PSYC Quizzes 5,6,7

The Zone of Proximal Development includes skills that children ______. Select one: a. are accomplished at and skills they have yet to master b. cannot yet perform without help c. have recently developed d. are not proficient at

b. cannot yet perform without help

Adults' use of high pitch, exaggerated intonation, and short simple sentences is called ______. Select one: a. positive feedback b. child-directed speech Correct c. expansion d. recasting

b. child-directed speech

The branch of philosophy concerned with the origins of knowledge is ______. Select one: a. metaphysics b. epistemology c. ontology d. teleology

b. epistemology

Which of the following ideas about language and thought did Piaget and Vygotsky disagree on? Select one: a. the planning function of language b. the role of externalized speech c. the necessity of language for conscious thought d. the reflective functions of language

b. the role of externalized speech

Operations are patterns of physical activity that occur in infancy, whereas schemes are patterns of mental activity in older children. Select one: True False

False

Pragmatics is the logical combination of words into sentences. Select one: True False

False

Some students learn differently from others depending upon whether they are left-brained or right-brained. Select one: True False

False

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development is the result of the complex interaction that occurs between genetic and environmental factors. Select one: True False

True

Most freshman college students still do not have a fully developed prefrontal cortex. Select one: True False

True

When young children start to combine two or more words, this marks the start of syntax use. Select one: True False

True

All of the following statements about bilingual children are true EXCEPT ______. Select one: a. bilingual children acquire their first 50 words earlier than monolingual children b. bilingual children and monolingual children reach developmental milestones around the same time c. bilingual children and monolingual children say their first words at the same time Incorrect d. bilingual children have at least the same size vocabulary as monolingual children

a. bilingual children acquire their first 50 words earlier than monolingual children

The major features of neurons are ______. Select one: a. cell body, axons, and dendrites b. axons, synapses, and neurotransmitters c. axons, cell body, and hippocampus d. dendrites, cell body, and cortex

a. cell body, axons, and dendrites

All of the following teaching methods use constructivist principles to encourage meaningful learning EXCEPT ______. Select one: a. discovery-based learning b. cognitive apprenticeship c. cooperative learning d. reciprocal teaching

a. discovery-based learning

According to Piaget, students who are capable of conducting systematic tests of hypotheses are in the ______ stage. Select one: a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

a. formal operational

Which of the following statements about imitation/reinforcement and language learning is true? Select one: a. Parents often reinforce the semantic content of children's utterances rather than their grammar. Correct b. Use of imitation grows once children leave infancy. c. Parents must motivate children to use correct grammar. d. Children can only produce utterances they have heard.

a. parents often reinforce the semantic content of children's utterances rather than their grammar

Skilled reading involves brain areas responsible for producing speech, hearing words, and ______. Select one: a. processing the visual form of words b. making rational decisions c. sending motor commands d. understanding emotion

a. processing the visual form of words

Around one year of age, infants start to ______. Select one: a. combine words into two-word utterances b. use words Correct c. babble d. understand syntax

b. use words

Skilled arithmetic requires coordination of the brain regions responsible for ______. Select one: a. language comprehension, phonological processing, and counting b. visual processing, magnitude processing, and fact retrieval c. sustained attention, visual processing, and planning d. memory, mental imagery, and inhibitory control

b. visual processing, magnitude processing, and face retrieval

If someone lacks empathy, where might we expect to find differences in activation levels? Select one: a. superior temporal sulcus b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. temporo-parietal junction

c. amygdala

Why should students be given homework? Select one: a. in order to help with self-motivation b. because it instills discipline and builds character c. because it allows them to practice skills, which strengthen relevant neural connections d. They shouldn't because there are no advantages of homework.

c. because it allows them to practice skills, which strengthen relevant neural connections

Repetition, interjections, pauses, and revisions are all errors that may indicate a child's ______. Select one: a. specific language impairment Incorrect b. articulation disorder c. dysfluency d. dyslexia

c. dysfluency

Who are two theorists who, in the early 20th century, wrote about the process of learning as the active construction of knowledge? Select one: a. Ivan Pavlov and William James b. Jerome Bruner and Albert Bandura c. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky Correct d. John Watson and B. F. Skinner

c. jean piaget and lev vygotsky

As a teacher, you may notice that, compared to boys, girls ______. Select one: a. are less likely to use people's names and object labels b. use less complex syntactic structures c. have smaller vocabularies until elementary school Incorrect d. are more likely to use people's names and object labels

d. are more likely to use people's names and object labels

Why did Piaget refer to young children as preoperational? Select one: a. because they can only perform mental operations on physical objects Incorrect b. because they cannot perform mental operations c. because their mental operations are non-symbolic d. because their use of mental operations is limited

d. because their use of mental operations is limited

According to Vygotsky, all of the following are ways in which play can lead to higher levels of cognitive functioning EXCEPT ______. Select one: a. turning ideas into actions b. practicing different roles c. shifting between pretense and reality d. development motor skills

d. development motor skills

If an infant suffers damage to the left hemisphere, normal language development may still be possible because ______. Select one: a. language is processed in the right hemisphere b. the damaged left hemisphere will heal c. only minimal brain function is needed for language development Incorrect d. infants' brains have relatively high levels of plasticity

d. infants' brains have relatively high levels of plasticity

Which of the following processes starts before birth and continues into adulthood? Select one: a. crystallization b. cell migration c. dendritic shift d. myelination

d. myelination

Executive functioning includes ______. Select one: a. language, motor commands, and long-term memory b. emotion, personality, and empathy c. vision, respiration, and temperature regulation d. planning, attention, and working memory

d. planning, attention, and working memory

Damage to the left hemisphere could lead to difficulties in ______ a. understanding metaphors and jokes b. vision in the left visual field c. controlling the left side of the body d. producing and/or understanding grammatical speech

d. producing and/or understanding grammatical speech

When children first combine words, they omit function words. This type of speech is called ______. Select one: a. transitional Incorrect b. topographic c. holophrastic d. telegraphic

d. telegraphic