PSYCH 100 - EXAM TWO / Beth Gerace / PSU
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
"Feeling of knowing", but can't access the info
What is the theory of phantom pain/phantom limbs?
"muscle memory" - the neurons in charge of missing limb don't know that it is gone - but eyes see that the limb is gone - mismatch between eyes and neurons
Because of the complex nature of our conceptual networks, memories are prone to what?
"reconstruction"
What are the play behaviors of the Early Childhood Period?
- 2 years: solitary play - 2-5 years: parallel play - 5+ years: cooperative play - Children act in sex-typed ways during this stage
What are the two types of amnesia?
- Anterograde - inability to learn new memories (more common form "10 second tom") - Retrograde - inability to recall old memories - the less common form
What are three critical periods in adulthood?
- Climacteric: period between 45-60 yrs when women lose their capacity to sexually reproduce and men's capacity to reproduce declines - Menopause: women: Cessation of ovulation and menstruation - Men: decline in sperm cells
Problem-Focused Interpretation of Dreams
- Dreams are an expression of current ongoing concerns and can resolve or clarify current problems - Relate images in dream to things in your waking life
What are the Emotional/Social Development characteristics of the Middle Childhood Period?
- Formal education begins - Social Dev.: by the end of this stage, peers are becoming very important - Most friendships are same-sex
Secondary Sex Characteristics of Adolescence:
- Girls: fat accumulates in breasts (budding), breasts gradually enlarge over several years, fat accumulates in hips (broadening of hips), growth of pubic hair - Boys: testes and penis grow, shoulders broaden, voice deepens, growth of pubic and facial hair
Primary Sexual Characteristics of Adolescence:
- Girls: ovulation and menstruation: Menarche: 1st menstrual period (12 yrs, 6 months) - Boys: production of sperm cells (14 years) - Physical changes lead to increased interest in sex and sexual desire
What are four Effortful Processing Strategies (how to improve how you study)
- Hierarchies: Group information into categories using headings, pictures, etc. - Distributed Practice: spread your studying out over time (also called the spacing effect) - The Testing Effect: memory is enhanced when you practice retrieving information (test yourself) - The Self-Reference Effect: making things personally meaningful to you
What are two components of Adolescent Egocentrism?
- Imaginary Audience: belief that everyone is watching everything they do and that others are thinking of them - Personal Fable: intense investment in their own thoughts believing that no one else has ever experienced what they are going through
Definition of meditation
- Induced altered consciousness - State of "alert-relaxation"
What is procedural memory?
- Memories of common physical procedures/muscle memory - Mostly accessed implicitly (without thinking) - Highly robust to amnesia
Describe Harlow's study?
- Monkeys were reared by wire "mothers". One mother was covered with a soft cloth, the other was not. Monkeys clung to the soft cloth mother and rejected the wire mother, even when the wire mother provided all the food. This is evidence that "contact" comfort is necessary for attachment. - Other monkeys were reared for the first 6 months of their life with no contact at all (social deprivation). Even though they were exposed to normal parenting after the 6 months, the monkeys showed severely abnormal social behavior throughout their lives. They made terrible mates and parents (some even killed their infants). This is evidence of the importance of an early attachment relationship.
What are the Emotional/Social Development characteristics of the Infancy Period?
- Neonate: surprise, pleasure, distress - 2 months: 1st social behavior (smile at caregivers) - 4-9 months: anger and separation anxiety - 2 years: more complex emotions emerge such as guilt/shame, formed strong attachments to those close to him/her
What are the characteristics of Adolescent Emotional and Social Development?
- Peers become most influential - 3 problem areas: • Parent-Child Conflicts: dating, behavior, social activities • Mood Changes: shifty moods, extreme highs and lows • Risky Behavior: alcohol, drugs, reckless driving, sex, increased suicide risk
What does hospice care provide?
- Provide comfort, guidance, and medical care to those who are dying - Do not perform curative treatments - Help family members cope and give care - Hospice is NOT a place, it is a level of care. You can receive hospice care in a hospital, nursing home or at your own home
What are the developmental characteristics of the Adolescent?
- Rapid physical growth and change - Peers become almost more important than parents
What can one do to improve memory based on conceptual networks?
- Retrieval of memories can be enhanced by activating as many connecting nodes as possible - Elaborative Rehearsal involves connecting the new memory to existing memories
What are the four stages of development?
