrete operations
Six-year-old Fredo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas his 10-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.
separation anxiety.
Sixteen-month-old Nina cries and appears distressed when her parents leave her with the babysitter she has known since she was born. Nina is demonstrating _____
The imaginary audience
Sixteen-year-old Andre was helping his parents clean the windows. Unfortunately, one of the panes of glass nearby fell out of the window opening and left a cut on Andre's nose as he caught it. Andre is upset because now he is convinced his classmates will notice it and poke fun of him at school. Which of the following concepts best underlies Andre's thinking?
a high degree of self-efficacy.
Sixteen-year-old Enzo is involved in many activities at school, plays sports, and gets good grades. His parents report that he has been this way since he was little. Enzo reports having confidence in himself and his abilities. Consequently, he tends to set higher and higher goals for himself and works diligently to achieve them. Enzo likely has _____
has a strong superego.
Sixteen-year-old Evan is referred to as a perfectionist by his friends and family. Neither his parents nor his teachers put pressure on him because they all know Evan seems to be the most critical of himself. According to Freud, Evan likely _____
Dementia
Sixty-eight-year-old Claretta is often confused about where she is and what time of the day it is. Her adult children have noticed that other mental abilities have also been deteriorating lately. They report that Claretta does not seem to remember important information and her personality has changed. Which of the following best describes Claretta's condition?
Skinner box.
Skinner designed a soundproof apparatus, often equipped with a lever or bar, with which he conducted his experiments in operant conditioning. This has been called a _____
generalization.
Skinner found that a pigeon reinforced for pecking at a yellow disk is likely to peck at another disk similar in color. This is an example of _____
depression; self-esteem
Social support has been shown to reduce _____ and improve _____ in individuals who suffer from chronic illnesses.
The law of effect
Sofia loves that she gets attention from her kindergarten teacher every time she uses her manners. Because of it, she continues to use her manners. What does this demonstrate?
participant modeling.
Solomon has poor social skills, which are interfering with his ability to make friends at school. His therapist demonstrates correct and appropriate social skills for him and then encourages Solomon to mimic them. The learning of social skills eventually occurs and is all a result of Solomon watching his therapist and then practicing the new skills with him. This technique is referred to as _____
neuroleptics.
Some antipsychotic medications are also known as _____
influenza; a type of herpes virus
Some infections, such as _____ and _____, appear to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia in individuals who already have a vulnerability.
genetic; brain development.
Some research indicates that there is a _____ basis to disruptive mood dysregulation disorder that affects
Some researchers theorize that group differences in rates of diseases and health outcomes may be the result of _____
Some researchers theorize that group differences in rates of diseases and health outcomes may be the result of
achievement motivation.
Sonya has been working diligently for the last six years on her doctorate in sociology. She finds the hard work exciting and she loves the challenge; that is what keeps her going. Her motivation fits the definition of _____
drive-reduction theory.
Stan just ran a mile in the heat and all he can think about is getting something to drink and cooling off. Stan is experiencing the effects predicted by the _____
primary drives.
States of tension or arousal that arise from a biological need and are unlearned are called _____
To be on an actual bridge until her fear subsides
Stella has a phobia of bridges, but needs to cross one in order to get to her new job. She found a therapist who can help her by using in vivo flooding. If she chooses this therapist, what should Stella expect during treatment?
Motives
Stella studies for her exam so she can earn a passing grade and maintain her scholarship. Dorothy studies for her exam because that seems to be the only time her parents leave her alone. Though Stella and Dorothy are both studying for their respective exams, on which of the following bases do they differ?
a mood disorder.
Steve experienced what his psychologist termed a manic episode last year. Though he recovered and continues to take medication, he has been feeling terribly depressed lately. He cannot seem to eat or sleep and has been entertaining thoughts of suicide. He cannot seem to "snap out if it" no matter what he tries. Steve seems to fit the criteria for _____
12 months of age.
Stranger anxiety peaks around _____
muscle; bone mass.
Strength training moderates the effects of aging by reducing the loss of _____ called sarcopenia, and osteoporosis, loss of _____
identity crisis; identity vs. role confusion
Stuart is beginning the process of trying to answer these questions: Who am I? What am I all about? What do I stand for? What are my values? Stuart is likely experiencing a(n) _____ which occurs in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.
Asian countries are some of the most collectivist cultures.
Studies of personality and culture reveal which of the following?
low arousal
Successful performance on a moderately challenging task requires _____, according to the Yerkes-Dodson law.
Extinction
Susan trained her rat to press a bar in a Skinner box in order to get a food pellet. Susan's rat pressed the bar a lot. However, later when Susan ran out of food pellets, her rat eventually stopped pressing the bar. What had happened?
the thymus gland; bone marrow.
T cells are to _____ as B cells are to _____
Neuroticism
Tad and Lilly were standing in line to get coffee with about three other people. Within 10 seconds of waiting, Tad started complaining to anyone who would listen about the wait time and how ridiculous it was. Lilly was embarrassed by Tad's outburst of emotion. Which of the Eysenck trait dimensions is likely to describe Tad's behavior?
panic disorder without agoraphobia.
Tad was driving in his car the other day and started to feel his heart begin to race. Within a minute or two, he began sweating, shaking, and felt like something terrible was going to happen. Because this experience was so intense, Tad pulled off the road until he began to feel better. Within about 15 to 20 minutes, he returned to his normal self. Although the episode only happened in his car on a few different occasions, he has gotten to the point where he refuses to drive when he goes out, for fear that another episode will occur. Tad seems to have symptoms of _____
behavior; behavior modification
Tanisha, a therapist, works with individuals who display poor social skills. In treatment, she uses reinforcements and other operant conditioning principles to bring about more adaptive responses in her clients. Tanisha is a _____ therapist using _____ in her therapy sessions to help treat the individuals.
a 50 percent chance of developing a mood disorder.
Tara and Sarah are identical twins. If Tara has bipolar disorder, then Sarah has _____
death instinct
Tarrin is a teenager who is struggling with feelings of hostility and angst. Because she was arrested for vandalism, she was court-ordered to therapy. Her treatment goal is to understand these feelings or at least to learn how to keep them in check. If Freud were her psychoanalyst, he would speculate that her _____ was to blame for her hostility and angst.
biological predisposition.
Taste aversion is an example of _____
Psychoticism
Templeton is a very neat guy. Although he is creative in his thinking, he does not get to the point where he loses touch with reality. Similarly, because he's not too rigidly tied to the material world, he's creative enough to veer from strict conventional thinking. Which of the Eysenck trait dimensions is likely being described here?
Exhaustion
Terri collapsed at work and had to be rushed to the hospital. While she was in the hospital, she revealed to the medical staff that she had been working more than 80 hours per week for the last month and never had time to sleep or eat right. Terri's collapse was likely due to the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
give a numerical score that quantifies the amount of stress an individual has been experiencing
The Social Readjustment Rating Scale is intended to _____
drive-reduction theory; arousal theory
The _____ assumes that humans are motivated to reduce tension, whereas the _____ assumes humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension.
set-point theory
The _____ implies that each individual is genetically programmed to carry a particular amount of body weight.
serial position effect
The _____ is the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence.
lateral hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus
The _____ is to the feeding center as _____ is to the satiety center.
id; ego
The _____ is to the pleasure principle as the _____ is to the reality principle.
metabolic rate
The _____ measures the rate at which the body burns calories to produce energy.
Learning
The _____ perspective views abnormal behavior as arising from faulty learning or having failed to learn the appropriate patterns of thinking and acting.
cognitive
The _____ perspective views abnormal behavior as arising from faulty thinking or distorted perceptions.
excitement; plateau
The _____ phase comes before the _____ phase in the sexual response cycle.
risk/resilience model
The _____ proposes that risk and protective factors interact to produce or protect us from illness.
American Psychiatric Association
The _____ publishes a manual providing a diagnostic system for describing and classifying psychological disorders.
alarm
The _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome is marked by the initial burst of energy that assists the person in dealing with a stressful situation.
conditioned stimulus
The _____ started as a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, became associated with it and now elicits a conditioned response.
Lazarus theory
The _____ states that a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an emotional response and that all other aspects of an emotion, including physiological arousal, depend on it.
Cannon-Bard theory
The _____ states that an emotion-provoking stimulus is transmitted simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, providing the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing the physiological arousal.
James-Lange theory
The _____ states that emotional feelings result when an individual becomes aware of a physiological response to an emotion-provoking stimulus (e.g., feeling fear because of trembling).
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
The _____ was developed by Holmes and Rahe as a measure of stress, and ranks 43 life events from most to least stressful and assigns a point value to each.
drive-reduction theory; Clark Hull.
The _____ was developed by _____
unconditioned response
The _______ is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.
automaticity.
The ability to recall information from long-term memory without effort is called _____
eidetic imagery.
The ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view, and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus, is known as _____
hypothetico-deductive thinking; formal operational
The ability to utilize logical thought to assess abstract situations is referred to as _____, which is attained in the _____ stage.
preoperational
The acquisition of symbolic function is first demonstrated in the _____ stage.
rehearsal.
