PSYC100 EXAM 1
Pavlov's experiment
-unconditioned stimulus (meat) caused unconditioned response (salivation) in dogs -Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (neutral stimulus) before placing meat in the dogs' mouth - initially, the dogs didn't react much when they only heard the bell w/o receiving meat -After repeating procedure several times, dogs began to salivate when they heard the bell (even if he did not deliver meat) -turned the bell (neutral) into a conditioned stimulus
MOD 02L: Match each example with the appropriate mnemonic: 1. I learned to say "Please excuse my dear Aunt Sally" to help me remember whether, in a mathematical formula, what order to do things (e.g., anything in parentheses should be done before exponents or multiplications). 2. I learned to recall ROYGBIV to help me remember the order of colors in a rainbow. 3. I can remember all of the items on my list of groceries if I imagine each one hidden somewhere in my house (e.g., there is bread in my sock drawer and my bathtub is full of milk.) 4. The word "pai" in Portuguese means "father" in English. "Pai" sounds like "pie" so it helps me to remember the definition by thinking about the fact that my father loves eating pie. 5. To remember my ATM pin number (7124) I remember that "The seven dwarfs met one princess to take her our for dinner."
1. acrostic 2. acronym 3. loci-method 4. keyword method 5. chaining
MOD 04C: Match the following terms based on the example of the Garcia Effect when crows were trained to not eat birds' eggs. 1. the eggs after the intervention 2. the eggs before the intervention 3. aversion to eating eggs 4. mild poison
1. conditioned stimulus 2. neutral stimulus 3. conditioned response 4. unconditioned stimulus
MOD 04B: Match the strategy with the technique for erasing an undesired association of a puppy being afraid of a vacuum. 1. Every time you start the vacuum you give the dog a tasty treat 2. You run the vacuum constantly for three days 3. You get the dog used to seeing the vacuum in the corner but not running, then slowly start moving it more and more, and eventually turn it on.
1. counter conditioning 2. flooding 3. systematic desensitization
MOD 03G: Categorize the following relationships as either positive, negative or curvilinear: 1. How good someone is at their job is related to how likely they are to have that job two years later.Those who are terrible are fired, those who are excellent are promoted, and those that are competent tend to stay put. 2. The less sleep a college student gets, the lower his or her grades tend to be 3. The less TV a student watches a week, the higher their grades tend to be 4. The level of cheerfulness of a salesperson is related to customer satisfaction: Too low and they are perceived as grumpy, too high and they are annoying, but with a moderate amount customers are happy. 5. The more educated couples are are the less often they tend to have intercourse with each other. 6. The taller people are the more, on average, the more they tend to weigh.
1. curvilinear 2. positive 3. negative 4. curvilinear 5. negative 6. positive
MOD 02K: Match each of the following with the appropriate memory issue: 1. Information is somewhere in storage but we "forget" it in the sense that we cannot recall it no matter how hard we try. 2. A reason that we might "forget" something that, in reality, was never adequately encoded into memory due to cognitive load. 3. When we truly forget something in the sense that it was once encoded but no longer exists in storage. 4. A reason that we might "forget" something that is conceptually related to the accessibility of that information.
1. disorganization 2. interference 3. decay 4. insufficient priming
MOD 02H: Fill in the blanks with the three processes of long-term memory: In order for memory to help us it needs to ____ information into long-term memory,_____ it for later use, and _____ it when we need it late
1. encode 2. store 3. retrieve
What determines a concepts accessibility?
1. frequency of access 2. emotional significance 3. recency of access (priming)
MOD 03D: Match the description to the appropriate data collection method: 1. At a playground, a hidden researcher observes how children interact with each other when they're in the sandbox to study how children communicate with each other. 2. To study parenting styles, a mother and her child are brought into a classroom and given a puzzle to solve together. Their interaction is videotaped and analyzed later by researchers. 3. To study the effect of spanking on children researchers asked parents about their use of physical punishment and, separately, asked children how much they trusted their parents 4. Researchers used Census data to determine if, over the past 100 years, the number of children a couple had was related to the number of children their parents had. 5. To study the relationship between age and stress, researchers studied four groups of people, people ages 18, 25, 35, and 50. 6. Dr. Carlisle evaluated Ted Bundy and conducted a psychoanalysis of his sexual fantasies merging into reality 7. To determine whether joining fraternities and sororities influences academic performance, the grades of 10,000 college students who started in 2011 were tracked for five years.
1. naturalistic observation 2. structured observation 3. self report 4. archival 5. cross sectional study 6. case study 7. longitudinal
MOD 03B: For this question, imagine that I have a theory that wearing red clothing makes someone appear more attractive on a date. Match each hypothesis with the appropriate label. 1. Wearing red clothing has no effect on attractiveness. 2. Wearing red clothing increases attractiveness.
1. null hypothesis 2. alternative hypothesis
MOD 02C: Select the appropriate heuristic for each: 1. Assuming someone is rich based on how they dress 2. Being more afraid of Ebola than heart disease, due to a few very famous cases of Ebola related deaths 3. If trying to choose a brand of soda from the brands you've never heard of, and you're in a hurry, you might be more likely to buy the one called Buzz Cola (which sounds like the name of some familiar soda) instead of Mola or Tantrum. 4. The American public was concerned about a large increase in plane crash incidents. In reality, the perceived increase was caused only by more frequent media coverage of the incidents.
1. representativeness 2. availability 3. representativeness 4. availability
MOD 04E: Match each pattern of punishment with the appropriate schedule: 1. A popular viral video series involves a person who goes around pulling pranks on other people. His hobby of approaching strangers is occasionally discouraged by one of the people he approaches punching him in the face. 2. Elevators (are supposed to) open automatically if there is a body in the way but want to discourage people just propping it open and holding it there. After 2 minutes of holding the door open the elevator makes a very loud screeching sound until the door is allowed to close. 3. Every time you touch a hot stove you burn your hand 4. If you drive well above the speed limit long enough you will occasionally get speeding tickets. 5. The concept of a "Three Strikes" law, mandating a life sentence for the third serious crime.
1. variable ratio 2. fixed interval 3. continuous 4. variable interval 5. fixed ratio
Miller's Magic Number
7 +/- 2, the amount of information that can be remembered in one exposure is between 5 and 9 items depending on the information.
