**Psyc345 Final**

What is the White Ribbon Campaign?

A global movement of boys and men who work to end violence against girls and women, in part by building healthy relationships

Who, of the following individuals, is at greatest risk for developing depression?

A single mother who receives public assistance to help her care for her three children

On average, how much fluid does a girl/woman release during her period?

About 2 tablespoons

Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies the sexual double standard?

After Jennice and Tyrone have sex for the first time, Jennice is slut shamed by Tyrone's friends.

Which of the following is true about female genital mutilation (FGM)?

After infibulation, the girl is left with a small opening for urine and menstrual blood to pass.

Which of the following individuals BEST exemplifies the benefits of activism for activists themselves?

Alayah, who feels a strong connection and solidarity with the other volunteers who help build homes for Habitat for Humanity.?

Which of the following individuals is offering informational social support?

Ally, who gives her niece advice about how to find the best college for her interests

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies cisgender privilege?

Sarah, a cisgender woman, is able to use the women's bathroom without any issues while Sam, a transwoman, often receives disapproving looks when entering a women's bathroom.

SPARK stands for

Sexualization Protest: Action, Resistance, Knowledge

Which of the following is true regarding violence towards women?

Someone the woman knows is the most common perpetrator of the violence.

Which of the following situations BEST exemplifies operant conditioning?

Sondra loves wearing pink after her father says how beautiful Sondra looks in this color

Which of the following is the BEST description of "the principle of least interest"?

The person in a couple who is less emotionally invested in maintaining the relationship has more relationship power.

Which of the following is NOT a myth of marriage, as described by Parrott and Parrott (2015)?

The problems in our relationship will disappear after we get pregnant

Which of the following is true about older workers according to data discussed in the book?

They have greater confidence and motivation than younger workers.

What was Ida B. Wells calling on the suffragists to do, as indicated by the quote of hers we looked?

To address Black American's rights and fight the atrocity of lynching

What is the point of Rochlin's heterosexual questionnaire?

To show that the questions gay men and lesbian women often get are ridiculous.

A key aspect of the motherhood mandate is the social pressure on women to become mothers.

True

Along with women in any real life situation, Dove's Campaign for Real Beauty was a target of the male gaze.

True

Does the difference change in different contexts? is one of the questions to take into account when examining gender research.

True

One current real life example of stratified reproduction are the difficulties working mothers who do not have paid parental leave are experiencing.

True

One factor that can contribute to psychological research bias is who the researcher is.

True

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of the sexual strategies theory?

Women and men approach relationships differently because different approaches lead to successful reproductive outcomes for each.

What do the terms "categorical" and "dimensional" mean when used in research on differences?

Women are one way and men are another; differences between men and women are a matter of degree.

Which of the following is a reason why women may experience menopause at earlier stages of their life?

Women may have had surgery or other medical procedures that affect the reproductive system.

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about war and violence against women?

Women soldiers, but not women civilians, are at risk for rape by military soldiers.

Which of the following is one reason why women are not as successful as men when negotiating a starting salary?

Women who negotiate are seen as violating gender expectations associated with possessing caring and communal traits.

Potential causes of eating disorders include:

a culture of thinness

According to the text, the message that beauty is often equated with youth for women is especially reinforced by which of the following?

a lack of positive portrayals of older women in the media

Which of the following accurately defines gonads?

a pair of sex glands that have the potential to become ovaries or testes

Flora was a participant in the Redstockings protest. Based on that information alone, we can only assume Flora was ________.

a protester at a Miss America pageant in the late 1960s

Acts of aggression motivated by anger or bias due to a person's gender are BEST known as

hate crime

Though there are several negative stereotypes associated with older adults in the workforce, actual research has found that older adults

have higher levels of motivation and are more interested in change at work

The benefits of a healthy marriage almost always include

having a stable source of social support from one's partner.

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of postpartum depression

hearing voices

Which of the following refers to the ways in which the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs, and values?

hidden curriculum

_________ is a term that was coined in 1869 to describe a person who has "an other than normal sexual urge which renders them physically and psychically incapable".

homosexual

Out of 10 law firm partners, Vicki is the only female partner. Colleagues often gossip about how she earned her position, with some assuming she "slept her way to the top." This is an example of _______ sexism.

hostile

The contemporary medical community uses hormone therapy as a treatment for

hot flashes?