The act of purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory defines _____
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
The antidepressants that serve to block the reuptake of serotonin are referred to as _____
integration orientation.
The belief that individuals will be able to fit into the social structure of a new culture while retaining links to their home cultures defines _____
the interference of learning.
The blocking or preventing of long-term potentiation results in _____
autism spectrum
The category of childhood disorders in which symptoms involving language, social skills, intellectual abilities and interests can result in a range from high to low functioning is the _____ disorder category.
anxiety
The category of mental disorder with the highest prevalence is _____ disorders.
yet to be identified.
The causes of personality disorders are _____
unconscious forces shape human thought and behavior.
The central idea of psychoanalytic theory is that _____
paraphilias.
The class of disorders in which a person experiences recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving children, other nonconsenting persons, nonhuman objects, or the suffering or humiliation of the individual or her or his partner is
activation, persistence, intensity.
The components of motivation include _____
preoperational
The concepts of symbolic function, pretend play, and egocentrism are characteristic of Piaget's _____ stage.
work motivation.
The conditions and processes responsible for the arousal, direction, magnitude, and maintenance of effort of workers on the job define _____
Expectancy
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.
Prediction
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.
neuroticism
The degree to which one handles emotion, overreacts to daily hassles, and sees things as generally positive or generally negative refers to the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
DSM; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
The diagnostic system for describing and classifying psychological disorders that is used by mental health professionals in the United States and much of the world is commonly known as the _____, which stands for _____
Homeostasis.
The drive-reduction theory rests on the idea that our bodies strive to maintain
displacement.
The event that occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity, and each new, incoming item pushes out an existing item, which is then forgotten, is called _____
Physiological
The first needs that must be met before others, according to Maslow, positioned at the bottom of the hierarchy, are the _____ needs.
psychoanalysis.
The first psychodynamic therapy, which was developed by Sigmund Freud, is called _____
help clients achieve a more integrated self and become more self-accepting and authentic.
The goal of Gestalt therapy is to _____
Resistance
The intense physiological efforts needed to resist or adapt to a stressor are characteristic of the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
operant conditioning.
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called _____
semantic memory.
The knowledge of what Target stores sell and where one is located comes from your _____
continuous reinforcement.
The most efficient way to condition a new response is _____
MMPI-2.
The most widely used personality inventory is the _____
maturation.
The natural unfolding of skills and development that has more to do with genetics than environment is referred to as _____
Antabuse.
The nausea-producing drug prescribed to those battling alcoholism in an effort to reduce their drinking is called _____
motivation
The need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal defines _____
conditions of worth.
The notion that "I'll feel warmly toward you and respect you only if you do as I say" suggests _____
the law of effect.
The notion that behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated is part of _____
Carl Jung.
The notions of archetypes, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious are the work of _____
feeling.
The opposite pole of the thinking dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is _____
more resistant
The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, of the desired behaviors is _____ to extinction than a response that gets continuous reinforcement.
week 3; formation of bone cells; six weeks
The period of the embryo begins at _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.
week 9; birth; 32 weeks
The period of the fetus begins at _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.
conception; implantation into the uterine wall; two weeks
The period of the zygote begins with _____ and ends with _____, which takes about _____.
Martin Seligman.
The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is _____
neuroticism
The personality trait called __________ is associated with both depression and abnormalities in the brain's serotonin levels.
stress.
The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment defines _____
unbearable stress.
The precipitating factor for a dissociative episode is usually a(an) _____
general adaptation syndrome.
The predictable sequence of reactions (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) that organisms show in response to stressors defines the _____
the Yerkes-Dodson law.
The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task is known as _____
accommodation.
The process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information is defined by Piaget as _____
assimilation
The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information are incorporated into existing schemes is defined as _____ by Piaget.
motivation
The processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior define _____
free association
The psychoanalytic technique of _____ is used to explore the unconscious by having patients reveal whatever thoughts, feelings, or images come to mind.
self-actualization.
The realization of one's inner potential is called _____
the time out.
The removal of reinforcers for a certain period of time as a means to eliminate undesirable behaviors is called _____
retrieval failure.
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is an example of _____
episodic memory.
The type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced is referred to as _____
semantic memory.
The type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge or objective facts and information is called _____
saturated: trans.
The type of fats you want to avoid in your diet because they are associated with raising levels of LDL cholesterol are _____ and _____
Classical conditioning
The type of learning in which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another is called ________
operant conditioning.
The type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior, or to shape an entirely new behavior, is
neutral stimulus.
The type of learning that Pavlov observed and researched resulted from associating an unconditioned response with a _____
id.
The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle, defines the _____
multitasking
The various forms of information available to us today have created what some researchers are calling an electronic _____ environment.
something is absent that is part of normal functioning.
The word "negative," when used to describe symptoms of schizophrenia, means _____
something is added that is not normal functioning.
The word "positive," when used to describe symptoms of schizophrenia, means _____
long-term memory.
There is no known limit to our _____
"Hey there, Jeffrey. Good to see you. How are you these days?"
Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. If the defense mechanism of reaction formation were being utilized, which of the following would Simon say to Jeffrey when he unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store?
Reaction formation
Though 10 years out of high school, Simon is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Jeffrey. When Simon unexpectedly saw Jeffrey at the local grocery store, he greeted Jeffrey and shook his hand. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Simon's behavior?
lobotomy.
Though no longer a viable treatment option, surgically severing the frontal lobes from the deeper brain centers involved in emotion was known as the _____
Subject 3 because his task required deeper processing.
Three research subjects in a project about long-term memory were asked to memorize a series of words. Subject 1 was asked if the word was in capital letters. Subject 2 was asked if the word rhymed with another word given. Subject 3 was asked if the word made sense in a specific sentence presented. Who was likely to remember the most words and why?
an underextension error
Three-year-old Georgette and her family got a new Yorkie puppy last week. The puppy's name is Maxine and it weighs only 2 pounds. Her neighbors also got a new puppy, but they got a large-breed St. Bernard. When Georgette went to her neighbors' home to visit their puppy, who weighed 15 pounds at only eight weeks of age, Georgette refused to believe it was actually a puppy. Georgette was demonstrating _____
proactive coping
Through _____, active measures are taken in advance of a potentially stressful situation in order to prevent its occurrence or to minimize its consequences.
storage.
Tilda is learning her algebra and memorizing the formulas. She is working on a problem that requires one of the formulas she studied yesterday. However, as she is thinking and trying to retrieve that information, she cannot seem to remember it. Clearly, Tilda did not successfully get the formula into her _____
a negative punishment.
Time out is a behavior modification technique that is _____
resistance.
Tipi's therapist notices that Tipi changes the topic whenever her mother is brought up. Additionally, when her mother is brought up, Tipi is always late to her next therapy session. Tipi is demonstrating the phenomenon Freud labeled
maladaptive; criteria.
To be abnormal, a behavior must be _____ and consistent with other _____
five times a week for 20 to 30 minutes.
To be effective in improving cardiovascular fitness and endurance, and to lessen the risk of a heart attack, exercise that uses large muscle groups in continuous, repetitive action and increases heart and respiration rate should be performed a minimum of _____
resolution phase
Tom just finished having sex with his significant other. He noticed that his heart rate was beginning to slow down and his muscles were much more relaxed. Tom was likely in the _____ of the sexual response cycle.
Antisocial personality disorder
Tommy has been in trouble with law enforcement off and on since he was 13. His parents despaired of him because he lied so much, was irresponsible, and never seemed to feel bad about the harmful and hurtful things he did. Tommy is now 23. He has never held a job for more than three months. He has wrecked four cars, three of which belonged to other people. He feels no guilt about disappointing people and is selfish and manipulative. Which disorder does Tommy appear to have?
"Well, Toni, the Surgeon General suggests you should not have any alcohol. Even a little can potentially cause fetal alcohol effects. Order a Sprite instead!"
Toni is about 10 weeks pregnant and is having dinner with her sister, Kristy, who happens to be a psychology student. The sisters are sitting at a Mexican restaurant enjoying chips and salsa when the waitress asks them what they'd like to drink. Kristy orders a beer. Toni turns to Kristy and asks, "One beer isn't going to hurt, right?" Kristy is not only aware that Toni is pregnant, she is also knowledgeable of teratogens. What should Kristy say to Toni?
modeling.
Toni just started a new job with a large company. She is unsure of what she should do at lunch time. She wonders whether she should eat in her office or go out to eat with her coworkers. Should she eat her lunch in the break room? She decides to wait until lunch time and see what others are doing and then follow suit. This is demonstrating _____
excessive cleanliness; messiness.
Too little gratification during the anal stage may result in _____, whereas overindulgence during the anal stage may result in _____
avoidance-avoidance
Travis was stopped by a police officer for speeding on his way to work one day. Although he had never received a ticket in his 35 years of driving, he was written a ticket that would cost him $450 and two points on his license. He decided to fight the ticket in court based on his impeccable driving record up to that point. The judge offered him an alternative: He could pay the ticket and receive the points or complete 250 hours of community service. Knowing that Travis had little time in his schedule, because he works 50-60 hours per week already, he was faced with an _____ conflict.