MOD 01A: Psychologists traditionally study: A. Both normal and abnormal functioning and treat individuals with mental and emotional problems B. Abnormal functioning and treat individuals with mental problems C. Abnormal functioning and treat individuals with emotional problems D. Abnormal functioning and treat individuals with mental and emotional problems
A
MOD 01D: Who was more confident in the amount of information they could remember on the final test of what they had learned? A. The students that studied more B. The students that took the practice test
A
MOD 02H: How can you increase the total amount of elements that your short-term memory can hold? A. chunk B. ecological attention C. synergize D. critique E. extrapolate
A
Causation
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. NOT THE SAME AS CAUSALITY
cocktail party effect
Ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd
controlled experiment
An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.
MOD 01F: People who derive a sense of success from making progress towards a goal are ___oriented while those who feel successful when they are praised for their performance are more ___ oriented. A. ego; task B. task; ego C. avoidance; approach D. approach, avoidance
B
MOD 01F: Self handicapping is motivated by a desire to... A. Understand what it is like for others with real disabilities B. Protect our self-esteem C. Make things fair for students of all different ability levels D. Punish ourselves when we feel guilty for a poor performance E. Challenge ourselves by making the task even harder
B
MOD 03J: Which of the following is true? A. Psychology's replication crisis isn't really a problem because less than 10% of studies fail to replicate. B. Psychology research can fail to replicate even when the original researchers did nothing wrong. C. Psychology research suffers from a reproducibility problem and that makes it unscientific. D. Psychology research will fail to replicate only when there has been fraud (falsification of data).
B
MOD 04F: Extinction is when a behavior... A. Is no longer crucial to the survival of the species B. That was previously reinforced is unlearned when reinforcement is withdrawn C. Stops because the animal or human is protesting laboratory conditions D. Disappears for unknown reasons
B
MOD 01A: The APA's article about psychology explains how some psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the trauma of an event. Which kind of event do they mention as an example? A. Car accident B. Boat sinking C. Plane crash D. Dog attack E. School shooting F. Shark attack G. House fire
C
MOD 03A: Empirical evidence is based on... A. expert opinion B. deduction C. observations D. traditions of a culture E. a firm belief
C
disorganization
Cannot find information due to some error in the manner the information was organized in storage. It may not be gone, it might just be hard to access.
systematic sampling
Chooses subjects in a systematic (i.e. orderly / logical) way from the target population, like every nth participant on a list of names.
MOD 01A: You read about the ABC's of psychology. The "C" stands for _____________
Cognition
MOD 02L: Elaborative rehearsal is a process that attempts to: A. Explain a concept many times in exactly the same way so that you can remember it B. Role-play being in a dramatic presentation of the material C. Integrate procedural memories with declarative memories to create new memories D. Rehearse over and over again information so that you can remember it E. Connect information from one schema with information in another schema
E
MOD 04B: At home, you have just purchased a new clock, but it has this constant "ticking" sound that tends to be very bothersome. After having it for a week or two, you start to get used to it and barely notice the "ticking" anymore. This is an example of: A. aversion theory B. flooding C. systematic desensitization D. classical conditioning E. habituation
E
MOD 01B: Although mindset was found to be correlated with performance in the first study, there was no difference in the performance of the seventh graders when they tried to influence their mindset. True or False
False
Retrorade Amnesia
Gaps in memory for past events
theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence
Loci method
Imagine placing the items you want to remember in specific locations in a room with which you are familiar Ex. Place a dollar bill (George Washington) on the door. Walk into the room and see Jefferson reclining on a sofa and Nixon eating out of the refrigerator.
social skills
It's usually easy to talk to and like people with good social skills, another sign of high emotional intelligence. Those with strong social skills are typically team players. Rather than focus on their own success first, they help others develop and shine. They can manage disputes, are excellent communicators, and are masters at building and maintaining relationships.
negative punishment (-P)
Removing a desired stimulus after an undesired behavior has occurred. For example, a father takes away his daughter's cell phone for a week (-P) after she uses a curse word in the house. Swearing has been discouraged.
automatic process
Requires little conscious awareness and mental effort, minimal attention and does not interfere with the performance of other activities.
Keyword method
Select the foreign words you need to remember, then identify an English word that sounds like the foreign one. Now imagine an image that involves the keyword with the English meaning of the foreign word Ex. In Spanish, the word "cabina" means phone booth. Invent an image of a cab trying to fit in a phone booth. When you see the word "cabina," you should be able to recall this image and thereby retrieve the meaning "phone booth."
working memory/ short term memory (STM)
Selective attention determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory. STM is most often stored as sounds, especially in recalling words, but may be stored as images. It works basically the same as a computer's RAM in that it provides a working space for short computations and then transfers it to other parts of the memory system or discards it. It is thought to be about seven bits in length, that is, we normally remember seven items. STM is vulnerable to interruption or interference.
Interference
Sometimes it is hard to encode information correctly or to recall it efficiently because our brain is processing something else at the same time. One thing interferes with the other. For example, you might not be able to recall something that you studied just before hearing some terrible news - all of the thinking you did about the bad news might interfere with the information you just encoded.
interpersonal intelligence
The ability to understand and interact effectively with others
insufficient priming
The memory might be stored correctly, but you may not have enough activation to locate it and move it from long term to short term memory.
stratified sampling
The researcher identifies the different types of people that make up the target population and works out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative
Sensory memory
The sensory memory retains an exact copy of what is seen or heard (visual and auditory). It only lasts for a few seconds, while some theorize it last only 300 milliseconds. It has unlimited capacity.
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) psychologists
They apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace in the interest of improving productivity, health, and the quality of worklife.
Forensic psychologists
They apply psychological principles to legal issues (expert witnesses, etc.).
School psychologists
They are engaged in the delivery of comprehensive psychological services to children, adolescents, and families in schools and other applied settings.
Educational psychologists
They concentrate on how effective teaching and learning takes place.
Sport psychologists
They help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, and learn to deal with the anxiety and fear of failure that often accompany competition.
Counseling psychologists
They help people recognize their strengths and resources to cope with everyday problems and serious adversity.
Health psychologists
They specialize in how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness.
Social psychologists
They study how a person's mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.
Developmental psychologists
They study the psychological development of the human being that takes place throughout life.