Lara is stressed about midterms. She buys a dozen glazed donuts intending to eat one a day for the next several days, but she can't stop herself from eating all of the donuts in one sitting. Lara goes to the gym to work out for the rest of the day because she is panicked about her caloric intake. These behaviors are MOST characteristic of which of the following?

internalization of the thin ideal

Alexandra is Chicana, and is often asked, "Where are you from?" When she replies "Los Angeles," the rebuttal is often, "No, I mean where you really are from," implying she couldn't possibly have been born in America. This is an example of a

microaggression.

Anais is celebrating her 21st birthday at the beach, where she and a large group of friends are playing volleyball and swimming. Who might be involved in objectifying Anais?

men, women, and Anais herself

The invisible work that women most often do that involves organizing and planning the household is BEST known as

mental load

Sexism is a bias based on the belief that men are superior to women, and it is

more difficult to see in today's society

A benefit of using the term "differences" of sex development rather than "disorders" of sex development is that it

encompasses greater genetic variation over the term "disorders."

Which of the following is NOT an example of beauty work, as defined by the textbook?

exercising

There are 7 main types of intimate partner violence

false

True or false: There are many effects of abuse on women, but there is no evidence to suggest drug dependence is an effect.

false

Some activities completed by both environmental activists and ecofeminists include cleaning waterways to help salmon migrate, supporting those displaced by natural disasters, and promoting legislation supporting renewable energy.

false?

Stereotype embodiment theory may affect behaviors if individuals engage in which of the following?

self-stereotyping

Women are at greater risk for depression if they

serve as caregivers for a parent or spouse?

Before the Equal Pay Act passed in 1963, organizations were legally allowed to do which of the following?

set lower wages for jobs held mostly by women

Institutions that only offer male and female bathrooms instead of gender-neutral bathrooms reinforce the concept of the

sex/gender binary

When children learn about their sexual body parts, about sexual and romantic relationships, and where babies come from, they are experiencing

sexual socialization

According to ________, cultural beliefs about gender are not based on objective facts about inherent essential characteristics of gender; rather, these beliefs uphold particular social and economic systems and inequalities

social construction theories

Which theory BEST explains the following events: after Wendy watches her mother feed and rock her new baby brother, she holds and rocks her doll and pretends to feed the doll with a bottle.

social learning theory

The term "__________________" refers to the feeling of being cared for and assisted by others.

social support

Self-objectification may be considered the LEAST harmful when it occurs during

specific, time-limited activities, such as trying on clothes or being photographed

The LEAST formal types of activism that psychologists may engage in are

street activism

Research has indicated that employer perceptions of a candidate's physical _____ negatively affects working women more so than working men, and this effect _____ as employees age

strength, worsens

Research has indicated that one positive outcome for aging women may be that __________ decrease(s) with age.

strict adherence to traditional gender roles

Which of the following is NOT an example of a mate retention behavior?

telling a partner that she has never looked more beautiful

The United States once had universal child care

that was very expensive but high quality.

According to your text book, 2016 data showed that overall, for every dollar men earned, women earned

80.5 cents

A friend knows you were learning about intimate partner violence (domestic abuse) in this class and says "I just don't get why anyone stays in an abusive relationship". Your appropriate response should be:

"You need to know that the abuser devotes a great deal of energy to controlling the victim."

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data, Intimate Partner Violence that we looked at in class:

. Over 500,000 American women were victims of violence by an intimate partner.

We looked at the common reasons given for those who support FGM. How many of these reasons were legitimate and valid for the practice that we looked at?

0

What percentage of mothers with children 6-17 years old are employed?

75?

According to a study presented in your text, when a new baby is born, "Is it a boy or a girl?" is the first question about _____ % of the time.

80

Why might some bisexual individuals choose to describe their sexual identity differently depending on the gender of their current partner?

Bisexual individuals may feel pressure to conform to dominant binary standards because of negative attitudes from society.

Which of the following activists is most at risk for experiencing burnout?

Diamond, who works on an activism campaign that is adopting her new strategic plan, but the people in more senior positions are taking credit for the plan and she has no one to talk to about it with.

All of the following are standard characteristics of anorexia nervosa in women except:

Episodes of binge eating followed by purging

A girl/woman can't get pregnant during her period.

False

Women should not swim while on their period.

False

Who developed objectification theory?

Fredrickson and Roberts

Which of the following is true about third world feminism?

It argues for an interconnected view of feminism that values cross-cultural differences and does not defer to more powerful countries, such as the Western world or the United States, without lived experience and knowledge of feminism within the culture

Why is it important to "run to the noise"?

It creates an opportunity for growth and change

Which of the following is NOT an example of how compulsory heterosexuality can affect social interactions?

Jan and Monique decide to include their neighbor, Richard, into their polyamorous relationship

Who is MOST likely to experience self-objectification?