Rationalization
Trevor was recently passed over for a promotion at work. He was frustrated and angry because he felt strongly that he deserved the promotion. In light of that, he began taking home office supplies and stretching the truth on his time card. When asked about these behaviors, Trevor said that the company owed him for not awarding him with the promotion. Which of the following defense mechanisms may best explain Trevor's reasoning?
Extraversion
Twelve-year-old Layla is sociable, loves being around others, and is particularly fond of performing in talent shows in front of a large crowd. Which of the Eysenck traits is likely being described here?
Genital
Twenty-nine-year-old Annabelle and her partner are seriously committed to one another and have discussed the possibility of marriage. According to Freud, in which of the psychosexual stages are they?
Intimacy vs. isolation
Twenty-nine-year-old Ginny, though having a strong sense of who she is, has not yet been able to find that significant other for whom she has been searching. She has decided that being on her own is a perfectly acceptable choice and is learning to enjoy it. What psychosocial stage of development best describes Ginny?
anorexia nervosa.
Twenty-two-year-old Ted is at the doctor's office for his annual physical with his family physician. After being weighed and measured, it is clear that Ted is almost six feet tall but weighs only 125 pounds. When discussing this with his physician, he also shares that he sees himself as fat, which is why he eats very little. Ted's physician asked him to look in the mirror and report what he sees. Ted reports seeing a very tall and overweight male. Ted's physician should be concerned because Ted seems to meet the criteria for _____
being male; having family members with schizophrenia.
Two factors that place an individual at higher risk of developing schizophrenia are _____ and _____
Physical variables
Twyla enjoys her work immensely. However, she knows that she could increase her effectiveness if she were allowed to take a walk during her lunch hour instead being required to stay seated at her desk to eat lunch. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable would describe Twyla's circumstance?
enhance spatial cognitive skills.
Video games can currently be used to _____
Persistence
Viga has been studying for three hours now and is getting overwhelmed with all of the statistics and formulas she has learned. Although she has been taking short breaks, she is tired and getting frustrated. Instead of quitting, however, Viga decides to take a short walk and then get right back into learning her statistics. Which of the following components of motivation best describes Viga's determination to stick to her studying?
approach-avoidance
Wanting to attend college, but not wanting to leave your full-time job to do so, exemplifies an _____ conflict.
maladaptive.
Washing your hands 100 times a day out of an irrational fear of contamination can be considered abnormal and _____
based on classical conditioning.
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be _____
genetic
We know that there is a _____ component to the risk of developing schizophrenia.
Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?
Cortisol
What hormone, in excess, interferes with memory?
It is when an employee views her or his job as meaningless because she or he is not accountable for much at work
What is accountability underload as it pertains to workplace stress?
They will not develop an aversion to the flavored water.
What is likely to happen to rats who drink a flavored water solution and are then shocked?
Approximately 6 percent
What percentage of people with anorexia nervosa will eventually die of starvation or complications of organ damage from the disorder?
Any interruption in rehearsal can easily cause us to forget at least some of the information that was in our short-term memory.
What was learned from the memory research by Peterson and Peterson (1959) using the three consonants?
Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, and that fear can be generalized
What was learned in the case of Little Albert?
It was made clear that children will likely engage in aggressive behavior upon seeing adults demonstrate aggressive behavior.
What was summarized in Albert Bandura's original, classic experiment with the Bobo dolls?
telegraphic speech.
When 22-month-old Matteo exclaims, "Mamma, pick up!" he is demonstrating _____
Ego integrity vs. despair
When 70-year-old Lesley looks at the life she has lived thus far, she thinks to herself, "Well, I have really given it my all. I have worked hard in my career and feel as if I did the best I could at raising my family. I feel good about the choices I have made." In which stage of psychosocial development is Lesley?
unconscious.
When Nancy was five years old, she found her sister floating face down in the family swimming pool. She was highly traumatized by the event. As a young adult, however, she does not seem aware that she was the one to actually find her sister. According to psychoanalytic theory, this information would likely be located in her _____
object permanence.
When a child understands that objects are still there even if she or he can no longer see them, the child has attained _____
approach-avoidance
When a decision a person is trying to make contains both desirable and undesirable features, an _____ conflict occurs.
primacy effect
When a person has a better memory for items at the beginning of a list she or he tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated
recency effect
When a person has a better memory for items at the end of a list she or he tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.
panic disorder
When anxiety occurs in brief but intense episodes that usually consist of a pounding heart, sensations of choking, shaking, and feelings of impending death, a diagnosis of _____ may potentially be made.
A token economy
When appropriate and desirable behaviors earn points or tokens that can later be exchanged for rewards, which of the following techniques is being used?
stimulus motives
When arousal is too low, _____ can cause humans and other animals to seek to increase stimulation.
retrieval cues.
When certain stimuli help in aiding long-term memory retrieval, those things act as _____
the brain structures involved in memory.
When information-processing theorists use the term hardware, they are often referring to _____
decay theory of forgetting.
When memories are not revisited, they simply fade away as time passes. This exemplifies the _____
preconventional
When moral decisions are based on what will help to avoid punishment, the _____ level of moral development is being utilized.
displacement
When new information pushes current information out of memory because the short-term memory is full, _____ has occurred.
retroactive interference
When new learning gets in the way of recalling previously learned information, _____ has occurred.
despair
When older individuals reflect back upon their lives, feel a sense of accomplishment and that they have lived a worthwhile life, they tend not to develop a sense of _____, according to Erikson.
Fugue
When people experience dissociative _____, they not only forget who they are, but travel away from home.
negative punishment.
When something desirable is taken away from a subject's environment or experience in response to their behavior, it is called
progressive muscle relaxation
When utilizing systematic desensitization, clients are trained in _____, which becomes a vital component to the treatment.
negative punishment.
When you take something good away from someone in response to their behavior, it is called _____
Asian Americans
Which ethnic group has the lowest rate of suicide in the United States prior to very late adulthood?
Showing a toddler a book that has many colors, some of which the toddler already knows
Which example best describes the zone of proximal development?
Industry vs. inferiority
Which of Erikson's stages goes hand-in-hand with children aged 6 to about puberty?
Intensity
Which of the components of motivation involves focusing one's energy and mental effort and applying them toward the task at hand?
Persistence
Which of the components of motivation involves staying on task and putting forth continued effort, even when you are tired or bored, in order to achieve a goal?
Activation
Which of the components of motivation involves taking the first steps and developing a plan for the task at hand?
Effectiveness is largely a result of the therapy's appropriateness to the client's problems and life circumstances.
Which of the following accurately reflects what research suggests about the effectiveness of any therapeutic technique?
Feeling unappreciated
Which of the following appears to be the best predictor of workplace burnout?
a) Your boss gives you a raise for good performance. b) A wife compliments her husband every time he remembers to close the garage door. c) A parent cleans up the kitchen whenever his child makes dinner. *d) All of these are examples of behavior modification.
Which of the following are examples of behavior modification?
Active listening
Which of the following are techniques used by a person-centered therapist?
Extinction and generalization
Which of the following are terms used to describe changes in classically conditioned responses?
Time out
Which of the following behavior modification techniques is based on operant conditioning?
Participant modeling
Which of the following behavioral techniques is based on Albert Bandura's observational learning theory?
The prefrontal cortex
Which of the following brain structures is most utilized when someone is engaged in working memory?
The monkeys clearly preferred the cloth "mother" as evidenced by clinging behavior to the cloth "mother" in new situations.
Which of the following can be concluded from Harry Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys?
Employees find their jobs meaningless.
Which of the following can result from accountability underload?
Viewing stressors as challenges to be met
Which of the following characteristics is associated with sense of hardiness?
Negative reinforcement
Which of the following concepts was discussed in the present chapter as the main factor in panic disorder?
Many perspectives attempt to answer this question, each with varying degrees of success.
Which of the following correctly answers this question: What causes psychological disorders?
Projection
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves attributing one's own undesirable traits, thoughts, behaviors, or impulses to another?
Reaction formation
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves expressing ideas and emotions that are opposite of the disturbing, unconscious impulses or desires?
Repression
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness?
Sublimation
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves rechanneling sexual and aggressive energy into accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable?
Denial
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to consciously acknowledge the existence of danger or a threatening situation?
Regression
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves reverting back to an earlier stage of development?
Displacement
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves substituting a less-threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse?
Adenovirus complications
Which of the following genetic-based concepts is NOT discussed in the chapter as a possible explanation for the variation in body weight among individuals?
Adrenalin
Which of the following hormones are involved in strengthening memory formation of traumatic events?
Hattie, who has to account for so little that she is starting to think her job is meaningless
Which of the following individuals is experiencing accountability underload?
systematic desensitization
Which of the following is NOT used in psychoanalysis?
People have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
Which of the following is a basic assumption of humanistic therapies?
The therapist cannot see the client face-to-face, and thereby judge emotional and nonverbal reactions
Which of the following is a disadvantage to e-therapy?
Cognitive therapy is brief, usually lasting only 10 to 20 sessions.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the practice of cognitive therapy?
Learning is possible without immediate reinforcement; the newly acquired skill is often not displayed until it becomes necessary to do so.