MOD 01F: Berglas & Jones (1978) gave participants either an easy or impossible task and, regardless of their performance, told everyone that they had performed very well. Before attempting the task again, some chose to take a performance-hindering drug, to have something to blame their potential failure on. True or False
True
MOD 02F: Gardner's theorizing on multiple intelligence leads him to argue that there is not conclusive evidence that different people have different learning styles (not just preference, but that people actually learn in different ways). True or False
True
opportunity sampling
Uses people from target population available at the time and willing to take part. It is based on convenience.
counter conditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning
conditioned response (CR)
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
unconditioned response (UCR)
a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
conceptual replication
a type of replication of research using different procedures for manipulating or measuring the variables
exact replication
a type of replication of research using the same procedures for manipulating and measuring the variables that were used in the original research
naturalistic intelligence
ability to find patterns and relationships to nature
What are the ABCs of psychology
affect, behavior, cognition
informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories (ex. alzheimer's)
MOD 04F: We often observe a sudden increase in the target behavior immediately after reinforcement has been withdrawn. This is known as an extinction ___.
burst
MOD 04A: David from BGSU presses the "Easy" button and immediately after shoots his roommate with an airsoft gun. The sound from the button becomes the ________ stimulus.
conditioned
Habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.
MOD 03F: In an experiment testing the effects of caffeine, neither the participants nor the interviewer is aware of whether the participant was given regular coffee or decaf. This kind of design is known as a ___-blind study.
double
What are the key features of a science?
empirical evidence, objectivity, control, hypothesis testing, replication, predictability
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common Ex. we think murders are more common than suicides because we hear about them in the news more
random sampling
everyone in the entire target population has an equal chance of being selected
Risk of harm
exposure to the possibility of injury going beyond everyday situations
decay
fading away of memory over time (lost forever)
MOD 04B: Exposing someone to the same stimulus over and over again in order to weaken any associations with that stimulus is called _____. This works because of habituation.
flooding
Schemas
groups of information that are linked together because they are somehow related
Image-Name Technique
invent a relationship between the name and the physical characteristics of the person Ex. Shirley Temple - her curly (rhymes with "Shirley") hair around her temples.
Partial schedule of reinforcement
involves a pattern in which the consequences occur only part of the time. There are four partial schedules of reinforcement and each results in a different pattern of behavior: - fixed ratio - fixed interval - variable ratio - variable interval
information processing model
model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages... encoding, storage, retrieval
primary punisher
naturally aversive (physical pain, bright lights, hunger)
self report
participants are asked to provide information or responses to questions on a survey or structure assessment
controlled process
process that requires attention; it is often difficult to carry out more than one controlled process at a time
no correlation
r=0
generalisability
refers to the extent to which we can apply the findings of our research to the target population we are interested in
archival
researchers can examine data that has already been collected for other purposes
structured observation
researchers can set up a situation and observe that participant's behavior
linguistic intelligence
skills involved in the production and use of language
stimulus
some environmental event that we hear, see, feel, smell, or taste
sample
the group of people who take part in the investigation... referred to as "participants"
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Operationalization
the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
anchoring heuristic (anchoring and adjustment)
the process of making decisions based on certain ideas or standards held by the decision maker Ex. "I might ask you, "how many people live in the United States?" You then reply, "about 325 million." That number (325,000,000) becomes an anchor in your mind. Then, when we begin negotiating a price, you adjust down from there. You know that the price of a car is a lot less than $325 dollars, but you are anchored by that number and you will not adjust as low as you should."
Sampling
the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study
Rosenthal effect
the result when an experimenter's preconceived idea of appropriate responding influences the treatment of participants and their behavior to avoid it... double blind experiment (participants and researchers interacting with them are left in the dark)
comparative cognition
the study of the development of cognitive abilities across species and the continuity of abilities from nonhuman to human animals
Stroop effect
the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of ink
independant variable
the thing that will be changed in each experiment
target population
the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn
Dependant variable
the variable that relies on the independent variable
secondary punisher
things that we have learned to avoid (we learn that an audience booing is undesirable because we associated it with isolation and a lack of rewards)
secondary reinforcer
things that we have learned to want because they are associated with other stimuli (we learn that money is desirable because we associate it with the things we can buy)
spurious correlation
two variables that are mathematically correlated but are not related to each other in a meaningful way
psychophysiological
using technological devices to measure what is taking place in the body (e.g heart rate, levels of hormones, areas of brain activity)
state-dependant memory
what we learn in one state (drunk or sober) may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
continuous schedule of reinforcement
you are reinforced or punished every single time the behavior occurs.
Metacognition
"Thinking about thinking"; the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
MOD 04D: Match each to the appropriate form of behavior modification: 1. Causing pain to decrease the likelihood a behavior will reoccur 2. Delivering a treat to increase the likelihood a behavior will reoccur 3. Removing an annoying stimulus to increase the likelihood a behavior will reoccur 4. Taking away a privilege to decrease the likelihood a behavior will reoccur
1. +P 2. +R 3. -R 4. -P
MOD 04D: I want to teach my four-year-old son to sit patiently at the dinner table while we are eating. Match each to the appropriate form of behavior modification. 1. If he gets up from his seat during dinner I take away his favorite stuffed animal for the night 2. If he gets up from his seat during dinner I startle him by yelling "No!" 3. If he sits patiently through dinner he gets to have a treat for dessert 4. When it is close to dinnertime I turn up the stereo really, really loud for 10 minutes, and then I call everyone to the table. If he sits at the table promptly I turn off the loud, bothersome music.
1. -P 2. +P 3. +R 4. -R
Rhyme-keys
1. Memorize key words that can be associated with numbers (one-bun); 2. Create an image of the items you need to remember with key words. (A bun with cheese on it will remind me of dairy products.) Ex. 1. Dairy products: one-bun-cheese on a bun. 2. Meat, fish, and poultry: two-shoe-livestock with shoes. 3. Grains: three-tree-sack of grain hanging from tree. 4. Fruit and vegetables: four-door- opening a door and walking into a room stocked with fruits and vegetables.
MOD 04A: David from BGSU could have conditioned his roommate in several different ways. Match the pairing strategy with the appropriate description. 1. shoot the roommate and then push the "Easy" button 2. Shoot the roommate and push the "Easy" button at exactly the same time. 3. Push the "Easy" button and then shoot the roommate one second later. 4. Push the "Easy" button and then shoot the roommate 15 seconds later.
1. backwards 2. simultaneous 3. forward, short delay 4. forward, long delay
MOD 04A: When researchers taught honeybees to detect terrorist threats, they classically conditioned an association. Match each of the following with the appropriate elements of an association... 1. As a result of their learning, the bee extends its proboscis when exposed to a bomb 2. A bee naturally extends its proboscis when sugar water is presented 3. The smell of an explosive, which had no particular effect on the bee prior to the classical conditioning 4. The smell of an explosive, which triggers the bee to extend its proboscis after learning the association
1. conditioned response 2. neutral stimulus 3. unconditioned response 4. conditioned stimulus
MOD 03C: When you have a sample that is made up of individuals who happen to be available, it is called a ______ sample. A study where participants are randomly sampled from the entire population (and therefore every single person has the opportunity to be included) is using a ________ sample.
