PSYC4100 Block 3

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on... a) the physical features of the word. b) the category of a word. c) the meaning of a word. d) the pleasantness of a word.

a) the physical features of the word.

Compare and contrast levels-of-processing theory with transfer-appropriate processing. Describe experimental results for both and highlight their significance to our understanding of memory.

The levels-of-processing theory is the idea that the type of encoding affects how a memory is retrieved, while transfer-appropriate processing is the idea that the situation where the task occurring during encoding matches the task occurring during retrieval and therefore affects retrieval ability. Morris and coworkers' experiment found that performance was better when the type of processing was the same at encoding and retrieval.

Explain how psychologists distinguish between episodic and semantic memory, and also how these two types of memories are connected.

The type of experience associated with the two types of memory helps distinguish the two from each other. Episodic memory is associated with personal experience with a memory that allows one to relive it, whereas semantic memory is not necessarily tied to a personal experience and is the act of knowing rather than reliving. Semantic and episodic memory are connected in that knowledge (semantic memory) affects experience (episodic memory). If you learn about volcanoes and then visit one in Hawaii, your experience at the volcano in Hawaii will be more enhanced and affect what you pay attention to while visiting.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates.... a) A build-up and release of proactive interference b) a partial-report procedure c) the cocktail party phenomenon d) the phonological similarity effect

a) A build-up and release of proactive interference

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a) Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. b) Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is. c) Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred. d) Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus.

a) Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a) Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. b) For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. c) Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. d) Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.

a) Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory? a) Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied. b) Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations c) Recalling the names of popular fairy tales d) Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list

a) Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied.

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a) Consolidation b) Amnesia c) Encoding specificity d) Cued-recall

a) Consolidation

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place? a) Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall b) Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace c) Inserting a 30-second delay before recall d) Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

a) Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a) Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. b) Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c) State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. d) Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis).

a) Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence... a) creates more connections. b) is more interesting. c) takes longer to process. d) causes more rehearsal.

a) creates more connections.

Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of... a) elaborative rehearsal b) repetition priming c) a self-reference effect d) implicit memory

a) elaborative rehearsal

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a) highlighting b) organization c) feedback d) making up questions about the material

a) highlighting

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory. a) long-term b) short-term c) sensory d) implicit

a) long-term

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to... a) produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. b) cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. c) lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. d) lead to effective autobiographical memories.

a) produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. a) relaxed b) neutral c) excited d) nervous

a) relaxed

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true... a) simply because we have been exposed to them before. b) only when we are aware we've seen them before. c) only when we agree with them. d) unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

a) simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" b) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants" c) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" d) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"

b) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a) Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. b) Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. c) Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. d) Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.

b) Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a) Deciding how many vowels each word has b) Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned c) Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d) Repeating the words over and over in your mind

b) Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Explicit memory is to ____ as implicit memory is to ______. a) self; others b) aware; unaware c) episodic; semantic d) primacy; recency

b) aware; unaware

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a) maintenance rehearsal b) encoding specificity c) the self-reference effect d) levels of processing theory

b) encoding specificity

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as a) a self-reference effect b) encoding specificity c) repetition priming d) memory consolidation

b) encoding specificity

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a) research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. c) pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words. d) the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.

b) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by a) levels of processing b) the encoding specificity principle c) the distributed practice effect d) the spacing effect

b) the encoding specificity principle

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a) Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b) Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing. c) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d) Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family.

c) Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a) When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. b) It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both. c) Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. d) Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age.

c) Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

_______ memories are to experiences as ______ memories are to facts. a) Semantic; implicit b) Procedural; episodic c) Episodic; semantic d) Implicit; episodic

c) Episodic; semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? a) I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. b) I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. c) I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. d) None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory)

c) I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory? a) I just sat down. b) I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago. c) I was talking to that girl just before class. d) I was talking to that boy three months ago.

c) I was talking to that girl just before class.

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a) Recalling a childhood memory. b) Knowing how an automobile engine works. c) Reading a sentence in a book. d) Knowing how it feels to be scared.

c) Reading a sentence in a book.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories. a) deep processing during retrieval b) implicit memory during learning c) an organizational context during learning d) imagery

c) an organizational context during learning

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a) increases the primacy effect b) has no effect on the curve c) decreases the recency effect d) increases both the primacy and recency effects

c) decreases the recency effect

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing... a) disinhibition b) the self-reference effect c) release from proactive interference d) retroactive inhibition

c) release from proactive interference

The predominant type of coding in LTM is.... a) phonological b) concrete c) semantic d) visual

c) semantic

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a) long and across several days. b) long and all on a single day. c) short and across several days. d) short but all on a single day.

c) short and across several days.

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a) semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. b) semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories. c) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. d) episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events.

c) the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a) the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. b) imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM. c) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. d) there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.

c) the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? a) BEAR b) REAR c) PAIR d) APPLE

d) APPLE

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a) I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. b) I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. c)I remember "volcano" was the firs word on the list Juan read to me. d) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

d) I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple-choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory? a) One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank. b) One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook. c) One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense. d) One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

d) One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a) Retrograde b) Encoding c) Processing d) Retrieval

d) Retrieval

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a) Repetition priming b) Classical conditioning c) Procedural memory d) Semantic memory

d) Semantic memory

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. a) semantically; auditorially b) semantically; visually c) auditorially; semantically d) auditorially; auditorially

d) auditorially; auditorially

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)... a) auditory code in STM b) iconic code in STM c) iconic code in LTM d) auditory code in LTM

d) auditory code in LTM

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is... a) transfer-appropriate processing b) memory consolidation c) state-dependent learning d) encoding

d) encoding

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a) cued recall effect b) multiple trace hypothesis c) spacing effect d) generation effect

d) generation effect

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that... a) it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. b) it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. c) it involves both explicit and implicit memories. d) it involves mental time travel.

d) it involves mental time travel.

The multiple choice question is an example of a _____ test. a) recall b) personal semantic memory c) word-completion d) recognition

d) recognition

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by... a) linking the new word to a previously learned concept b) using it in a sentence c) thinking of its synonyms and antonyms d) repeating it over and over

d) repeating it over and over

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. a) mass practice b) elaborative rehearsal c) long-term potentiation d) retrieval cues

d) retrieval cues

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because... a) the response task changed b) the stimulus category changed c) the response task remained the same d) the stimulus category remained the same

d) the stimulus category remained the same