Which of the following is an accurate summary of the research conducted by Edward Tolman?
Tara takes an aspirin, and her headache begins to go away.
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
Bipolar disorder
Which of the following is considered a mood disorder?
Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase
Which of the following is correct regarding the order of the sexual response cycle?
Behavioral treatment can be effective.
Which of the following is correct regarding treatment of mood dysregulation disorder?
The SRRS contains only negative life events
Which of the following is false as it relates to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
Because the context was so unusual, all of the divers seemed to have a better memory for the words they learned on land.
Which of the following is false based on Godden's and Baddeley's 1975 research with underwater divers?
Today, 100 percent of American adults are either overweight or obese.
Which of the following is false of Americans with respect to their weight?
About 25 percent of those over 65 years old need assistive devices such as a cane or wheelchair
Which of the following is false of individuals in the United States over 65 years of age?
She rejected the idea that early experiences played a role in later personality development.
Which of the following is false regarding Karen Horney?
Some twin studies show that environment plays a larger role in determining homosexual behavior, since the heritability rates are just under 20 percent for both male and female twin pairs.
Which of the following is false regarding research on sexual orientation?
Because there is a chance the baby will be born healthy, there is more risk in quitting smoking while pregnant than waiting until the pregnancy is over.
Which of the following is false regarding smoking while pregnant, based on the research presented in the current chapter?
men and women alike seek promotions to upper-level management positions and typically work continuously throughout this time period
Which of the following is false regarding social development and early to middle adulthood?
Suicide rates for teenagers and young adults have surpassed suicide rates for the elderly in the last 20 or so years.
Which of the following is false regarding suicide in the United States?
Research shows that the authoritarian parenting style during adolescence is the least effective type of parenting
Which of the following is false regarding teens' development?
Teenagers in this stage have yet to master the skill of reversibility
Which of the following is false regarding the formal operations stage of cognitive development?
It includes the good boy-nice girl orientation.
Which of the following is false regarding the postconventional level of moral development?
Those with a delayed onset of posttraumatic stress disorder are likely feigning the disorder for attention and time off of work
Which of the following is false regarding the research on posttraumatic stress disorder?
Token economy
Which of the following is not a behavioral technique based on classical conditioning?
It is usually more expensive than individual therapy, but most feel it is well worth the extra cost.
Which of the following is not a benefit of group therapy?
Personal strife
Which of the following is not a characteristic in self-actualizing individuals?
High-cholesterol serum
Which of the following is not a complication of anorexia nervosa?
There are no studies that have tracked and studied the effectiveness of this type of therapy thus far.
Which of the following is not a disadvantage as discussed in the current chapter regarding e-therapy?
They always take much longer to work than psychotherapy.
Which of the following is not a documented disadvantage to using drug therapy for psychological disorders?
Having financial surplus
Which of the following is not a factor of successful aging, according to researchers Rowe and Kahn?
Speech impairments
Which of the following is not a known complication of an eating disorder?
Forgiveness
Which of the following is not a stage of death and dying based on research with 200 terminally ill individuals?
The subconventional level
Which of the following is not associated with Kohlberg's theory on moral development?
A lobotomy
Which of the following is not considered a viable treatment option for major depressive disorder?
Burnout
Which of the following is not discussed in the present chapter as a social source of stress?
Arousal phase
Which of the following is not one of the four components of the sexual response cycle as proposed by Masters and Johnson?
Financial power
Which of the following is not one of the workplace variables described by Albrecht?
Achievement/avoidance
Which of the following is not part of the goal orientation theory?
Metacognition
Which of the following is not required in order for you to remember something?
Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.
Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?
They are a result of an imbalance of brain chemicals.
Which of the following is the biological explanation for mood disorders?
Both theories are difficult to test out from a scientific standpoint.
Which of the following is the common thread between psychoanalytic theory and humanistic theory?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the general adaptation syndrome?
Some studies show that psychotherapy can at times be just as effective as medication for treating major depressive disorder.
Which of the following is true of major depressive disorder?
Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.
Which of the following is true of research on insight?
It is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events.
Which of the following is true regarding learned helplessness?
Gibson and Walk demonstrated that most babies displayed depth perception by they time they could crawl
Which of the following is true regarding research by Gibson and Walk (1960) using the visual cliff?
Psychiatrists attend medical school, whereas psychologists do not.
Which of the following is true regarding the comparison of psychologists with psychiatrists?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Which of the following measures is based on the personality theory of Carl Jung?
MMPI-2
Which of the following measures yields ten clinical scales and is effective at determining truthfulness of the test-takers' responses?
Serotonin
Which of the following neurotransmitters appears to contribute to bulimia nervosa?
Serotonin
Which of the following neurotransmitters is currently implicated in the development of mood disorders?
Epinephrine
Which of the following neurotransmitters is not discussed as a possible contributor to major depressive disorder?
Displacement can occur at that point.
Which of the following occurs when someone's short-term memory is filled to capacity?
Mental challenge
Which of the following of Albrecht's workplace variables suggests that taxing people beyond their intellectual capability leads to frustration?
Physical variables
Which of the following of Albrecht's workplace variables suggests that the actual layout of the work environment, temperature, and noise level are important factors in work-related stress?
Performance/approach
Which of the following orientation of the goal orientation theory entails comparisons to others?
Carl Rogers— conditions of worth
Which of the following pairings is correct?
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross—death and dying
Which of the following pairings is correct?
Antigens and wellness
Which of the following pairs would result in a negative correlation?
An authoritarian parent
Which of the following parenting styles, according to Diana Baumrind's research, would fit the phrase "My way or the highway"?
Jean Piaget
Which of the following people is primarily known for studying a child's thinking and cognitions and how those abilities change over time?
Martin Seligman
Which of the following psychologists initiated the positive psychology movement?
Lewis Goldberg
Which of the following psychologists proposed what is known as the Big Five model of personality?
Death of a spouse
Which of the following receives the highest score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
Lack of energy
Which of the following represents a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Which of the following represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Garcia and Koelling
Which of the following researchers authored the classic research (1966) on taste aversion using rats and X-rays?
Alfred Kinsey
Which of the following researchers brought sexuality out into the open and shattered many widely held beliefs by publishing reports in the 1940s and 1950s regarding the sexual behavior and attitudes of men and women in the United States?
Raymond Cattell
Which of the following researchers created the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, also known as the 16PF?
Henry Murray
Which of the following researchers developed the Thematic Apperception Test?
Albrecht
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work on the topic of stress and the workplace?
Hans Eysenck
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the PEN model?
Gordon Allport
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the cardinal and central traits?
Raymond Cattell
Which of the following researchers is known for her or his work with the surface and source traits?
Thomas, Chess, and Birch
Which of the following researchers studied temperament?
Hans Selye
Which of the following researchers studied the effects of stress on health and the body?
Masters and Johnson
Which of the following researchers studied the sexual response cycle?
Erik Erikson
Which of the following researchers was most concerned about resolving conflicts throughout the lifespan with each successful resolution furthering psychological health?
Symptoms may decrease over time.
Which of the following statements about personality disorders is correct?
Peter lost his fear of the rabbit and those things to which his fear had generalized.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the results of Watson and Jones' experimental attempts to remove Peter's fear of rabbits?
It is nondirective therapy.
Which of the following statements is false regarding Gestalt therapy?
They are greatly influenced by experience.
Which of the following statements is false regarding basic emotions?
They are considered completely objective
Which of the following statements is false regarding projective tests?
Asian countries, such as Taiwan and Korea, seem to have the highest rates of major depressive disorder worldwide.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the mood disorders?
His research suggested that certain hormones influence the rate of forgetting.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the research done by Hermann Ebbinghaus?
It contains the mastering of the law of conservation.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
The id forms the basis for the moral part of the personality.
Which of the following statements is false, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
It pairs the feared object with relaxation.
Which of the following statements is true of systematic desensitization?
It is when teratogens can be most harmful
Which of the following statements is true of the period of the embryo?
Those with a high need for achievement set difficult goals
Which of the following statements is true of the research by McClelland and Atkinson regarding the need for achievement (n Ach)?
Suppression is an active process of avoiding an unpleasant memory.
Which of the following statements is true regarding motivated forgetting?
Many Americans support the rights of homosexuals to speak out and try to influence public policy.
Which of the following statements is true regarding social attitudes toward individuals of a homosexual orientation?
B cells produce antibodies that serve to destroy foreign cells in the body.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the immune system?
Lazarus theory
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that first the mental processing exists, then the emotion with the physiological response follows?
Schachter-Singer theory
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that the physiological response occurs first, and then the cognitive interpretation of the physiological response occurs, which then allows the appropriate emotion to be identified?
James-Lange theory
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that the physiological response occurs simultaneously with the emotion?
James-Lange theory
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that the physiological, or bodily, response occurs first, with the emotion then following?
The arousal theory
Which of the following theories represent the biological approach to explaining motivation?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following theorists argued that unconscious forces were the main focus of personality?
Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Which of the following therapies utilizes homework assignments in which the client must record and keep track of automatic thoughts and her or his emotional response to them?
Schizophrenia
Which of the following was NOT included in the list of problems that individuals with PTSD are at greater risk for?