1. convenience 2. probability
MOD 03D: _________ designs are focused on searching for relationships between two variables that were measured while __________ designs involve the researcher influencing one variable to examine its effect on another.
1. correlational 2. experimental
reasons for non-replication (findings do not replicate)
1. falsified data 2. small sample size 3. may only be true in certain circumstances (may not be universal) 4. quality of original study
MOD 04E: Match each pattern of reinforcement with the appropriate schedule: 1. A company rewards their employees for loyalty with a 6% raise for every 3 years they are with the company. 2. A sleazy guy goes around asking every girl he sees for her phone number... most people reject him, but every once in a while the behavior pays off and it gets reinforced with a (real) number and a date. 3. Every time you put a dollar in the vending machine a tasty treat falls out. 4. When watching baseball, you never really know how much time will pass in between the exciting moments that make it worthwhile. Those moments encourage you to sit and watch entire games. 5. With a card from Subway, you get every 10th sandwich for free.
1. fixed interval 2. variable ratio 3. continuous 4. variable interval 5. fixed ratio
MOD 04E: Match each schedule with the pattern of behavior we tend to observe 1. High rates of behavior with pauses immediately after reinforcement has been earned. 2. Most likely stop as soon as the reinforcement is withdrawn 3. Response rates that are low and steady until a reinforcement opportunity is approaching. 4. Steady, high rates of behavior. 5. Steady, moderate rates of responding.
1. fixed ratio 2. continuous 3. fixed interval 4. variable ratio 5. variable interval
MOD 01D: Based on the research finding from Dunlosky et al (2013), sort each of the following techniques into the appropriate category of their effectiveness. (The Best = high, The Worst = low, The Rest = med) 1. Explaining things to yourself in detail as you read them 2. Forming word associations (i.e., mnemonics) to remember the meaning or key words or phrases 3. Highlighting key ideas and phrases in a text 4. Practice testing high 5. Rereading the text or your notes 6. Spreading out studying over a long period of time 7. Thinking critically about everything you read by asking "why" (i.e. elaborative integration) 8. Underlining key ideas and phrases in a text 9. Using mental imagery to help remember concepts 10. Writing your own summary of the main points
1. medium 2. medium 3. low 4. high 5. low 6. high 7. medium 8. low 9. medium 10. low
MOD 03F: A company is selling an "herbal supplement" that they claim increases the power of your memory and can help you study for finals. Some skeptical scientists design a legitimate experiment to test these claims, randomly assigning participants to take the supplement or an empty pill and then giving everyone a memory test. Match each of the methodological details with the bias that it prevents. 1. Participants are blind as to whether they were given the memory supplement or the empty pill 2. The researchers who scored performance on the memory test were unaware of which pill the participant had been assigned to take. 3. Participants were only told that this was a study to test the effect of this supplement, with no mention of memory. In addition to the memory test, they were given several unrelated tasks to complete so that they did not suspect it was a study about memory.
1. placebo effect 2. rosenthal effect 3. demand characteristics
MOD 03F: Match the description with the appropriate problem: 1. An entertainment hypnotist came to campus and asked for volunteers. Those who agree to come on stage were warned about the sensation of being hypnotized. As soon as he started counting down from 10, they started feeling relaxed, light-headed, and as if they were being controlled by everything the hypnotist said. 2. A teacher is convinced that she is able to tell, in the first five minutes of the first day of class, which students are going to be the best behaved. Sure enough, but the end of the year, the students who she picked were very engaged in class, never got into any trouble, and did above average on the tests. 3. An entertainment hypnotist came to campus and asked for volunteers. Those who agree to come on stage went along with everything the hypnotist told them to do, pretending as though they had no control over themselves. 4. Researchers found that participants were far more likely to report that they regularly attended religious services if they were asked by an interviewed (as opposed to an anonymous survey). Presumably many participants considered regular attendance to be an indication that someone is a good, moral person.
1. placebo effect 2. rosenthal effect 3. demand characteristics 4. social desirability
MOD 03F: Match the source of a bias that would influence results with the appropriate problem. 1. What participants expect to experience 2. What the participants think is the polite, appropriate or normal thing to say 3. What the participants think the researcher wants to have happen 4. What the researcher expects the results of the study to be
1. placebo effect 2. social desirability 3. demand characteristics 4. rosenthal effect
MOD 04D: Match each stimulus to the way in which it might influence your behavior: 1. The taste of a piece of candy. 2. The sensation caused by a smack on the back of your head. 3. The sound of a crowd of people booing you on stage. 4. The sound of a crowd of people clapping their hands for you.
1. primary reinforcer 2. primary punisher 3. secondary punisher 4. secondary reinforcer
MOD 03A: Match each of the following descriptions with the appropriate feature of a scientific field: 1. Consistency across multiple repetitions of the same study 2. Increasing our ability to anticipate future events based on previous results 3. Removing the effect of extraneous variables
1. replications 2. predictability 3. control
MOD 04D: Match each to the way in which it might influence your behavior. 1. A stimulus you have learned to dislike or avoid 2. A stimulus you have learned to like or want 3. A stimulus you naturally would want 4. A stimulus you naturally would want to avoid
1. secondary punisher 2. secondary reinforcement 3. primary reinforcement 4. primary punisher
MOD 02G: Match each with the appropriate characteristic of emotional intelligence: 1. The ability to function well in a group by communicating effectively and resolving disagreements. 2. The ability to identify and acknowledge your own personal strengths and weaknesses. 3. The ability to read and understand other people's thoughts and emotions.
1. social skills 2. self awareness 3. empathy
MOD 02F: Match each description with the appropriate form of Gardner's multiple intelligences. 1. Chris enjoyed building things with Legos as a child and now creates very intricate structures. 2. Mark is great at brain teasers and Sudoku puzzles. 3. Rachel has experience as a ballerina and gymnast and has very precise control over her movements. 4. Amilio is fluent in several languages.
1. spatial intelligence 2. logical-mathematical intelligence 3. bodily kinesthetic intelligence 4. linguistic intelligence
MOD 01C: Which of the following is true about the scientific research on learning styles and academic performance? A. The lack of evidence suggests that students who describe themselves as "visual learners" to do equally as well on an exam regardless of whether or not a teacher used a great deal of visual aids. B. The evidence confirms that students do significantly better on exams when the information was presented in a way that is consistent with their learning style. C. The evidence confirms that students do significantly better on exams when the information was presented in a way that is opposite with their learning style. D. The learning style that student described themselves as having (e.g., verbal vs. visual) was highly related to objective measurements of their skills. E. Although teachers assume it is true, student do not report having any preference for how material is presented.