- Sensorimotor Stage: (birth-2 yrs) - Preoperational Stage: (2-7 yrs) - Concrete Operational Stage: (7-11yrs) - Formal Operational Stage: (11 yrs and beyond)
Problems with Erikson's Stages?
- Some believe that Erikson's stages are limited, that it is too difficult to put an entire lifetime into stages. - The psychosocial stages do not explain how people can go back to an earlier stage (like a 50 year old having an identity crisis). Also, the stages assumes that everyone goes in the same order at relatively the same time in life.
Name four types of drugs?
- Stimulants - Depressants - Opiates - Hallucinogens
What are four reasons we forget?
- Storage Decay: lose information rapidly at first, then levels off - Retrieval Failure: memories still exist, but you lack the cues to activate them in the conceptual network - Tip of the Tongue Effect (applies to LTM) - Interference (both retroactive and proactive)
What two concepts explain how information is processed into meaningful perceptions?
- The Figure-Ground concept: when we see something, whatever is the center of our attention is the figure, whatever is in the background is the ground (we can change our perception of the same image by switching the figure and the ground) - The 4 Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization 1. Proximity: things that are close together are grouped together in the mind as if they belong together 2. Closure: incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete because our brain fills in missing information 3. Similarity: similar things are seen as being related 4. Continuation: images are seen in ways that produce smooth continuation
What are five characteristics of the Neonatal Period?
- Transition from womb to independent life - Weak and dependent - Rooting and Suckling Reflex: allows baby to nurse/eat - Sensory ability: can sense sound, smell, taste and touch, but vision is limited (nearsighted - can only see 12 inches from face) - Sleep 16 hours a day
Name the eight Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Trust Versus Mistrust (0-1 yrs) - Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs) - Initiative Versus Guilt (3-6 yrs) - Industry Versus Inferiority (6-12 yrs) - Identity Versus Role Confusion (12-20 yrs) - Intimacy Versus Isolation (20-30 yrs) - Generativity Versus Stagnation (30-65 yrs) - Ego Integrity Versus Despair (65 yrs-death)
What happens with high levels of stimulants?
- anxious, jittery, hyper - Overdose: convulsions, heart failure, death
What happens with high levels of depressants?
- insensitivity to pain and other senses - Overdose: irregular heartbeat, death
Epinephrine release leads to increases in:
-Blood pressure -Heart rate -Respiration
REM sleep externally
-body appears calm -large muscles become paralyzed -eyes dart around -dreaming occurs in 80% of people
Variations in sleep (adolescents)
-sleep patterns are influenced by schedules -need sleep for brain growth -poor sleep may contribute to poor school performance
What are the three types of long term memory?
1. Procedural 2. Episodic memory 3. Semantic memory Examples: • λ I know how to play a guitar = procedural • λ I remember my first guitar lesson = episodic • λ I know what a guitar is = semantic
What are the 4 Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization?
1. Proximity: things that are close together are grouped together in the mind as if they belong together 2. Closure: incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete because our brain fills in missing information 3. Similarity: similar things are seen as being related 4. Continuation: images are seen in ways that produce smooth continuation
What are the adolescent years?
12-?? Varies: End of adolescence is unclear: Adulthood only begins when established adult relationships and adult work patterns
What is the time period for the Germinal Stage of conception?
2 weeks
When is the Infancy Period?
2 weeks - 2 years
What are the Early Childhood years?
2-7 years
When is the Preoperational Stage?
2-7 yrs
What time period is the Embryonic stage of conception?
2-8 weeks post conception
When does object permanence happen?
6-9 months old
What are the Middle Childhood years?
7-11 years
What percentage of males are color blind?
8%
During REM sleep, dreaming occurs in what percentage of people?
80%
What is a lucid dream?
A dream where individual is aware of dreaming and whose content the individual is often able to influence while dreaming
What is one component of the formal operation stage?
Adolescent Egocentrism: believing that they are the focus of everyone's attention (self-consciousness stems from this)
- Identity Versus Role Confusion (12-20 yrs)
Adolescents learn to see themselves as unique with their own sense of ideas and value or they feel confused as to their purpose and role in life
- Generativity Versus Stagnation (30-65 yrs)
Adults work for the common good, are productive members of society, raise children etc. or they become self-centered and inactive
What are color "afterimages"?
After staring at one color for a long time we will see an "afterimage" of the "opposite" color
How do we smell things?
