PSYCH 10 - Chapter 6

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

WRONG fixed interval

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.

acquisition

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

classical conditioning

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification playing the slot machine

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class your brother refusing to play with you teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student