A
MOD 01H: Roberts & Curtis found that students who used their laptop most of the class meeting did _____ on a surprise quiz compared to those who used their laptop some of the time: A. worse B. better C. the same
A
MOD 02A: Which of the following would be an example of metacognition? A. Realizing that you feel sad each time you see birds B. Reacting automatically to a loud, scary sound C. Telling a friend what your favorite movie is D. Wearing an outfit again because the last time you wore it you received several compliments E. Making judgments about people based on a first impression
A
MOD 02B: The cocktail party effect demonstrates motivation determining allocation because... A. We subconsciously detect things that we think might be important to pay conscious attention to B. We pay more attention to attractive people at a party C. We get hungry when we see other people eating snacks D. It is hard to pay attention to what people are saying when you have had a few alcoholic beverages E. People automatically speak louder when they think that what they are saying is important
A
MOD 02F: What is g? A. your overall intellectual ability B. the 7th form of intelligence C. a hormone that influences brain development D. A specific type of intelligence test E. your mental age divided by your chronological age F. a unit of measurement for the size of your brain
A
MOD 03B: Scientists use statistical tests to determine... A. If any differences observed can likely be explained by random chance B. If there is any detectable difference between two conditions in an experiment C. All of these answer choices are correct D. Whether their recordings were accurate E. To prove whether or not they have made a Type 1 or Type 2 error
A
MOD 03C: The ___ is the group of people that we want to generate knowledge about and the ___ is the group of people that participate in our study. A. population; sample B. sample; population C. Convenience sample; probability sample D. Probability sample; convenience sample E. Control group; experimental group
A
MOD 03G: Which of the following correlations represents the strongest relationship... r = A. -0.70 B. 0.00 C. -0.50 D. +0.10 E. +0.60
A
MOD 03H: Could playing violent video games actually causes people to act more aggressively? To experimentally test this, the researcher randomly assigned young children to play 15 minutes of a game; some play a violent first-person shooter game and others play a puzzle game with no violent content. Later, during recess, observers secretly note which children play aggressively. Which video game they played is the _____ variable. How aggressively they acted during recess is the _____ variable. A. independant; dependant B. independant; independant C. dependant; independant D. dependant; dependant
A
MOD 03J: Which of the following is a reason why a replication study might fail? A. all of these B. There was some key difference between the original and the replication study (in the methods, analysis, or settings) that explains why the two studies produced different results. C. The original finding was wrong or flawed in some way. D. The replication study was wrong or flawed in some way.
A
MOD 04B: In the video you watched on using virtual reality to desensitize a fear response, the client was being treated for what undesired response A. Panic triggered by small confined spaces B. Anger triggered by political enemies C. Fear triggered by germs D. Anxiety triggered by heights E. Fear triggered by spiders
A
MOD 04D: Which of the following most accurately represents Thorndike's Law of Effect? A. Animals behave randomly, and behaviors that have a desirable effect are more likely to be repeated without any understanding of why that behavior has that effect.. B. Animals are only able to solve problems effectively when they truly understand why certain behaviors have the effect that they do.
A
MOD 04G: In the experiments described in the linked article human participants were exposed to: A. A very loud, annoying sound B. shocks C. A bucket of ice water thrown on them D. A very bright, annoying light E. A very attractive research assistant
A
Clever Hans
A horse that was claimed to have been able to perform math and other intellectual tasks. It was determined that the horse wasn't actually performing these mental tasks but was watching the reaction of the human observers.
self-awareness
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions People with high emotional intelligence are usually very self aware
Little Albert Experiment
A study in which a white rat was paired with a loud sudden noise in order to condition a fear response in an infant. (John Watson)
maintenance rehearsal
A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself to encode the information well enough that it will be stored and available for retrieval whenever you need it
social desirability
A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself to avoid it... stress the importance of honest responses and ensure anonymity/confidentiality
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
MOD 01E: Match each essential activity to how it helps the brain (exercise, sleep, food) A. Provides short-term oxygen boost to the brain and plays an important role in maintaining a healthy and efficient blood supply to the brain B. Helps organize information in the brain C. Provides fuel that gives essential nutrients needed for a wide range of complex function
A. exercise B. sleep C. food
Spatial Intelligence (Gardner)
Ability to mentally visualize the relationships of objects or movements: sculptor, painter, expert chess player, architect
demand characteristics
Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave to avoid it... have the researchers follow a script and to avoid the participants from knowing the true nature of the study
MOD 02D: A psychologist wants to explain why the confirmation bias might exist. The psychologist says that decisions are biased by information that is accessible in our memory. This psychologist is most likely drawing on what theoretical perspective? A. psychoanalytic psychology B. social cognitive psychology C. personality psychology D. sociobiological psychology E. sociocultural psychology
B
MOD 03A: In the video about charging the clicker, what behavior indicated that the sound of the clicker is now a conditioned stimulus? A. the dog played dead B. the dog whipped its head around C. the dog barked D. the dog salivated E. the dog rolled over
B
MOD 03G: There is an unfortunate myth that vaccinations have caused an increase in autism diagnoses because some vaccines became more popular around the same time that we started to see more diagnoses. However, very careful research has found that this is a coincidence - although there is a statistical correlation because the two things happened around the same time period there is absolutely no evidence that the vaccines are actually causing autism. This correlation should be considered a A. negative correlation B. spurious correlation C. curvilinear relationship D. positive correlation
B
MOD 04C: What makes the Garcia Effect unique compared to other forms of classical conditioning? A. It only works if the food is really what cause the sickness B. It can happen after only one pairing C. It only works if you have a previous allergy to a food D. It is the only kind of conditioning that involves food E. It only works on animals and not humans
B
MOD 04G: Later participants were given a different puzzle to solve. The researchers found that: A. New participants who had never tried the earlier puzzle or heard the noise do the worst. B. Participants who were unable to stop the aversive stimulus did the worst. C. Participants who had been able to stop the aversive stimulus did better than everyone. D. New participants who had never tried the earlier puzzle or heard the noise did the best.
B
MOD 04G: Researchers studying learned helplessness in adults found that: A. None of these statements are supported by the actual research B. All of these statements are true. C. Watching someone else fail can make us feel helpless. D. Being abused by another in your household can make you feel powerless to escape. E. Legitimate addiction can be a source of learned helplessness. F. Even irrational perceptions of inability are sufficient to cause learned helplessness.