Airborne molecules enter the nose and are transferred to "olfactory bulb" in the brain for processing
What are psychoactive drugs?
Any substance that alters mood, perception or thought
As of 2012, approximately how many soldiers lost limbs in wars in Afghanistan and Iraq?
As of July 2012 there are 1500 soldiers who have lost limbs in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
When was the The Three Stage Model of Memory proposed?
Atkinson-Shriffin proposed this model in 1968
Who proposed the Three Stage Model of Memory?
Atkinson-Shriffin proposed this model in 1968
What did Harry Harlow study?
Attachment/Deprivation
How influential was Piaget's study?
Bottom line: Piaget's theory is respected and influential. It has generated countless avenues for research in developmental psychology.
What did Jean Piaget study?
Stage theories of development
- Industry Versus Inferiority (6-12 yrs)
Children begin to develop competency (industry) and skills in various areas or they learn to feel inferior and insecure about their achievements
- Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs)
Children learn to exercise their will, to control themselves, and to develop a sense of autonomy or they learn to feel shame and to doubt themselves
- Initiative Versus Guilt (3-6 yrs)
Children learn to initiate activities and interact with other children or they learn to feel guilty at their attempts at independence or from unexpected consequences
What are two components of the preoperational stage?
Egocentrism and Animism
What is hospice care?
End of life/palliative care.
How influential was Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?
Erikson's stage theory is extremely influential. This is the first theory to continue through the lifespan and include adulthood and old age. It is intuitively easy to understand and apply to your own life.
Give two examples how we are a product of both our biology and environment.
Examples: language development and toilet training (we must be taught these things, but our biology must also be ready and able to acquire these new skills)
What influences flavor?
Flavor is influenced by taste, smell and visual cues
Name two type of dream interpretations
Freudian Interpretation and Problem-Focused Interpretation
When does the formal operational stage occur?
From 11 yrs and beyond
What is the formal operational stage?
From 11 yrs and beyond, children at this stage become capable of abstract thought and hypothetical thinking (what if...?)
What is the Preoperational Stage?
From 2-7 yrs, the child cannot perform logical mental functions (or operations), but does think symbolically (using words and sentences)
When is the Concrete Operational Stage?
From 7-11yrs
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
From 7-11yrs, children at this stage can perform concrete logical thinking
What is the sensorimotor stage?
From birth-2 yrs - infants develop a sense of the world through their senses and motor activity. Object permanence occurs during this stage?
- Trust Versus Mistrust (0-1 yrs)
Infants learn to trust that their needs will be met or they learn to distrust the world around them
What is Mirror-Image Theory?
It allows the eyes to see the missing limb as "working", stops mismatch between neurons and eyes
Name three drugs that can produce visual hallucinations:
LSD, Mushrooms, peyote
What are the two parts of Freudian interpretation of dreams?
Manifest Content and Latent Content
Example of manifest content vs. latent content: gladiator
Manifest Content: Man dreams that he is a gladiator. He carries a sword. He is searching for something. He sees a large golden egg. He wants the egg. He tries to get it. He runs forward bearing his sword. He chases the egg as it rolls away from him. He is angry and frustrated. Latent Content: The gladiator represents his power/manhood. The sword represents his penis. The egg represents his mother's womb and his desire to return to the safety of the womb. Egg may also represent unresolved sexual feelings he has towards his mother. He is angry because he cannot express these sexual desires and he cannot return to the womb.
Example of manifest content vs. latent content: train ride
Manifest Content: Woman dreams she is enjoying a train ride. It's a beautiful day. Suddenly, it turns dark and the train enters a tunnel. The woman feels afraid. Latent Content: The train represents a penis and the tunnel represents her vagina. She is afraid of sexual intercourse.
What is the most commonly used illicit drug in North America and Europe?
Marijuana
What are conceptual networks?
Memories are stored and retrieved by connecting them to other memories
What animal was used in Harlow's study?
Monkeys
Do animals see in color?
Most animals only see black, white and shades of gray
What are the physical characteristics of the Infancy Period?
Most rapid growth of entire life during the 1st year - 2 months: raise head, vision increases to 12 feet - 6 months: roll over, crawl, vision becomes 20/20 - 1 year: walk - 2 years: toddle, explore
Does sex drive increase during adulthood?
NO - Both sexes have somewhat decreased sex drive
Does where you live affect the four stages of development?