Making sure the child knows the rules first and then consistently following through with the punishment, remembering to remove all reinforcers
Which of the following will increase the effectiveness of the time out as a way of reducing or eliminating undesirable behaviors?
Sexual motivation
Which of the following would be considered a primary drive?
Herbal medicine
Which of the following would be considered an "alternative" treatment?
Anxious
Which of the following would best explain Eysenck's dimension of neuroticism?
Extremely conventional thinking
Which of the following would best explain the psychoticism dimension of Eysenck's model?
The use of electroconvulsive therapy
Which of the following would not be considered psychotherapy?
Sleeping
Which of the following would not be considered stimulus motives? a) Play b) Sleeping c) The need to explore d) Curiosity
The part of the brain and neurotransmitters involved in the development of major depression
Which of the following would not be studied by developmental psychologists?
Cortex
Which part of the brain is responsible for "conquering one's fear"?
Stage 3 of the conventional level
Which stage of moral development exemplifies Kohlberg's statement that "good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them"?
Rescola
Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because it provides a means to predict the occurrence of the unconditioned response?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Which theorist suggested that children move through a series of stages, namely gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy, prior to developing a gender role?
Object relations therapist
Which type of therapist bases her or his therapy on the notion that the emotional features of early relationships become the blueprint for future relationships?
Orgasm
While Morgan was engaging in sexual activity with her significant other, she noticed rhythmic muscle contractions and a period of time in which she felt that immense tension was released. Morgan likely just experienced the _____, which is a component of the sexual response cycle.
sensory memory.
While Noreen was driving down the highway, she saw two cars on the side of the road. She noticed that no one was hurt and that no one needed help. Within a second or two, she could no longer recall the color of the cars or the make of the cars. Based on this information, that information was likely stored in Noreen's _____
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
While grocery shopping at the local market, Holly became embarrassed by her two-year-old daughter's behavior. Her daughter clearly did not want to sit in the shopping cart, but rather wanted to help push the cart. Holly made this speculation based on her daughter's loud and piercing, "Noooo, I get out!!" and "I push cart, Mommy!!" In which stage is Holly's daughter?
an inferiority complex
While growing up, Chuck did not receive much encouragement from his caretakers. In fact, he was often harshly criticized in an unfair manner. As a result, Chuck will likely develop _____ based on Adler's theory of individual psychology.
Excitement phase
While watching a steamy sex scene in a movie on TV, Jamison noticed that his heart rate began to increase as did his blood pressure. He also noticed that his penis was becoming erect. In which phase of the sexual response cycle is Jamison?
learned helplessness
While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder, "Why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?" According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victim's staying in abusive relationships is _____
An 87-year-old white male
Who has the highest probability of committing suicide?
Köhler
Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
James, who is socially introverted wherever he goes
Who represents the best example of a clear understanding of the trait theory approach?
Depression
William was simply devastated by the loss of his brother to colon cancer. The time between the diagnosis and his death was only three months. Shortly thereafter, William started to show signs of sadness and withdrawal that worried other family members. He just couldn't seem to shake his despair. Which of the following stages of death and dying might William be experiencing?
keep track of mental health statistics, such as prevalence.
Without a shared system of diagnosis and classification, we could not _____
insight; trial-and-error
Wolfgang Köhler argued that _____, rather than _____ learning, is more easily learned.
Observational learning
Wong is a five-year-old boy who lives at home with his mom and dad. He has witnessed several incidents of domestic violence between them and has started hitting other kids at school. Based on the information presented, which theory of learning best accounts for Wong's aggressive behavior?
sex discrimination; family responsibilities.
Workplace stress can be especially damaging to women's health and well-being because they are also more likely to experience _____ and have greater _____
Xander has not yet attained object permanence.
Xander is a five-month old who is intrigued by a fancy rattle. When his caretaker takes the rattle away, he begins looking at the kitchen light in the background and does not seem to look for the rattle. Which of the following is true of this scenario?
insight learning.
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated _____
the formation of a cognitive map.
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from a cousin whom you haven't seen in years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of _____
Object relations therapist
Youssif is a psychotherapist who believes strongly that people attempt to resolve their early relationship struggles using their current relationships. Many of the people he helps in his practice were raised by at least one alcoholic parent. Interestingly, many of those individuals currently find themselves married to an alcoholic and are struggling once again. Based on this explanation, what type of therapist is Youssif?
Industrial/organizational psychologist
Zakaria is currently working for a large company on a contract basis. The company needed some help changing the negative tone of the work environment. Zakaria came in and created a team-work training series for the company and also set up an incentive-based payment structure. Which of the following job titles does Zakaria likely have?
Easy
Zovia is a toddler who always seems happy. She is described by her caretakers as adaptable, a great eater, and a sound sleeper. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Zovia likely have?
Dopamine; norepinephrine
_____ and _____ are neurotransmitters associated with the development of mood disorders.
Joseph Wolpe
_____ applied classical conditioning techniques to therapy and is credited for devising systematic desensitization.
Tricyclics
_____ are antidepressants that produce their effect by blocking reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.
Anxiety disorders
_____ are defined as psychological disorders characterized by frequent fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future.
Relationship therapies
_____ are defined as therapies that attempt to improve clients' interpersonal relationships or create new relationships to support clients' efforts to address psychological problems.
Motives
_____ are desires or needs that cause us to generate or create behavior and then aim our behavior toward a particular task.
Schemas
_____ are frameworks of knowledge and assumptions that we have about people, objects, and events.
Autobiographical memories
_____ are recollections that a person includes in an account of the events of his or her own life.
Anxiety disorders
_____ are the most common category of mental disorders and account for more than four million visits to doctors' offices each year in the United States.
Viruses
_____ are the most important factors within the immune system as it relates to proper functioning.
Neuroleptics; benzodiazepines
_____ are to antipsychotic medications as _____ are to antianxiety medications.
Panic attacks; compulsions
_____ are to panic disorder as _____ are to obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Martin Seligman
_____ argued that humans and other animals seem to be most affected by classical conditioning when it affects their survival. From an evolutionary standpoint, this theorist suggests that humans have a biological predisposition to associate fear with certain kinds of stimuli.
Trait theories
_____ attempt to explain personality and differences among people in terms of personal characteristics that are stable across situations.
Psychodynamic therapies
_____ attempt to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to explain a patient's current difficulties.
Hardiness
_____ combines three psychological qualities—commitment, control, and challenge—shared by people who can handle high levels of stress and remain healthy.
intrinsically motivated.
_____ comes from a desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself.
Psychoanalysis
_____ consists of a person's characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
Carl Rogers; humanistic
_____ developed person-centered therapy, which is based on the _____ school of thought.
Display rules
_____ dictate how emotions should generally be expressed within a culture and when and where their expression is appropriate
Gestalt therapy
_____ emphasizes the importance of clients' fully experiencing, in the present moment, their feelings, thoughts, and actions, and then taking responsibility for them.
Exposure and response prevention
_____ exposes patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder to stimuli that trigger obsessions and compulsive rituals, while patients must resist performing the compulsive rituals for progressively longer periods of time.
Insight therapies; relationship therapies
_____ focus solely on the individual in the therapeutic process, whereas _____ focus on both the individual and the individual's interpersonal relationships in the therapeutic process.
A self-help group
_____ focuses on a single problem and is often led by someone who is not a professional therapist.
Family therapy
_____ has the goal of helping family members reach agreement on changes that will help heal the family unit, improve communication problems, and create more understanding and harmony within the group.
White males over age 85
_____ have the highest recorded suicide rate in the United States.
Sensory memory
_____ holds information brought in through our senses but only for a very brief amount of time.
Crystallized
_____ intelligence is defined by one's verbal ability and accumulated knowledge.
Crystallized; fluid
_____ intelligence tends to increase over the lifespan, whereas _____ intelligence tends to decrease as time goes on.
A peak experience
_____ involves an experience of deep meaning, insight, and harmony within oneself and with the universe.
Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
_____ involves doing something direct about a stressor itself, whereas _____ reappraises the stressor to reduce its impact.
Coping
_____ involves efforts through thoughts or action to deal with demands that are perceived as taxing or overwhelming.
Couples therapy
_____ involves intimate partners whose behavior change or emotional responses to each other or both are the focus of treatment.
A token economy
_____ is a behavior modification technique that rewards appropriate behavior with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired goods and/or privileges.
Aversion therapy
_____ is a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a harmful or socially undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated with pain or discomfort
The imaginary audience
_____ is a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.
Psychosis
_____ is a condition characterized by loss of contact with reality.
Stranger anxiety
_____ is a fear of unknown people common in infants at about 6 months and increasing in intensity until about 12 months, and then declining in the second year.
Maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
_____ is a memory strategy that involves an individual repeating something over and over, whereas _____ is a memory strategy that involves connecting new information to something already stored in memory.
Recognition
_____ is a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before.
Person-centered therapy
_____ is a nondirective, humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist creates an accepting climate and shows empathy, freeing clients to be themselves and releasing their natural tendency toward self-actualization.
A phobia
_____ is a persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no real danger.
Motivation
_____ is a process that causes us to begin and maintain a particular behavior in order to satisfy certain needs or desires.