Kay, a nurse, who shops at expensive boutiques where she tries on new fashions.

Which of the following is NOT a core romantic belief that is commonly held in the United States?

Love allows couples to transcend obstacles

Which specific research finding BEST supports sexual strategies theory?

Men prefer women who are younger than themselves; women prefer men slightly older.

Symptoms of bodily changes that include fluctuations in the length and regularity of the menstrual cycle, hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness correspond to the _____ stage.

Perimenopausal

Leigh Ann is a lesbian woman who comes out to her sister. When her sister asks her if she is still a virgin, the sister is communicating which part of the traditional sexual script?

Real sex involves a woman and a man

A group of students in a classroom is told, "Abstinence is the best and preferred way to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. But if you decide to have partnered sex, let's look at other options that can help keep you safe." These students are most likely participating in a(n) _______ sex education program.

abstinence-plus

After being shown images of sexually objectified female bodies, adolescent participants were more likely to

accept sexual harassment.

The main limitation of the sex/gender binary related to biology is that it

acknowledges only two genetic variations of XX and XY.

Mate retention behaviors are BEST described as

acts that discourage the possibility of one's partner having sex with someone else.

Which of the following is described as a lifelong process in which people who enjoy unearned social privileges based on their identity develop relationships with people who are marginalized as a way to address social injustice?

allyship

Lottie, age 4, protests when her parents embrace. She pushes her mother away and hugs her father's leg, saying, "my daddy." Freudian theorists might interpret Lottie's reactions as a sign of which of the following?

an Electra complex

Meta-_______ is the process that statistically combines results from large numbers of studies, whereas ________ statistically combines the results of many meta-analyses.

analysis; meta-synthesis

Laws about paid family leave

are all based on the national legislative policy

Objectification in the media occurs when women's bodies are displayed

as objects, such as when perfume bottles are shaped like a woman's torso.

The most common type of mood disruption that women experience after birth is known as

baby blues

Which of the following is NOT an institutionalized benefit of marriage?

better social support from same-gender friends

Liam is crying because a girl in his class grabbed his arm and told him he now has girl germs that won't wash off. The children in this class are enacting which of the following concepts?

borderwork

John and Jane attended the same college, though John studied finance and Jane studied psychology. They applied to the same organization when they graduated, with John being hired as a manager and Jane being hired as an assistant in the Human Resources department. John outranks Jane and makes significantly more money than she does. This is an example of ______ occupational gender segregation.

both horizontal and vertical

After reading passive descriptions of rape (e.g., "She was raped") rather than active descriptions ("He raped her"), ________________ believed that violence against women was more acceptable.

both women and men

Moms Demand Action is a grassroots organization aimed at creating secure and peaceful communities with reduced gun violence. The group has advocated successfully to prevent

concealed weapon carry in public places like Starbucks and Kroger supermarkets

A group of students in a classroom is told, "There are many ways to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. One method is abstinence. Other methods include....." Based on this statement, these students are most likely participating in a(n) _______ sex education program.

comprehensive

Who is MOST likely to have positive attitudes about a woman who chooses not to have a child?

well-educated women

Which of the following is a hybrid movement in which environmental and feminist concerns are seen as both being connected to patriarchy?

ecofeminism

To help promote the participation of girls and women in STEM fields, it helps for girls and women to be

educated about stereotype threat

After failing her history exam, Shanice's father removes the door from her bedroom, saying that Shanice has not earned the right to privacy. Her father's behavior reflects which of the following?

emotional abuse?

Jamila conducts a meta-analysis to analyze results from hundreds of studies on gender and intelligence. She finds no significant gender differences and decides to discard this work, so that she can focus on research that does identify significant differences. Jamila's decision to not publish her work on nonsignificant findings is known as the _______ problem

file drawer

One of the purported reasons for the greater likelihood of depression among women is the idea of a ___________, meaning women tend to have more stress from ______________than men do.

foreclose identity// multiple roles

The belief that because women and men have biological differences, they must also have differences in behavior, attitudes, goals, talents, and skills is known as

gender essentialism

Jian-Yu was born biologically male, but wishes to be a woman. However, Jian-Yu is reluctant to come out as transgender and thus continues to use male pronouns, dresses as a man, and engages in behaviors that society labels as traditionally masculine. Jian-Yu is experiencing an inconsistency between _____ and _____.

gender identity; gender expression

Socialist feminism emphasizes the link between _______ and _______.

gender oppression; capitalism

Which of the following focuses on how children integrate their own sense of self with the network of assumptions they've learned about how people with different genders are supposed to think, feel, and act?

gender schema theory

The tendency for children to affiliate with others of the same gender and to avoid those of the other gender is known as

gender segregation.