NO! all children go through four cognitive stages at approximately the same age, regardless of the culture in which they live
How can you have a lucid dream? (six steps)
Next time you wake up during a dream, try the following the steps to see if you can engage in lucid dreaming. • Relax • Close your eyes and focus on an imaginary spot in your field of vision. • Focus on your intention to have a lucid dream • Tell yourself that you're going to dream about whatever you want. • Imagine yourself in a dream of the type you want to have. • Repeat the steps until you fall asleep.
Do we know why we sleep?
No
Do we understand the true function of REM sleep?
No
Is hospice a place you can go?
No, hospice is NOT a place, it is a level of care. You can receive hospice care in a hospital, nursing home or at your own home
Does everyone agree with Piaget's conclusion?
No. Some believe that Piaget underestimated children's abilities. One studied showed that infants can imitate facial expressions and that toddlers can sometimes sympathize with other children; and some believed that he underestimated genetic and cultural influences on development (because these were not well understood in his time).
- Ego Integrity Versus Despair (65 yrs-death)
Older people reflect on whether their life has been meaningful and worthwhile and feel either satisfaction/integrity or regret/despair
What happens to ones personality during adulthood?
Personality is stable across time, however, certain trends emerge: - ON AVERAGE: as we age we become less outgoing, less emotional and anxious, and less creative - ON AVERAGE: as we age we become more agreeable, dependable and accepting of life
Where are smells processed in the brain?
Processed directly through the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus
Sleep deprivation - what is suspected to be the most important type of sleep that is denied when you have sleep deprivation?
REM
What are the two main types of dreams?
REM and NREM (non-REM)
Two types of sleep
REM and non-REM
What's the acronym for the human visual spectrum?
ROY G. BIV
What is the most common type of color blindness?
Red-Green color blind: can see Yellow-Blue spectrum
circadian rhythm
Regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors
What are two types of interference?
Retroactive Interference -recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar older material - EXAMPLE: I am currently learning French and now I can't recall the Spanish I learned in High School and Proactive Interference -Older material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned materials - EXAMPLE: I already know Spanish and I'm finding it hard to remember the French I am currently learning because I keep recalling the Spanish instead
Which is the less common form of amnesia?
Retrograde - inability to recall old memories
What are two components of the concrete operational stage?
Reversibility and Conservation
Where does meditation come from
Rooted in ancient Eastern religions
The Three Stage Model of Memory states processing of memory goes through what three areas?
Sensory Memory Short Term Memory (STM) Long Term Memory (LTM)
Who was Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
She was a psychiatrist who developed a theory of death and dying that is also applied to grief with five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
The hippocampus processes memories from what kind of memory to what kind of memory?
Short term memory to long term memory
Variations in sleep (ages 6-puberty)
Sleep and awake same time daily (most consistent)
What is somniloquy?
Sleeptalking and is more frequent among children
What are some examples of optical illusions?
Some examples of optical illusions: The Ames Room, Pronzo and Muller-Lyer illusions use monocular depth cues to trick the eye
What are the effects of marijuana?
Some stimulating effects (euphoria), also has relaxing effect Can make sensations more intense (psychedelic effect)
How do taste buds work?
Taste buds: on the tongue, code for taste which is processed in the somatosensory cortex
Where are implicit (automatic) memories stored?
The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
What is Weber's Law?
The Difference Threshold between two things depends on the strength of the original stimulus (the stronger the original stimulus, the bigger the changes must be in order for them to be noticed, yet changes in weak stimuli are very noticeable)
What is Trichromatic Theory?
The first level of color processing: -there are three different kinds of cones in the eye that each respond to light in either red, blue, or green wavelengths; therefore, all sensations of colors result from stimulating a combination of these three cones.
latent content according to Freud
The underlying meaning of the dream
What is anterograde and retrograde amnesia caused by?
These types of amnesia are due to biological brain damage (usually damage to the hippocampus)
Can humans be completely color blind?
Total color blindness in humans is extremely rare (due to lack of cones or malfunctioning cones)
True or False: Most psychologists and lay-people agree that we are a product of both our biology and our environment.
True
The retina has how many types of receptor cells?
Two: the rods and cones
What is another slang name for stimulants?
Uppers
What type of memory is the hippocampus responsible for?
Used for explicit memory (recalling events, words, smells or sights)
What is a rarer type of color blindness?
Yellow-Blue color blind: can see Red-Green spectrum
Do you need light to see?