A source memory; source monitoring
_____ is a recollection of the circumstances in which an individual forms a memory, whereas _____ is intentionally keeping track of where an individual attains incoming information.
Schizophrenia
_____ is a severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, and/or other bizarre behaviors.
Parental investment
_____ is a term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood
A flashbulb memory
_____ is a vivid and unusually detailed account of a highly emotional event.
Gender-sensitive therapy
_____ is an approach taken in therapy that takes into account the effects of gender on both the therapist's and the client's behavior.
A stressor
_____ is an event, thing, or occurrence that can cause us to feel challenged.
A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
_____ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _____ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
Self-esteem
_____ is another term for a person's sense of self-worth.
Nondirective therapy
_____ is any type of psychotherapy in which the therapist allows the direction of the therapy session to be controlled by the client.
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
_____ is defined as the ability to base logical reasoning on a hypothetical premise.
Lifetime prevalence
_____ is the estimate of how likely it is for an individual to be diagnosed with a disorder during the course of their life.
Working memory
_____ is the memory subsystem that we use when we try to understand information, remember it, or use it to solve a problem or communicate with someone.
Punishment
_____ is the opposite of reinforcement.
Reversibility
_____ is the realization that any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally.
Symbolic function
_____ is the understanding that one thing—an object, a word, a drawing—can stand for another.
The general adaptation syndrome; the cognitive theory of stress
_____ is to Selye as _____ is to Lazarus.
Systematic desensitization
_____ is used to treat fears by training clients in deep muscle relaxation and then having them confront a graduated series of anxiety-producing situations until they can remain relaxed while confronting even the most feared situation.
Participant modeling
_____ models an appropriate response to a feared stimulus in graduated steps, after which the client attempts to imitate the model step-by-step, encouraged and supported by the therapist.
False memory
_____ occur(s) when a person unintentionally constructs memories that never occurred and experiences them as real memories.
Flooding
_____ occurs when an individual is asked to imagine or even be in the presence of the feared object; she or he remains there until the fear has subsided.
Elaborative rehearsal
_____ occurs when an individual relates new information to something she or he already has stored in memory.
Scaffolding
_____ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own.
Accommodation
_____ occurs when current schemes are changed or new ones created in order to account for new information.
Proactive interference
_____ occurs when information already stored in memory gets in the way of recalling newer information.
Proactive interference; retroactive interference
_____ occurs when information already stored in memory gets in the way of recalling newer information; when new learning gets in the way of recalling previously learned information, _____ has occurred.
Over 80
_____ percent of Americans believe that there are effective ways of preventing and curing illnesses that are not recognized by the medical profession.
_____ percent of Americans will develop some form of cancer in their lifetime
_____ percent of Americans will develop some form of cancer in their lifetime.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
_____ produce their effect by preventing an enzyme from breaking down serotonin and norepinephrine in the synapses.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); increasing
_____ produce their effect by preventing an enzyme from breaking down serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby _____ the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapses.
Unconditional positive regard
_____ provides unqualified caring and nonjudgmental acceptance of another.
Historical
_____ racism occurs when members of a particular minority group experience a longstanding lineage of repression and oppression. Research suggests that it can lead to stress in individuals of that minority group.
The serial position effect
_____ refers to finding that memory is better for things at the beginning and the end of a list as compared to memory for things in the middle of the list.
Episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit memory.
_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts, both of which can be found in the _____
Episodic memory; semantic memory
_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts.
Social support
_____ refers to tangible and/or emotional support provided in a time of need by family members, friends, and others.
Attachment
_____ refers to the close emotional bond an individual has with the person or persons who raised and cared for her or him.
Sexual orientation
_____ refers to the feelings of sexual attraction, desire, and preference an individual has toward others.
Infantile amnesia
_____ refers to the notion that we cannot remember what occurred in the first few years of our lives.
Transference
_____ refers to the strong emotional reaction a patient has to the psychoanalyst, which demonstrates how the patient acts toward significant individuals in her or his life.
Cognitive behavior therapy
_____ rests on the idea that thoughts that precede the behaviors need to change first.
Anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
_____ results when a person is no longer able to form new, long-term memories; _____ occurs when an individual experiences a loss of memory for occurrences prior to a loss of consciousness.
Extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
_____ results when the desire to do something comes from obtaining a reward or avoiding an undesirable consequence; _____ results when the desire to do something comes from within.
Extrinsic motivation
_____ results when the desire to engage in a particular behavior is to gain some reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.
Anterograde amnesia
_____ results when, due to some type of brain injury or insult, a person is no longer able to create long-term memories.
Insight therapy
_____ specifically refers to the idea that working toward psychological health requires self-understanding.
The law of effect
_____ states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened.
Central; source
_____ traits are to Allport as _____ traits are to Cattell.
Retrograde amnesia
_____ typically occurs when an individual experiences a loss of memory for experiences that occurred shortly before a loss of consciousness
Behavioral assessment
_____ uses a technique in which certain behaviors are observed and recorded over a specific period of time.
Psychotherapy
_____ uses psychological rather than biological means to treat psychological disorders.
Behavior therapy
_____ utilizes the principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and/or observational learning to eliminate inappropriate and maladaptive behaviors.
Ecologically; arbitrary
_____ valid stimuli—those with a real connection to an unconditioned stimulus—are learned more quickly than _____ stimuli.
Constitutional
_____ vulnerability refers to a person's congenital (at birth) risk of developing schizophrenia.
Rational emotive behavior therapy
_____ works to change maladaptive behaviors by looking for, challenging, and then changing the irrational beliefs that underlie those maladaptive behaviors.
Achievement motivation
_____ would be considered a social motive.
The time out
_____, a behavior modification technique, is used to eliminate undesirable behavior, especially in children and adolescents, by withdrawing all reinforcers for a period of time
Health psychology
_____, a subfield within psychology, is concerned with the psychological factors that contribute to health, illness, and recovery.
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
_____, developed by Albert Ellis, is a directive form of psychotherapy designed to challenge clients' irrational beliefs about themselves and others.
Body mass index (BMI)
_____, the measure of weight relative to height, allows health professionals to classify individuals' body weights.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
_____, usually reserved for patients with severe depression who are suicidal, occurs when an electric current is passed through the right hemisphere of the brain.
A stimulus
______ is any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds.
Learning
_______ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
conscientiousness
. Lao went on vacation for a week with her family. Prior to leaving, she asked her neighbor to house sit for her to make sure her house and belongings stay safe. While she was away, the neighbor had a party at Lao's house. By the end of the night, some of Lao's belongings were ruined and the police eventually came to break up the get-together. The behavior of Lao's neighbor could be best described by the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
The alarm phase
. Which of the following is a component of the general adaptation syndrome?
Cognitive behavior therapies (CBT)
. _____ assume(s) that maladaptive behavior can result from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas.
Socialization
. _____ is the process of learning socially acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and values.
observational learning.
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of _____
a trait.
A personal characteristic that is stable across situations and is used to describe or explain personality defines _____
Gonorrhea
Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases, such as _____, are becoming resistant to
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.
Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo Doll" study. The term "Bobo" refers to _____
The inhibitory effect
Benny is throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Just as Trisha picks up a rock and is about to throw it, the neighbor comes out and yells at Benny. Trisha quickly decides not to throw the rock. What has she just demonstrated?
low; neuroticism
Bill is described by all as the most even-tempered, stable man they have ever met. Bill would likely score _____ on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Job status
Candi finally made it big in Nashville. She never expected the lack of privacy, criticism and demands that would follow. She finds herself unable to cope. According to Albrecht's nine variables, which one is now outside her comfort zone?
overarching characteristics that describe a person to the point that the person is known for that particular trait; those generally mentioned when writing a letter or recommendation.
Cardinal traits are _____, whereas central traits are _____
conditions of worth.
Carl Rogers believed that many parents set up _____, or conditions on which their positive regard rests.
Clarity of job description and evaluation criteria
Chester is an excellent employee at the local plastics plant. Unfortunately, he works under a strict and controlling supervisor who will not allow employees to veer from the work they were hired to do. Although Chester has some good ideas as to how to increase production while cutting costs, he feels that he cannot bring these ideas to his supervisor. This leaves Chester feeling frustrated and somewhat anxious. According to Albrecht's research on stress in the workplace, which variable would best describe what is causing Chester's stress at work?
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation.
Children playing at recess because they enjoy it is to _____ as delivering pizzas solely because one earns a paycheck is to _____
Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud.
Conditions of worth are to _____ as fixations are to _____
Accommodation
Consider this sequence: (1) a child makes an assimilation error, (2) someone supplies the correct information, and (3) the child then accurately takes in the new information. What term best describes this process?
higher-order conditioning.
Denny is quite fearful of going to the dentist. Over time, he has noticed that he becomes anxious at even the smell of the dentist's office. Every step Denny takes, right up until the dentist starts to drill a tooth, seems to cause muscle tension and anxiety. Denny is experiencing
Life events approach
Dora has spent the majority of her career learning how major life changes affect the well-being of people. She has been successful in her career and has published volumes of research over the last 10 years. Which of the following views best describes Dora's research?