B
MOD 03B: SELECT THE TWO THAT ARE CORRECT: There is always a chance that any results we obtain from an experiment can be explained by random chance. My prediction was that sitting in the front of the classroom increases performance. If I reject the ___ hypothesis I might be making a Type ___ error. A. alternative; 1 B. null; 1 C. alternative; 2 D. null; 2
B, C
MOD 01A: The APA's article about psychology suggests that "the _____ in America today calls for psychologists to develop and refine treatments and approaches..." A. Diseases B. Racism C. Diversity D. Violence E. Increased interest in environmentally-friendly solutions F. Poverty
C
MOD 01B: Dweck found that some students believe think that their level of intelligence remains consistent over their lifetime. She describes these students as having a ___ mindset. A. Fire B. Growth C. Fixed D. Stupid E. Smart F. Static G. Ice H. Dynamic
C
MOD 01D: According to John Nestojko's research, published in the journal Memory and Cognition, students' learning was improved when they... A. Taught the material to someone else outside of their class. B. Taught the material to another student in their class. C. Imagined (thought about) how they would teach the material to another student. D. Pretended to teach the material to their teaching assistant during a class exercise.
C
MOD 01D: Which of the following is an accurate statement about Roediger & Karpicke's experiment on the testing effect? A. Students who took a practice test after learning some new information remembered significantly more than those who had more time to study if the final test was 5 minutes later. B. It did not matter whether you studied or took a practice test, everyone forgot what they learned after 1 week. C. Students who took a practice test after learning some new information remembered significantly more than those who had more time to study if the final test was 2 days or 1 week later. D. Students who had more time to study remembered more than those studied a little bit and then took a practice test (no matter when the final test was given). E. Students who took a practice test instead of studying more did the worst if the final test was given 5 minutes later.
C
MOD 01E: Information learned before going to sleep is remembered ________ than information learned earlier in the day. A. the same B. Better, but only if you go to sleep very late C. better D. worse
C
MOD 02A: The explanation on the results screen of the Stroop task explained that for many of us, the act of ___ has become an automatic process that is hard to suppress. A. Saying the word out loud when we see it B. Checking the spelling of a word for errors C. Reading the word D. Looking at ads on a website E. Pressing buttons
C
MOD 02B: Frank lives in College Park, and is at a party in DC. Which example illustrates the "cocktail party effect?" A. Frank has a few drinks and finds it easier to pay attention to others B. Frank has a few drinks and finds it difficult to pay attention to others C. Frank heard someone nearby say "I live in College Park" and turned his head to listen more to that conversation, as it was relevant to him. D. Frank became thirsty when he saw other people drinking E. Frank paid more attention to attractive people he didn't know yet
C
MOD 02B: We need our motivation to determine allocation because... A. We get more intelligent when we care about something B. We only use 10% of our brains (by the way, this is a myth from movies and is not at all true) C. We have limited cognitive resources so we need to use them on what is most important to us at the time D. If we do not consciously try to use our resources we will not be capable of intelligent thoughts E. If we do not use all areas of our brain it will start to shrink
C
MOD 02H: Miller's Magic Number suggests that our short-term memory has a capacity of using ___ items. A. 12-20 B. 7-11 C. 5-9 D. 1-3 E. 3-5
C
MOD 02I: Stereotypes are an example of... A. accessibility B. elaborative rehearsal C. schemas D. priming E. maintenance rehearsal
C
MOD 02J: Based on what you have learned about state-dependent memory, which of the following might you do when you study for the next exam? A. get very drunk B. study in your room C. study in the classroom that you will take the exam in D. study in the library E. study with the music playing
C
MOD 02J: Imagine yourself taking your first PSYC 100 exam in our classroom. Based on what you have learned about state-dependent memory, which of the following might help you earn the "A" you are aiming for? A. Regularly practice answering the learning objective questions with music or a TV playing the background B. Just focus on getting the worksheets done as quickly as possible, you'll have plenty of time to practice answering the learning objective questions the day before the exam. C. Regularly practice answering the learning objective questions in the classroom where you will take the exam. D. Regularly practice answering the learning objective questions only after having several alcoholic beverages (even though you would never show up intoxicated on exam day) E. Regularly practice answering the learning objective questions in a busy, noisy place that stimulates your brain with everything going on around you.
C
MOD 03A: Which of the following hypotheses is not falsifiable (and therefore not a good hypothesis)? A. Scott's hypothesis that students will score higher grades if they take notes by hand rather than using a laptop B. Ryan's hypothesis that students will score higher grades if they practice elaborative rehearsal compared to highlighting C. Adam's hypothesis that students will score higher grades if they grow up in a future world where the Internet no longer exists. D. Dylan's hypothesis that students will score higher grades if they sleep well and exercise compared to staying up all night watching TV.
C
MOD 03B: If we run an experiment, measuring TV watching habits and body weight and find that TV watching does in fact correlate with body weight, I have just... A. Proven my theory is true B. Proven my prediction was true C. Demonstrated that the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true D. Proven the null hypothesis to be true E. Demonstrated that the alternative hypothesis is unlikely to be true
C
MOD 03B: If you observe a p-value greater than the established cutoff for statistical significance, the appropriate action is to... A. Assume a normal distribution of data B. Consider an alternative hypothesis to the one you tested C. Accept the null hypothesis D. reject the null hypothesis
C
MOD 03C: The term sampling refers to... A. How participants were selected from the sample to participate in the population B. How participants were treated in the experiment C. How participants were selected from the population to participate in the study D. How participants were rewarded for their participation E. Giving participants different kinds of foods to try and asking which they like the best
C
Chaining
Create a story where each word or idea you have to remember will cue the next idea you need to recall Ex. Napoleon, ear, door, Germany Story: Napoleon had his ear to the door to listen to the Germans in his beer cellar.