Yes
Is one continually dreaming during REM sleep?
Yes
Can smells trigger memories?
Yes - Smells can often trigger strong emotions/memories
Could Harlow's study apply to humans?
Yes!
Can people who are color blind see any colors?
Yes, "Color-Blind" people can usually see some colors and not others
Can females be color blind?
Yes, but it is rare.
Does being religious affect how one approaches dying?
Yes, religious people fear death the least; nonreligious people experience moderate levels of fear of death; religious people who don't practice their religion have the greatest fear of death
Does being religious, but not practicing, affect how you approach life?
Yes, this category of people fear death more than religious people or nonreligious people.
Conclusion from Harlow's study - does neglect in infancy affect children later in life or does it have no impact?
Yes. Studies on severely neglected/abused children show that they continue to have trouble forming attachments late in their lives.
- Intimacy Versus Isolation (20-30 yrs)
Young adults learn to form close bonds and interpersonal relationships or they learn to feel isolated and alone and avoid close contacts with others
Dissociation
a splitting of conscious awareness
What is conservation as it relates to stages of development?
ability to recognize that volume remains unchanged even when put in different sized and shaped containers
social role playing theory
acting out suggestions
Name some depressants/downers:
alcohol, valium, xanax,
What did Piaget believe?
all children go through four cognitive stages at approximately the same age, regardless of the culture in which they live
Phantom Pain/Phantom Limbs
amputees often feel the amputated limb as if it is still there and sometimes feel pain in the missing limb
What is narcolepsy?
an incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
What is the Nature versus Nurture debate?
are human beings a product of their biology or their environment/upbringing?
What is Retinal Disparity?
because each retina is a few inches apart, they have slightly different images and this helps with depth perception
What is Imaginary Audience as it relates to stages of development?
belief that everyone is watching everything they do and that others are thinking of them
Freudian Interpretation of Dreams
believed dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires and so must be disguised
What is Adolescent Egocentrism?
believing that they are the focus of everyone's attention (self-consciousness stems from this)
Most psychologists and lay-people agree that we are a product of both our xxx and our xxx
biology and environment
When is the sensorimotor stage?
birth-2 yrs
What happens physically after early adulthood?
body begins a slow decline
What happens physically during early adulthood?
body continues to grow and strengthen until the end of this stage
When is early adulthood?
body continues to grow and strengthen until the end of this stage (until age 25)
What happens during middle / older adulthood
body steadily declines (impaired vision, hearing, strength)
Name some stimulants/uppers:
caffeine, meth, cocaine, nicotine, speed, crack, crank
What happens with low-moderate levels of depressants?
calm, drowsy, reduced anxiety and inhibitions
What is the effect of too much marijuana?
can interfere with memory, coordination, concentration and reaction times
What is reversibility as it relates to stages of development?
can reverse operations (Example: 7+2=9 can be reversed to 9-2=7
What happens in the germinal stage of conception?
cell division and uterine implantation
What is CNS?
central nervous system
Define menopause
cessation of ovulation and menstruation
What is the Information Processing Model of memory?
compares the human brain to a computer
What is saturation?
complexity of light (gives us pure versus paler colors)
What happens during the Fetus stage of conception?
continued growth and development of all major organs
Depth Perception: Monocular Cues
cues in the environment that suggest depth and can be seen by only one eye
What happens to men physically during adulthood?
decline in sperm cells
Puberty
developmental point where individual becomes physically capable of sexual reproduction
What do hallucinogens do?
disrupt normal thought processes
What class of drugs is marijuana?
does not fit neatly into any of the classes of drugs
When do nightmares occur?
during REM sleep
Opiates mimic the bodies what?
endorphines
How does sound work?
energy, travels in waves; sound waves enter ear, transferred to temporal lobes for processing
What are the effects of opiates?
euphoria, reduced anxiety
consciousness
everything of which we are aware at any given time-our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and external stimuli
What happens with low-moderate levels of stimulants?
excited, confident, euphoric
What is Convergence?
eyes angle inward as an object gets closer to us
Developmental Psychology
focuses on human development across the lifespan
non-REM sleep cycles: how many stages
four
What are nightmares?
frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep
What are the Emotional/Social Development characteristics of the Early Childhood Period?
full range of positive and negative emotions
What are the physical characteristics of the Middle Childhood Period?
growth is slower, but continued improvement in strength and coordination
What's another name for taste?
