Psyc Exam 2: Chapter Quizzes

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? A) being afraid of thunder and lightening because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes B) watching someone else be afraid of thunderstorms, so you learn to be afraid also C) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room D) telling students if they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year

Being afraid of thunder and lightening because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes

A light is turned on in front of a hungry dog a few seconds before it is given a small piece of meat. The first time this happens is an experiment like the one that Pavlov conducted, the light is considered to be _____. A) The unconditioned response B) The unconditioned stimulus C) The conditioned stimulus D) The neutral stimulus

The neutral stimulus

The prototype and exemplar representational views of concepts suggest that novel objects in the environment are classified based on _____. A) whether you think they should be part of the concept. B) whether they satisfy the definition you have created for the concept. C) their similarity to a stored category representation.

Their similarity to a stored category representation.

The standard model of consolidation emphasizes the importance of the _____, which is extremely active when memories are first formed and then is later less active once the information to be remembered has been consolidated. A) Outer cortex B) Amygdala C) Working memory D) Hippocampus

Hippocampus

You arrive at the local shopping mall to pick up a few things. The parking lot is crowded, but you find a spot toward the back. While in the mall, you do not think about your parking spot, but you have no trouble remembering where you parked when it is time to leave. This scenario illustrates your brain's ability to ______ information. A) Store B) Encode C) Forget D) Change

Store

Which of these plans of action is most likely to help you retrieve information from your long-term memory before you take a test? A) Study, then practice retrieving the information, and then take the test. B) Sleep for at least two hours, study, and then take the test. C) Study, then go to a party to relax, and then take the test. D) Study, then imagine doing well on the test, and then take the test.

Study, then practice retrieving the information, and then take the test.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which we can improve our studying techniques (improve encoding and retrieval of information)? A) Giving the new information meaning by connecting it to information/memories we already have. B) Organizing the information by grouping together similar information into smaller, more manageable chuncks. C) Studying only the night before the exam, since our short-term memory duration is unlimited. D) Matching the conditions in which we will be asked to retrieve the information by encoding the information in the same way.

Studying only the night before the exam, since our short-term memory duration is unlimited.

Mental sets occur ______. A) when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective. B) when you use the same algorithm to solve multiple problems. C) when you erroneously attribute someone else's behavior to current mental state. D) when you develop multiple, unique solutions for a problem.

When you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation? A) Nausea B) Cancer C) Chemotherapy D) The doctor's office

A) Nausea

Clive Wearing was a choral director who contracted viral encephalitis that destroyed parts of his brain. As a result, he developed _____ amnesia. A) Anterograde and retrograde B) Retroactive interference C) Retrograde D) Anterograde

Anterograde and retrograde

3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she _____. A) doesn't like juice anymore B) generalizes from the Scooby-Doo cup to the Dora the Explorer cup C) spontaneously recovers her Scooby-Doo reaction when she see Dora the Explorer D) discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

Discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searchers the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of _______. A) convergent thinking B) setting C) creative-cognitive processing D) divergent thinking

Divergent thinking

The more _____ encoding processes are, the better we remember. A) simple B) effortful C) shallow D) time-consuming

Effortful

Study is to _____ as test are to ______. A) Retrieval; encoding B) Processing; mnemonics C) Encoding; retrieval D) Mnemonics; processing

Encoding; retrieval

Those long-term memories which we are consciously aware of and can actively retrieve from memory are called _______. A) Implicit memories B) Skill memories C) Amnesia D) Explicit memories

Explicit memories

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. B) getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin C) playing the slot machine D) checking facebook for new posts and notifications

Getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

which is an example of operant conditioning? A) exam anxiety in response to testing conditions (the paper, writing utensil, desk) B) the dragon guarding the vaults at Gringotts Wizarding Bank is trained to fear a clanking noise because it associates the noise with an electric shock C) giving yourself on piece of candy after you complete one math problem D) determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fish

Giving yourself on piece of candy after you complete one math problem

How does the ability to categorize help humans? A) If we know something belongs to a certain category, we do not need to relearn the properties of that category for that item. B) Categories help us create helpful prototypes to follow and add to. C) If we know an object belongs to a certain category, we need to create a new concept for that object. D) Categories help us create helpful stereotypes to follow and add to.

If we know something belongs to a certain category, we do not need to relearn the properties of that category for that item.

Michelle is struggling with graphic quadratic equations in her College Algebra class. In particular, she keeps confusing how to find the x- and y- intercepts. Her memory errors are most likely caused by ______. A) Suggestibility B) Deliberately forgetting C) Retrieval failure D) Interference

Interference

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called _____. A) an instinct B) learning C) conditioning D) reflex

Learning

The basic idea behind observational learning is that _____. A) Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. B) Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. C) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. D) Learning is the result of associating two stimuli in order to produce the desired behavior.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Bandura argued that classical conditioning and operant conditioning approaches could not explain why learning can take place in the absence of external reinforcement. Thus, an important step in his social cognitive learning theory is _____, during which an organism decides whether they will imitate a model. A) motivation B) reproduction C) retention D) attention

Motivation

Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of ________. A) positive punishment B) negative reinforcement C) positive reinforcement negative punishment

Positive reinforcement

Ezra got a new phone number but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of _______. A) Retroactive interference B) Retrograde amnesia C) Proactive interference D) Inactive interference

Proactive interference

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A) quickly removing your hand when it's pricked with a wooden splinter B) feeling anxious about having to speak in front of the class C) becoming defensive if you feel like someone is upset with you D) becoming bored during a movie

Quickly removing your hand when it's pricked with a wooden splinter

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________. A) Anterograde amnesia B) A flashbulb memory C) Retroactive interference D) Retrograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

According to the principles of social learning theory (observational learning), Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she ________. A) has a dream about getting in a fight with her parents. B) sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character. C) watches her brother act out and get in trouble for it. D) sees a character on t.v. get punished for being violent towards another character

Sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of A) acquisition B) shaping C) extinction D) primary reinforcement

Shaping

You are about to take an exam, and you spend a few minutes going over your notes. You understand certain topics well, but you are not so sure about others. As soon as the professor hands out the test, you scribble down those few terms you are not very confident about before you forget them. You likely stored these terms in ______. A) Echoic memory B) Sensory memory C) Long-term memory D) Short-term memory

Short-term memory

Brad and Angie fell in love one summer when Brad used to bring his golden retriever to play in the park where Angie liked to jog. The sight of a golden retriever always makes her think about Brad. But today, as Angie ran in the park, she saw a Labrador retriever, and she immediately thought about Brad. What happened? A) This is an example of stimulus generalization. B) This is an example of stimulus discrimination. C) This is an example of positive punishment. D) This is an example of spontaneous recovery.

This is an example of stimulus generalization

Long-term memory storage appears to be ________. A) Unlimited for visual memories only B) Unlimited C) Limited to five to nine items D) Smaller than short-term memory storage

Unlimited

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A) fixed ratio B) fixed interval C) variable interval D) variable ratio

Variable Interval

Remembering ______ is a good example of episodic memory. A) how to use the microwave B) what the word January means C) your first day of school D) your name

Your first day of school