Authoritative type
Dora just gave birth to her first child. She wants her daughter to grow up to be happy, self-reliant, assertive, socially skilled, and responsible. Based on Baumrind's research, which parenting style should Dora practice from this moment on?
long-term memory.
Endel is thinking about the last time he was at his favorite restaurant. In order for him to access this information, Endel must tap into his _____
extrinsically motivated.
Fiona drives the speed limit solely because she does not want a traffic ticket. Fiona is said to be _____
Extrinsic motivation
George volunteers his time in the emergency room at his local hospital. Although he does not get paid for his time, he does expect that being able to list this volunteer work on his resume will help him get into the nursing program he wants to attend. _____ best explains George's reason to volunteer his time.
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Henderson lost his wife to cancer about four months ago. Nonetheless, he seems unable to pull himself together and live his life. His adult children fear that he is developing a depression and is getting worse as opposed to feeling better. According to your text, which type of therapy would be the initial choice that Henderson will benefit from most?
preconscious
Imagine you were engaged in a conversation about politics. Information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be located in the _____ according to psychoanalytic theory.
agreeableness
Katrina and Carla are fraternal twins. They have different groups of friends, different interests, and different personalities. Katrina is described as antagonistic, offensive, and unfriendly, whereas Carla is described as warm and easygoing. These twins differ on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Assimilation
Lannie is an 18-month-old child who has a dog at home. When he sees a horse for the first time, he says to his father, "Look at doggie!" What term best describes Lannie's comment?
has survivor guilt.
Leif was in a car accident with his best friend. They were hit by a driver who was texting and smoking while trying to drive. Unfortunately, Leif's best friend was killed in the accident. Though the accident was not their fault, Leif feels as though perhaps he should have been the one who died, because he was driving. Based in this information, it appears that Leif _____
The arousal theory
Leo was sitting in his history class and was extremely bored by the lecture. Before he knew it, he was doodling all over his notes and found himself thinking of what else he could draw. Which theory of motivation best describes why Leo began drawing?
bipolar disorder
Lila recovered from an episode of depression about four months ago. Now, however, she is beginning to feel incredibly energetic, elated, and hyperactive. She finds she has very little need for sleep. Her friends are starting to get worried because she has been talking repeatedly about taking her life savings and investing it into an unknown company. Lila may likely meet the criteria for _____
bargaining
Making promises to do good things in exchange for a longer life is demonstrated in the _____ stage of death and dying.
androgens; estrogen and progesterone
Male hormones are referred to as _____, whereas the female hormones are often referred to as _____.
active listening.
Mamie notices that when she discusses her issues in therapy, her therapist often says, "Okay, now let me make sure I understand. What it sounds like you are saying is that...." Mamie doesn't mind at all because it makes her feel like the therapist is paying attention, actually cares, and even gives her the opportunity to correct the therapist if what he says is not what she meant. Mamie's therapist is using the technique of _____
retrieval
Marco was talking to his friend the other day about his favorite restaurant. Though he could remember where it was located and what was on the menu, he couldn't remember the name of the restaurant for some reason. A problem with _____ was the cause of Marco's frustration.
antipsychotic
Mellaril and Thorazine are examples of _____ medications.
make you worse at managing your thought processes.
More time spent multitasking will _____
easy temperament.
Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study, which was started in 1956, displayed a(n) _____
social motives.
Motives that are acquired through experience and interaction with others are best described as _____
recognition; recall.
Multiple choice exams are to _____ as essay exams are to _____
Resistant attachment
Olivia and her mother were in a playroom at school. Olivia tended to cling to her mother when they were in the room waiting to meet Olivia's new preschool teacher. As the teacher entered the room, she kindly introduced herself to Olivia and her mother. Then Olivia's mother was asked to step away from the room to sign some enrollment forms. When Olivia's mother returned to the playroom, Olivia ran up to her to be picked up, but then hit her mother and struggled to get down, clearly showing anger toward her mother. Which attachment type does Olivia likely have with her mother?
Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.
Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?
predict what food would come.
Rescorla's cognitive theory proposed that the real reason Pavlov's dogs salivated to conditioned stimuli was that these stimuli allowed them to
Positively
Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has shown that stress is _____ correlated with inflammation and disease.
anxiety
Research suggests that somatic symptom disorders result from neurological abnormalities that are similar to those that give rise to _____ disorders.
hostility.
Research suggests that the factor in the Type A behavior pattern most involved in developing heart disease is _____
neurological sensitivity; stress
Researchers hypothesize that a(n) _____ to _____ may make it a risk factor for developing schizophrenia in those who are vulnerable.
Instrumentality
Rima is the newest attorney in a large law firm. She knows no one, and the only person who really knows her is the gentleman who interviewed and hired her. She is determined to work hard, get noticed, and get her first raise before the end of her first year of employment. Which component of the expectancy theory is likely motivating Rima the most?
Cognitive perspective
Sarah has an eating disorder and is currently in treatment for it. Her therapist is trying to get Sarah to see that her views about what her body should look like are much too perfectionistic and unrealistic. Through therapy, the therapist is working on getting Sarah to realize that her thoughts and perceptions are out of line. From which psychological perspective is this explanation?
A specific phobia
Sheila is terrified of spiders. When she sees one her heart pounds, she has trouble breathing, and feels like she is going to have a heart attack. Which represents the best possible diagnosis for Sheila?
extraversion
Shy and reserved would fall within the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
sensorimotor; preoperational
Six-month-old Hanna is in the _____ stage of cognitive development, whereas her five-year-old brother is likely in the _____ stage.
MMPI-2
Tamika is a psychoneuroimmunologist who studies the hostility aspect of the Type A behavior pattern and looks for links to addiction. Which of the following would be most useful to her in her line of work?
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Tanya is a real perfectionist. She believes there is a right way to do everything and gets very distressed if she does not have time to get everything "in order" and "just so." She gets along okay with others, but because she needs to keep things so orderly, she is not really comfortable letting others into her life. Which of the following disorders best accounts for Tanya's behaviors?
dissociative fugue; dissociative amnesia.
Tara was found several towns away from home by her husband, who was searching for her. She was working in a restaurant and using the name Sarah. She did not seem to know him or remember their life together. Joshua came home the night he was fired from a beloved job. The next morning, he could not remember who he was. Tara would most likely be diagnosed with ____, and Joshua with _____
acceptance
Ten-year-old Emily has been sick with cancer for the last three years. She tells her Dad that she no longer wants chemotherapy and that she is ready to go to heaven. He can't help but notice how peaceful she seems with her decision. According to Kübler-Ross, Emily is in the _____ stage of death and dying.
insight learning.
The "A-ha!" experience is known as _____
arousal theory
The _____ implies that the primary reason for motivation is to maintain just the right level of mental and physical activity and alertness—not being too bored or too overwhelmed.
primary appraisal
The _____ is a cognitive evaluation of a potentially stressful event to determine whether its effect is positive, irrelevant, or negative.
Amygdala
The _____ is a portion of the brain that seems to be directly involved in experiencing fear.
need for achievement; Henry Murray
The _____ is a social motive named by _____, which suggests that some individuals have the desire to accomplish something difficult and to hold themselves to high standards.
lateral hypothalamus
The _____ is part of the hypothalamus that acts as a feeding center to incite eating.
Biopsychosocial
The _____ model focuses on health as well as illness and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors.
disinhibitory effect
The _____ occurs when an individual engages in a behavior she or he has previously suppressed, solely because someone else is engaging in the behavior without any adverse consequences.
biopsychosocial
The _____ perspective on mental disorders agrees that physical or biological causes are of central importance, but also recognizes the influence of psychological and social factors in the study, identification, and treatment of psychological disorders.
biological
The _____ perspective views abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause, such as genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities or imbalances, structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or infection.
psychodynamic
The _____ perspective views abnormal behavior as arising from early childhood experiences and unresolved, unconscious conflicts.
help the person get back on the path toward self-actualization
The goal of person-centered therapy is to _____
latent learning.
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called _____
reciprocal determinism.
The idea that the environment, behaviors, and cognitive factors all play a mutual role in the development of personality is referred to as _____
positively
The length of time clients were in therapy was generally _____ correlated with their improvement.
maintenance; elaborative
The levels-of-processing model describes _____ rehearsal as shallow processing and _____ rehearsal as deep processing.
period of the fetus.
The longest period of time during prenatal development is the _____
operant conditioning.
The majority of behavior modification programs use the principles of
long-term memory.
The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories is called _____
ego ideal; conscience.
The superego is made up of the _____ and _____
the context effect.
The tendency to encode elements of the physical setting in which information is learned, along with memory of the information itself, is known as _____
the state-dependent memory effect.
The tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded is known as _____
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Though not the main disorder of its focus, exposure and response prevention has also proven useful in the treatment of _____
causing distress; dysfunction
To make a diagnosis of a sexual disorder, the symptoms must be _____ and/or causing _____ in an important area of the individual's life.
target behavior
To use behavior modification, you first have to identify a _____
Panic disorder
To which of the following disorders can the addition of agoraphobia be attached?