gustation
Sleep terror occurs when?
happens during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep; usually begins with a piercing scream
What are flashbulb memories?
highly rich, highly detailed memories of a significant moment in your life
What is continuity, as it relates to perception?
images are seen in ways that produce smooth continuation
What is the retina?
images fall here, sensory receptors cells are here
What are the physical characteristics of the Early Childhood Period?
improved small and large muscle control and coordination
Where is the code for taste processed?
in the somatosensory cortex
What is closure, as it relates to perception?
incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete because our brain fills in missing information
Sensation
information coming in to your brain
What is Personal Fable as it relates to stages of development?
intense investment in their own thoughts believing that no one else has ever experienced what they are going through
What is brightness?
intensity of light
What is LTM?
long term memory
What is storage decay?
lose information rapidly at first, then levels off
What happens during the Embryonic stage of conception?
major organs are formed
What is the The Self-Reference Effect effortful processing strategy?
making things personally meaningful to you
What is Retrieval Failure?
memories still exist, but you lack the cues to activate them in the conceptual network
What is the The Testing Effect effortful processing strategy?
memory is enhanced when you practice retrieving information (test yourself)
What is episodic memory?
memory of things that we have personally experienced (personal episodes)
When does somniloquy (Sleeptalking) occur?
occurs during any sleep stage; is more frequent among children
Somnambulism (sleepwalking) occurs when?
occurs during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep
What's another name for smell?
olfaction
Name some opiates/pain killers
opium, heroine, methadone
Perception
organizing and interpreting the information
Sense Organs
organs that receive stimuli
What are opiates?
pain relievers
Define climacteric
period between 45-60 yrs when women lose their capacity to sexually reproduce and men's capacity to reproduce declines
What is sleep apnea?
periods during sleep when breathing stops; the individual must awaken briefly in order to breathe
Opiates are derived from what plant?
poppy
Definition of Development
predictable changes associated with increasing age
What is the cornea?
protective coating on the surface of the eye
What are rods?
receptor cells in the retina that code information about light and dark (located outside the center of the retina-120 million cells each eye)
What are cones?
receptor cells in the retina that code information about light, dark, and color (located at the center of the retina-6 million cells each eye)
What does ROY G. BIV stand for
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet
What is the The Opponent-Process Theory?
second level of color processing: -respond to either the red-green or the yellow-blue wavelengths
What is Shape Constancy?
shape does not change
What is STM?
short term memory
What is similarity, as it relates to perception?
similar things are seen as being related
What is Size Constancy?
size does not change
What is the survival theory of sleep?
sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the dark of night
What is the restorative theory of sleep?
sleep serves the function of restoring the body and mind
Somnambulism
sleepwalking
What do depressants do?
slow down the central nervous system (CNS)
Sensory Receptor Cells
specialized cells within the sense organs that send neural impulses to the brain
What do stimulants do?
speed up the central nervous system (CNS)
Conception
sperm meets egg
What is the Distributed Practice effortful processing strategy?
spread your studying out over time (also called the spacing effect)
What are the four basic tastes?
sweet, bitter, salty, sour
Definition of Maturation
systematic physical growth of the body Introduction
The hippocampus is the what to the memory?
the "gateway"
What is the iris?
the colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters
Where does women's additional pain-gate mechanism come from?
the hormone estrogen only activated in childbirt
What is the optic nerve?
the nerve that carries visual neural messages to the brain (the area where the optic nerve attaches contains no rods or cones and therefore is a blind spot.
When is the Neonatal Period?
the newborn (birth-2 wks)
What is the pupil?
the opening of the iris
What is visual constancy?
the perception of objects remains unchanged, even when the sensation of the object is changing
What is Egocentrism?
the preoperational child is completely self-centered in his/her thinking - cannot think of things from another person's perspective
What is Animism?
the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive (the moon is alive and following them, the stuffed animal is alive) - imagination is very active in this stage
What is the difference threshold?
the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
What is the absolute threshold?
the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected (the weakest detectable stimulus)
What is the fovea?
the spot where the cones are concentrated (images focused directly onto the fovea are clearest because of the high concentration of cones)
What is the lens?
the transparent portion of the eye that focuses light onto the retina
What is object permanence?