In Thorndike's research, he put a cat in a box in order to see how it learned to... A. Find food hidden inside the box B. Kill another cat in a deathmatch - two cats enter, one cat leaves C. Cry until he let the cat out of the box D. Get out of the box
D
MOD 01B: When Dweck conducted an experiment to test whether changing students' mindsets would influence performance, they told some students that they get smarter over time because... A. The government has been putting chemicals that make you smarter in the drinking water B. Everyone naturally gets more intelligence as they age C. Most other people around you will become less intelligent, thus making you seem more intelligent in comparison to them D. Everything new that you learn creates new connections between the cells in your brain
D
MOD 01D: Which of the following is true about the methodology/results that Roediger & Karpicke (2006) reported? A. Studying for more time yielded better performance on the final test when it was given 1 week later B. All students studied for 7 minutes and then took a practice test C. All students studied for 14 minutes D. Studying for more time yielded better performance on the final test when it was given 5 minutes later
D
MOD 01G: Researchers found that the experimental effect of mindfulness meditation on academic performance was stronger in classes with more ______ than classes with more ______. A. 21 year olds; 18 year olds B. women; men C. right handed people; left handed people D. freshman; seniors
D
MOD 02A: After completing the Stroop Task the response screen explains that most people respond faster and more accurately to the ___ trials A. Congruent (e.g., the word "RED" is written in blue ink) B. Incongruent (e.g., the word "RED" is written in blue ink) C. Incongruent (e.g., the word "RED" is written in red ink) D. Congruent (e.g., the word "RED" is written in red ink)
D
MOD 02C: If I asked people "which animal kills more people every year, sharks or cows," most people would say sharks. They say "sharks" because they hear about shark attacks more than cow attacks. In reality, cows kill many more people than sharks every year. This is an example of: A. Anchoring and adjustment heuristic B. Cocktail party effect C. Representativeness heuristic D. Availability heuristic
D
MOD 02C: What are heuristics? A. The mental superpowers held only by the most intelligent people B. The process by which we make our most accurate and reliable decisions C. A drug that enhances memory D. A mental shortcut for making decisions E. A chemical that your brain releases to help you make decisions
D
MOD 02H: Maintenance rehearsal is... A. linking ideas to places we have been B. grouping things together into meaningful units C. remembering how to fix things D. repeating things over and over E. forming associations with other meaningful things
D
MOD 03C: When would we need to use random sampling? A. When our research question is attempting to describe the characteristics or experiences of a sample B. When we do not care about generalizing our results to the entire population from which our participants were sampled C. Every study must use a probability sample in order for it to be scientific D. When our research question is attempting to describe the characteristics or experiences of an entire population (e.g., college students)
D
MOD 03H: Random assignment... A. Creates a group of participants from those that are willing to participate B. Creates a group of participants that can be assumed to be, on average, the same as the population in every way (e.g., height, IQ, age distribution, number of minorities) C. Creates a group of participants that is very different from the population D. Creates different groups of participants that can be assumed to be, on average, equal to each other in every way (e.g., height, IQ, age distribution, race, SES)
D
MOD 04A: What does Tabula Rasa mean? A. Pink brain B. brave and fearless C. Timid personality D. Blank slate E. Sturdy table
D
MOD 04B: In the video you watched about treating a woman with a phobia of clowns, the therapist used systematic desensitization. What did the therapist do in order to systematically desensitize the patient so that she would no longer be afraid of clowns? A. Forced her to sit in a room with 20 clowns. B. Trace her fear of clowns back to childhood memories. C. Had her list all of the rational reasons why she shouldn't be afraid of clowns. D. Exposed her to clown-like things (e.g. a picture, a toy, etc.). E. Gave her $2,000 to hug a clown. F. Had her punch a clown.
D
MOD 04B: The conceptual difference between habituation and systematic desensitization is that habituation involves ___ and desensitization involves ___. A. Heights; clowns B. Exposure to a range of related stimuli; repeated exposure of the same exact stimulus C. Pain; pleasure D. Repeated exposure of the same exact stimulus; exposure to a range of related stimuli E. Pleasure; pain
D
MOD 04B: The video on habituation demonstrated trying to weaken the association between _____ and the fear response. A. spiders B. vacuum cleaners C. white rats D. heights E. clowns
D
MOD 04G: Seligman demonstrated that: A. Electrical shocks are the only thing that has been proven effective in curing learned helplessness in dogs. B. Dogs that learned they were responsible for the negative events in their life felt helpless and acted depressed C. Dogs that learned they could avoid the negative events in their lives still developed depression because they are incapable of something as complex as learned helplessness D. Dogs that learned that they were unable to control the negative events in their life felt helpless and acted depressed E. Only humans can really learn a sense of helplessness and develop depression
D
MOD 4A: What was little albert conditioned to be afraid of? A. burning newspaper B. snake C. rabbit D. white rat
D
MOD 02A: When our mind is occupied with effortful tasks we are under cognitive ___. A. Consistency B. Confusion C. Weight D. Incongruence E. Load F. Dissonance
E
MOD 02F: IQ tests are attempts to measure... A. interpersonal intelligence B. the physical size of your brain C. spatial intelligence D. emotional intelligence E. g
E
MOD 02I: How easy it is for me to think about football is dependent on football's ___ in my mind: A. schema B. maintenance rehearsal C. elaborative rehearsal D. stereotype E. accessibility
E
MOD 02J: Tulving's Encoding Specificity Hypothesis provides an explanation for the state-dependent memory effects that researchers have observed. The concept relates well to what you have already learned about the three processes of memory and its organization. If you are trying to remember a fact that you have learned, which of the following statements accurately describes what is happening in your memory? A. It is always harder to remember information when intoxicated because alcohol forces the brain to separate contextual information from the schema that you have about that fact. B. It is always easier to remember information when intoxicated because alcohol make it easier for the brain to encode, store, and retrieve information without the interference of schemas. C. Priming the fact increases the subconscious motivation to get back into the context you were in when you learned it. D. It is always harder to remember information when intoxicated because alcohol interferes with encoding and recall. E. Contextual information (where you are, how you feel) becomes encoded as part of the schema you have about the fact. During recall, that context can acts as a prime and increase the accessibility of the schema, making it easier to recall.
E
MOD 03J: When a researcher wants to test the same hypothesis and uses a different set of methods/procedures as a previous study, this is called a/an ... A. exact replication B. failed replication C. indirect replication D. mixed-method replication E. conceptual replication
E
MOD 04A: According to the video, what sound did Pavlov first use when conditioning dogs to salivate. A. opening a can of food B. a bell C. explosives D. a loud bang E. a metronome
E
MOD 04A: Watson believed that humans' behavior is: A. determined by genetics and subconscious fears B. determined by subconscious fears C. Determined by genetics alone D. Determined by genetics and their environment E. Determined by their environment alone
E
empathy
Empathy is the ability to identify with and understand the wants, needs, and viewpoints of those around you. People with empathy are good at recognizing the feelings of others, even when those feelings may not be obvious. As a result, empathetic people are usually excellent at managing relationships, listening, and relating to others. They avoid stereotyping and judging too quickly, and they live their lives in a very open, honest way.
