PSYC Exam 2

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system"

" brain" to "peripheral"

What is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Inattentional_______________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention

Blindness

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on-- a raisin -jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry"

Bottom-up

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Continuous

What is true about deaf culture?

Deaf individuals prefer to teach their children to communicate in ASL rather than teaching children to read lips Primarily communicate through signing communicate through ASL

What field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

___________ is another term for the malleus

Hammer

What is described by the concept of perception?

How sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory?

Improving the sensitivity of air traffic controller to plane blips

Which part of the eye holds eye color?

Iris

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

Kinesthesia

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

Optic chiasm

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?

Partial

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

Reflexes

What exemplifies gustation?

Tasting freshly caught salmon

What was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martinez-Gomez,& Hudson?

The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally

What is amplitude?

The height of a wave

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

Thermoception

What is true about olfactory receptors?

They are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose they have small, hair-like extensions they are cells

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ____________

Transduction

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Ultraviolet

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

Umami and fat content

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ___________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

Vestibular

What is true about sensation

When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, the sensation has occurred we have more than five senses we have a sensory system that provides information about balance, called the vestibular sense

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. The illustrates the role that _____________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and sucking

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotions can be a conditioned response

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

What statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

he is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning. The motivation for a behavior happens AFTER the behavior is demonstrated

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

What is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

What is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m

What should be changed to make the following statement true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain"

the word "neuropathic" should be changed to "inflammatory"

Individuals suffering from congential analgesia have a shorter life span due to ___________

their injuries and secondary infection of injured sites

read the following two sentences. 1) Gre eng rass fr ow son themoun tain 2)Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?

we group letters of a giver word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word