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view
What is the Gate-Control theory of pain?
there are neural gates (endorphins) that control the transmission of pain impulses. The gate can be open (slow pain messages are not blocked, therefore we will experience pain) or closed (low pain messages are blocked and we do not experience the pain)
What is proximity, as it relates to perception?
things that are close together are grouped together in the mind as if they belong together
consciousness
thoughts, feelings, sensations, external stimuli
What's another word for sensory limits?
thresholds
Where are taste buds located?
tongue
What is another word for Skin Senses?
touch
Depth Perception: Binocular Cues
uses both eyes
What is hue?
wavelength of light that gives us color
What is Color Constancy?
we understand that colors do not change despite different conditions of light
What is Brightness Constancy?
we understand the brightness of an object does not change even when the object is dimly lit
What time period is the Fetus stage of conception?
weeks 9-40
What is the Figure-Ground concept?
when we see something, whatever is the center of our attention is the figure, whatever is in the background is the ground (we can change our perception of the same image by switching the figure and the ground)
When does the hippocampus transfer memory from STM to LTM?
while we sleep
Who has an additional pain gate mechanism - men or women?
women
Give an example of sensation vs. perception
your ear receives a stimulus in the form of sound waves, you perceive that your favorite song is on the radio
What are two types of sensory limits (thresholds)?
• Absolute Threshold: the smallest magnitude of a stimulus that can be detected (the weakest detectable stimulus) • Difference Threshold: the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
When does REM rebound occur?
• After a period of sleep deprivation • After use of alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, and LSD (suppress REM sleep, resulting in REM rebound)
What role does the amygdala serve regarding memory?
• Amygdala: connects emotions to memories • - Flashbulb memories are highly rich, highly detailed memories of a significant moment in your life • - We can easily remember the emotions associated with flashbulb memories, but the actual details of the event are prone to error
circadian rhythm affects function of:
• Blood pressure • Heart rate • Appetite • Secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes • Sensory acuity • Elimination • Body's response to medication
Understanding of sleep increased by the study of:
• Brain waves • Eye movements • Chin muscle tension • Heart rate • Respiration rate
During REM sleep, the brain conducts:
• Consolidation of learning and memory (all night studying doesn't help) • Perceptual or motor skills increase after 8-10 hours of sleep
Non-REM Sleep Cycles • Stage 3
• Deep Sleep • Delta Waves 20% = Slow wave/deep sleep begins • Heart and breathing slow and regular
Non-REM Sleep Cycles • Stage 4
• Deepest sleep • Delta waves reach nearly 100% • Blood pressure and brain activity at lowest points in 24 hour period
According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, what are the five stages of grief?
• Denial: strong resistance to the idea of death and dying, non-acceptance of a loved-one's death • Anger: "why me" • Bargaining: striking deals for more time Death and Dying Cont. • Depression: sadness, guilt associated with impending death • Acceptance: after the depression lifts, the person finally realizes and accepts impending death as being inevitable, person generally feels at peace with the situation
sleep deprivation causes:
• Difficulty concentrating • General irritability • Decreases cognitive functioning • Impairs learning • Long-term health effects
Name two theories of hypnosis
• Dissociation: a splitting of conscious awareness • Social Role Playing: acting out suggestions
activation-synthesis hypothesis
• Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during sleep • People impose meaning on the random mental activity • Even if we impose meaning on a dream, does that mean it doesn't mean anything?
What are the three processes of the Information Processing Model?
• Encoding • Storage • Retrieval
How do men and women differ in processing pain?
• Women process pain in emotional centers • Men process pain in logic centers
How do men and women differ in reporting pain?
• Women report feeling pain sooner than men • Men delay treatment for pain longer than women
Pain messages are sent through what two distinct pathways?
• rapid (first pain) • slow (second pain)
What's an example of conceptual networks?
• λ Retrieval example: Is a canary a bird? • λ Your brain instantaneously sifts through memory files called Conceptual Networks -Memories are prone to reconstruction because of how complex our Conceptual Networks are
REM Sleep
▪ Rapid Eye Movement sleep ▪ Called "active sleep" or "paradoxical sleep" ▪ 20-25% of a night's sleep
Is it easy or difficult to process smell?
Difficult
What is insomnia?
Difficulty falling or staying asleep; Waking too early; Sleep that is light, restless, or of poor quality
What is a slang name for depressants?
Downers
Example of problem-focused interpretation of dreams: car
Dream: College student dreams that the car she just bought has been stolen and she cannot find it. She is very upset and afraid. Problem-Focused Interpretation: The car represents her new-found adult responsibilities. She is afraid that she cannot handle her new responsibilities and that they will be "taken" from her or she will lose control of them.