Musical Intelligence (Gardner)
Encompasses the capability to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones and rhythms
MOD 03G: Imagine that researchers conduct a survey of college students and find that the frequency of class attendance is positively correlated with exam grades. The researchers would be correct to conclude that... A. Attending class must cause an increase in exam grades. B. All of these conclusions could be true. C. Doing well on an exam must discourage people from attending class. D. Attending class must cause a decrease in exam grades. E. Doing well on an exam must cause people to attend class. F. None of these would be appropriate conclusions from the observed correlation.
F
MOD 01H: Using your laptop in class to take notes (as compared to taking notes on paper) has no affect on your ability to recall information from that lesson. True or False
False
type 2 error
Falsely accepting the null hypothesis. In other words, the effect you are looking for is real, but the outcome of your research is that there is no effect. This is a missed scientific discovery. For the example above, the type II error would be claiming that exercise has no impact on mood, even though it does
type 1 error
Falsely rejecting the null hypothesis. In other words, the effect you are looking for does not exist in reality, but the conclusion of your study is that the effect is real. This is a false scientific claim. For the example above, the type I error would be claiming that physical exercise increases mood when it actually doesn't
Voluntary Participation
Participation whereby participants agree to take part in an experiment free from pressure or fear of negative consequences.
motivation
People with a high degree of emotional intelligence are usually motivated . They're willing to defer immediate results for long-term success. They're highly productive, love a challenge, and are very effective in whatever they do.
positive reinforcement (+R)
Presenting a desired stimulus after a desired behavior has occurred with the goal of increasing that behavior. For example, a mother grants her child 10 minutes of TV time (+R) for cleaning his room. Cleaning has been encouraged.
Positive punishment (+P)
Presenting an aversive stimulus after an undesired behavior has occurred with the goal of decreasing that behavior. For example, a mother makes her child hold a bar of soap in his mouth (+P) after using a curse word in the house. Swearing has been discouraged.
Negative reinforcement (-R)
Removing an aversive stimulus after a desired behavior has occurred. For example, a father nags with annoying voices until his child cleans her room. Once the room is clean the nagging stops (-R). Cleaning has been encouraged.
self-regulation
The ability to control emotions and impulses. People who self-regulate typically don't allow themselves to become too angry or jealous, and they don't make impulsive, careless decisions. They think before they act. Characteristics of self-regulation are thoughtfulness, comfort with change, integrity, and the ability to say no.
clinical psychologists
They assess and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders (can range from short-term crises, such as difficulties resulting from adolescent conflicts, to more severe, chronic conditions, such as schizophrenia)
Neuropsychologists and behavioral neuropsychologists
They explore the relationships between brain systems and behavior (may study the way the brain creates and stores memories, etc.).
Quantitative and measurement psychologists
They focus on methods and techniques for designing experiments and analyzing psychological data.
Evolutionary psychologists
They study how evolutionary principles such as mutation, adaptation, and selective fitness influence human thought.
cognitive and perceptual psychologists
They study human perception, thinking and memory. Cognitive psychologists are interested in questions such as how the mind represents reality, how people learn and how people understand and produce language.
Engineering psychologists
They study the dynamic of person-environment interactions (environment can mean built environment, social settings, cultural groups, and informational environments).
Community psychologists
They work to strengthen the abilities of communities, settings, organizations and broader social systems to meet people's needs.
Rehabilitation psychologists
They work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental disabilities, and those with developmental disabilities caused by such conditions such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism.
long-term memory
This is relatively permanent storage. Information is stored on the basis of meaning and importance.
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
flooding
a person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished
variable-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
fixed-ratio schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
fixed-interval schedule
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
case studies
a research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations
naturalistic observation
a researcher unobtrusively collects information without the participant's awareness
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning
neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
longitudinal study
a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
extinction burst
an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.
Acronym
an invented combination of letters with each letter acting as a cue to an idea you need to remember Ex. BRASS is an acronym for how to shoot a rifle-- Breath, Relax, Aim, Sight, Squeeze
Acrostic
an invented sentence where the first letter of each word is a cue to an idea you need to remember Ex. EVERY GOOD BOY DESERVES FUN is an acrostic to remember the order of the G-clef notes on sheet music-- E,G,B,D,F
extraneous variable
any aspect of the experimental setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups ... counterbalances order effects
MOD 04B: Another form of counter-conditioning involves reducing a positive response by associated the stimuli with something undesired. This is known as ______ therapy.
aversion
MOD 01H: When we focus our attention on one thing and in turn fail to notice everything else that's going on, this is called inattentional ___.
blindness
MOD 02D: Our tendency to notice and remember information that is consistent with our existing beliefs is called the _____ bias.
confirmation
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. to avoid it... participants do not know if they are taking the actual thing or the placebo
statistical significance
how likely or unlikely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information Ex. "You see someone on the University of Maryland campus who is dressed in overalls and a cowboy hat. I then ask you, "is that person from Nebraska or Maryland?" You are more likely to choose Nebraska even though, statistically, anyone on the University of Maryland campus is more likely to be from Maryland."
primary reinforcer
naturally desirable (food, warmth, sexual pleasure)
order effects
occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
logical-mathematical intelligence
potential for deductive reasoning, problem analysis, and mathematical calculation
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
potential to use mind and body to coordinate physical movement
perfect negative linear relationship
r=-1
perfect positive linear relationship
r=1
response
something that we do after detecting a stimulus
MOD 04F: The sudden reoccurrence of a behavior that seemed to have gone extinct is known as ______ recovery.
spontaneous
correlational designs
studies intended to indicate how two variables are related to each other
Garcia Effect
taste aversion, when nausea and a food are paired, the food will be averted in the future
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
g factor
the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence
intrapersonal intelligence
the ability to understand oneself
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory ... activating a schema and making it more accessible to STM
alternative hypothesis
the alternative hypothesis is that your prediction is correct Ex. physical exercise increases mood
cognitive load
the amount of mental activity imposed on working memory
explain "motivation determines allocation" (cognitive psychology)
the importance of information (sensory, like touch, or factual, like a set of statistics) determines what proportion of your available resources will be consumed about it
elaborative rehearsal
the linking of new information to material that is already known
growth mindset
the mindset that intelligence can be developed
fixed mindset
the mindset that intelligence is static
null hypothesis
the null hypothesis is the default position that the effect you are looking for does not exist Ex. physical exercise does not increase mood
extinction
the process of unlearning a behavior when reinforcement is no longer associated with it
spontanueous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
MOD 04F: We are most likely to observe a large increase in the target behavior when attempting to extinguish it if....
the reinforcement was withdrawn immediately and the behavior was reinforced on a variable schedule