California Personality Inventory
Tso is a high-level executive at a large corporation. She is ultimately the decision-maker when it comes to promoting and hiring employees. Which of the following would be most useful and helpful in assisting Tso with those important decisions?
low; agreeableness
Unpleasant, argumentative, and cold would describe a _____ score on the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
biomedical therapies.
Using medications or surgeries to treat psychological disorders, based on the assumption that psychological disorders are symptoms of underlying physical problems, is the focus of _____
behavior modification.
Utilizing classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and/or observational learning in an effort to change behaviors is referred to as _____
an operant.
Voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence is called _____
Either the concrete operations stage or the preoperational stage
Wayne is asked to look at two rows of M&Ms. The first row has five M&Ms all lined up and nearly touching. The second row has five M&Ms all lined up but spread out, thereby taking up much more room than the first row. When Wayne is asked which row has more M&Ms, he exclaims, "They both have the same amount!" According to Piaget, in which stage of cognitive development is Wayne?
Systematic desensitization is gradual, whereas flooding is administered all at once.
What is the difference between systematic desensitization and flooding?
a scheme
When Guido goes into Starbucks, he knows how to order his favorite drink: a tall, nonfat latte with an extra shot of espresso. First, he indicates the size he wants, then the drink, then anything extra. Guido has _____ for ordering coffee at Starbucks, which he can use for any coffee house he visits.
Generativity vs. stagnation
When Joyce was just out of graduate school at the age of 22, she could not help but notice that not many agencies existed to care for the physical, emotional, social, and psychological well-being of adults with developmental disabilities. It was at that time that she created her own company to do just that. She has now been working for the last 25 years and has grown the company to more than 300 employees serving about 100 adults with developmental disabilities. She is confident that those cared for by her employees are in good hands. Which stage of psychosocial development best describes Joyce at this point?
social support.
When Lorraine's twins were born nine weeks early and were hospitalized because of their prematurity, she spent every day at the hospital with them. Her neighbors wanted to help in any way they could, so they cut her lawn and watered her flowers while she was gone. Lorraine's parents helped by caring for her three-year-old son, so Lorraine could be with the babies. The help she received in her time of need from her neighbors and parents is best described as _____
secondary appraisal
When a stressor is deemed significant and meaningful, the individual typically begins to take a look at the resources she or he has to deal with the situation. This accounting is referred to as _____, according to Lazarus
culturally sensitive therapy.
When a therapist has knowledge of a client's cultural and ethnic background and then chooses therapeutic techniques based on what will likely work best for that client's background, the therapist is providing _____
directive therapy.
When a therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the client, she or he is providing _____
lateral hypothalamus
When activated, the _____ sends signals to eat.
ventromedial hypothalamus
When activated, the _____ sends signals to stop eating.
biopsychosocial model.
When an individual feels that both health and illness are a product of psychological, biological, and social forces, she or he subscribes to the _____
social desirability
When an individual responds to personality test items in a way that makes her or him look smart, competent, and otherwise "good," _____ has been utilized.
false memories.
When an individual unintentionally constructs memories of events that never occurred, often influenced by another person's suggestions, these are called _____
When comparing men and women, _____ are _____ percent more likely to seek medical treatment.
When comparing men and women, _____ are _____ percent more likely to seek medical treatment.
higher-order conditioning.
When conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals, such as the steps involved in having one's blood tested, this process is called
Gilligan's work on moral reasoning emphasized justice and equality, whereas Kohlberg's did not.
When considering Kohlberg's work on moral development in addition to Gilligan's work, which of the following is true?
Late-maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies than early-maturing girls
When considering the effects of early or late puberty on adolescents, which of the following is false? a) Some early maturing boys may show more aggression and hostility than later-maturing boys. b) Early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to develop eating disorders. c) Some early-maturing boys tend to have more confidence, feel more secure, and have more success with academics. d) Late-maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies than early-maturing girls.
all of the above
When consumed to excess, alcohol can a) triple the risk of dying of heart disease. b) shrink the brain. c) triple the risk of dying in an auto accident. d) all of the above
Rationalization
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves verbally justifying or supplying a logical reason for one's own inappropriate behavior or impulse?
Disorders in which a person loses, in one way or another, the ability to consciously integrate their identities.
Which of the following describes dissociative disorders?
Long-standing, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of behaving and relating to others
Which of the following describes personality disorders?
Shy
Which of the following descriptors would be consistent with Eysenck's dimension of extraversion?
Psychoanalysis
Which of the following does not fall within the category of relationship therapies?
Cerebellar function
Which of the following does not play a role in the physiological causes of hunger?
Learned memory strategies the positive bias of memory
Which of the following explains what information-processing theorists mean when they use the term software?
Sociability
Which of the following factors is NOT considered as one of the Big Five dimensions?
Cholecystokinin
Which of the following factors play a role in the inhibition of eating?
An increase in insulin
Which of the following factors send us the signal to eat?
Cingulotomy
Which of the following forms of psychosurgery have proven useful in the case of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Free association
Which of the following is a technique used in psychodynamic therapy?
The therapist plays the role of the "expert."
Which of the following statements is false regarding person-centered therapy?
Biological needs, such as the desire for money and fame, play the largest role in the motivation of human behavior
Which of the following statements is false? a) The need to maintain an appropriate level of arousal can motivate human behaviors. b) Humans are sometimes motivated to increase tension. c) Having an unbalanced internal state can motivate human behaviors. d) Biological needs, such as the desire for money and fame, play the largest role in the motivation of human behavior.
The higher the degree of control, the lower the negative impact the stress may cause.
Which of the following statements is supported by research regarding predictability and degree of control as it pertains to stress?
Clients were equally satisfied by all three types of professionals.
Which of the following statements is true about the type of professional delivering therapy, according to the Consumer Reports survey of clients?
a) The effect of punishment is often temporary. b) Severe punishment creates fear and anger. c) Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement. d) All of these statements are true. d)*
Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment?
Both are considered personality inventories.
Which of the following statements is true when comparing the MMPI-2 with the CPI?
Oxytocin
Which of the following substances seems to initiate labor by stimulating uterine contractions?
The death instinct
Which of the following, according to Freud's theory, would likely be the cause of starting harmful rumors about someone at work?
Albert Ellis
Who developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?
Winona has a high risk of developing a viral or bacterial infection.
Winona quit her job last year to care for her husband, Phil, whom she loves very much. Phil has Alzheimer's disease. Winona does not sleep well at all and hasn't for quite some time. Which of the following is likely true regarding Winona?
emotion-focused coping
Winston landed a fabulous job as a financial consultant about six months ago. He is quite successful at his job and enjoys what he does, but gets extremely stressed out while at work. He knows it is not the work that is bothering him, but rather an offensive coworker. Winston's coworker always comes to his office making derogatory comments toward him. Winston does not want to mention this to his supervisor because the offensive coworker is the supervisor's son. Over time, Winston decides that he will just try to ignore the comments and not take them personally. Winston is engaging in _____ as a coping mechanism.
benzodiazepines.
Xanax, Librium, and Valium are examples of _____
The imaginary audience; the personal fable
_____ and _____ are the two forms of adolescent egocentrism studied by psychologist David Elkind.
Personality
_____ is Freud's theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders.
General slowing
_____ is a process in which the reductions in the speed of neural transmission lead to a slowing of physical and mental functions.
stress.
_____ is a response or set of responses to a condition that requires us to adjust or adapt to the perceived challenge or threat.
An inventory
_____ is a tool used in psychology and psychiatry in which an individual answers questions about her or his behaviors, thoughts, and feelings; it is then scored using a highly standardized procedure, thereby yielding dimensions of the individual's personality.
Schachter-Singer theory
_____ is a two-factor theory stating that for an emotion to occur, there must be (1) physiological arousal and (2) a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the arousal, allowing it to be labeled as a specific emotion.
Latent learning
_____ is a type of learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so.
Recall
_____ is a way to measure memory that involves searching for information in order to produce it.
Panic disorder
_____ is an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring, unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror.
Social anxiety disorder
_____ is an irrational fear and avoidance of any social or performance situation in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself in front of others by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent.
Explicit memory
_____ is another label for declarative memory.
Directive therapy
_____ is any type of psychotherapy in which the therapist takes an active role in determining the course of therapy sessions and provides answers and suggestions to the client.
Abraham Maslow
_____ is best known for his hierarchy of needs theory.
Anorexia nervosa
_____ is characterized by a distorted view of one's body, a very low body weight, and a fear of becoming fat.
Agoraphobia
_____ is characterized by an intense fear of being in a situation from which escape is not possible or in which help would not be available if one experienced overwhelming anxiety or a panic attack.
Generalized anxiety disorder
_____ is characterized by chronic and excessive worry for six months or more.
Bipolar disorder
_____ is characterized by episodes of manic behavior and episodes of depression typically with episodes of normal moods in between.
Attachment
_____ is defined as the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver.
Major depressive disorder
_____ is marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, and hopelessness, as well as the loss of the ability to experience pleasure.
Connecting and committing to another; intimacy vs. isolation
_____ is one of the main objectives in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.
Nondeclarative memory
_____ is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses.