The complex, lifelong process of understanding oneself and others in terms of gendered expectations is known as

gender socialization

Davenport (2016) examined whether socioeconomic status, religion, and gender would determine how three biracial subgroups of women and men (Latinx-White, Asian-White, and Black-White) would define their racial identity. The results indicated that socioeconomic status and religion predicted whether participants identified as White or as a racial minority. Davenport concluded that how people racially identify may be affected by other social categories (e.g., class, religion, gender). This is an example of

intersectionality.

The most defining feature of rape is

lack of sexual consent.

Meta-analyses on gender difference research have generally found that reported effect sizes tend to be

negligible

If effect sizes are ________, this means women and men would be more ________.

negligible; similar than different

Adam and Alexandra are debating the origins of gender differences and life outcomes. Adam argues that because women give birth, they are predisposed to staying home to raise children, or if they are driven to work outside the home, they are better suited to be nurses than doctors. Alexandra points to feminist psychologists' work on gender socialization, noting that sex and gender are not the same thing. Adam's explanation is based on ________, whereas Alexandra considers the _______ model.

neurosexism; biopsychosocial

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which a person's internal qualities are ignored in favor of focus on a person's external appearance and presentation?

objectification

Patricia has cerebral palsy, a type of physical disability. She is more likely to face degradation due to her economic and social realities, including poverty, lack of access to accessible housing, and a lack of opportunities in the workplace despite educational attainment. She is also more likely to be physically or sexually mistreated by a partner. This scenario is an example of

oppression

The gender bundle metaphor proposes that aspects of sex/gender are

part of the social context and understanding of gender.

Professor Nguyen begins her lecture with, "Because we can only understand gender in terms of the options that are socioculturally available, people in different cultures recognize and adopt different gender identities for themselves." The topic of this lecture is most likely

postmodern perspectives on gender

When a person holds a negative attitude toward someone because of their actual or perceived membership in a social group, this is known as

prejudice

Sindhu is a proud feminist who believes dismantling heternormativity is a vital goal. That focus is why Sindhu most closely identifies as a _______ feminist.

queer

Which of the following theories suggests that the person who brings more resources to the relationship gets to use those resources in order to avoid doing household labor?

relative resources theory

One's capacity to adapt to stress with optimism and hope is BEST known as

resiliency

Frieda is a 62-year-old transgender woman, who has dealt with quite a few hardships in her life. However, she is able to embrace her strengths as she ages. Based on this information we could say Frieda is showing _______ aging.

resilient

Which of the following refers to the completion of household labor while also working outside the home?

second shift

When a person considers how others might evaluate her appearance, she is participating in

self-objectification

Shawn is reluctant to schedule a physical with his medical doctor because the last time he was at the hospital, his doctor invited a group of residents into the room to examine his post-surgical results, and they also spoke about Shawn in a way that made him feel very detached from his sense of self. This concept is referred to as

the medical gaze

The Broadway musical Miss Saigon is based on the Vietnam war and features a lead Asian female character, Kim, who is depicted as passive and a victim. This is an example of which of the following?

the racialized sexist China doll stereotype

Which of the following is the BEST explanation for why women might objectify themselves when reminded of their eventual death?

to be an object is to be immortal and not to die

People with strong militaristic attitudes tend to believe men are natural protectors

true

Sex trafficking is the fastest growing criminal industry in the world.

true

The racial inequality seen in the infant mortality rate in the U.S. is an example of stratified reproduction

true

True or false: A useful aspect of the DSM is that people suffering with a disorder can get a billable diagnosis, thus treatment.

true

True or false: Some women are at an even greater risk of violence, particularly being killed by their partner, because they face additional forms of discrimination (e.g., lack of social support due to poverty, racism, disability, and discrimination).

true

True or false: The DSM is criticized for being culturally and gender biased.

true

True or false: the statistics regarding the incidences of violence toward women are likely low due to underreporting among victims.

true

True or false: there is no particular way to age successfully.

true

Throughout history, feminists have sometimes focused on one social injustice while paying less attention to other injustices.

true?

You were asked to watch a Ted Talk with Jackson Katz. A key point Katz made is that

violence against women is not just a women's issue.

In classic research on the consequences of self-objectification, women and men wore either a swimsuit (a one piece for women; swim trunks for men) or a V-neck sweater before taking a math test. Results showed ___________ performed worse than _______________.

women in swimsuits; women in sweaters