Example of problem-focused interpretation of dreams: gladiator
Dream: Man dreams that he is a gladiator. He carries a sword. He is searching for something. He sees a large golden egg. He wants the egg. He tries to get it. He runs forward bearing his sword. He chases the egg as it rolls away from him. He is angry and frustrated. Problem-Focused Interpretation: Man just had a baby with his wife. The gladiator and sword represent his desire to be the protector of his family. The egg represents the baby. He fears he will not be able to protect his baby. He is searching for his wife. He feels she is not as available to him since the baby has been home.
What's an example of procedural memory?
I know HOW to play a guitar
What's an example of semantic memory?
I know what a guitar is
What's an example of episodic memory?
I remember my first guitar lesson
How are Optical Ilusions created?
Illusions are created using mostly monocular depth cues - what we perceive is not always reality
What are the benefits of meditation?
Improves immune system, lowers BP and cholesterol, creates a general feeling of "well-being"
Parasomnias
Abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep.
altered state of consciousness
Changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, and drugs.
Who is most likely to somniloquy (sleeptalk)?
Children
What is the final stage of development?
DEATH AND DYING
What is the Hierarchies effortful processing strategy?
Group information into categories using headings, pictures, etc.
Was the example of Dani used to prove Harlow or Piaget's studies/theories?
Harlow
What did Harlow's study show?
Harlow's study applied to humans: research shows that touching and massaging infants leads to significant physical and emotional benefits
manifest content according to Freud
The content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer
Give an example of sensory adaptation
• Example: when you jump into cold water at first you feel freezing, but after a few moments, the water does not feel as cold (sensory receptors are fatigued and do not detect the stimulus as strong as they first did) ANOTHER EXAMPLE: -When we leave the radio on in our car after we park it at home for the night -When we listen to the radio on the way home from work the volume seems reasonable - However, the next morning when we start the car, we might be startled by how loud the radio is (we don't remember it being that loud last night) -What happened is that we adapted to the constant stimulus of the radio volume over the course of the previous day-this required us to continue to turn up the volume of the radio to combat the constantly decreasing sensitivity -However, after a number of hours away from that constant stimulus, the volume that was once reasonable is entirely too loud, we are no longer adapted to that stimulus.
What are characteristics of REM dreams?
• Have story-like qualities • More vivid, visual, and emotional than NREM dreams
Light is composed of waves that give us what three things?
• Hue: wavelength of light that gives us color • Brightness: intensity of light • Saturation: complexity of light (gives us pure versus paler colors)
Hypnosis
• Induced altered consciousness • State of deep relaxation • Associated with heightened "suggestibility" • Can have analgesic effects
REM Sleep Internally
• Intense brain activity • Brain temperature rises rapidly • Epinephrine release leads to increases in -Blood pressure -Heart rate -Respiration
After a period of sleep deprivation:
• Intensity and length of REM sleep increases • Often associated with unpleasant dreams or nightmares
What are characteristics of NREM dreams?
• Less frequent than REM dreams • Less memorable than REM dreams
Non-REM Sleep Cycles • Stage 1
• Lightest sleep • "hypnogogic" state • Myoclonia (startle awake, feeling of falling) • Theta waves occur
Level 3 of the The Three Stage Model of Memory is what kind of memory?
• Long Term Memory (LTM) • theoretically unlimited storage • detail level varies • info may be permanent but can be distorted • can feed back into STM (short term memory)
List three major sleep disorders:
• Narcolepsy • Sleep apnea • Insomnia
Skin Senses picks up sensory information based on what two things?
• Pressure - skin is very sensitive to pressure but the sensitivity varies depending on the area of the body • Temperature - certain fibers detect warmth, certain cold, however perception of temperature is not necessarily related to actual physical temperature
Name four reasons people take drugs:
• Relieve pain/discomfort • Alter consciousness • Psychological escape • For recreation/fun
Why Do We Sleep - What are the two theories?
• Restorative theory: sleep serves the function of restoring the body and mind • Survival theory: sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the dark of night
Level 1 of the The Three Stage Model of Memory is what kind of memory?
• Sensory Memory • Contains raw sensations, prior to perception • Very large capacity • Material here only briefly • Includes: Iconic Memory: a brief visual "photo" of what you are seeing (lasts only a fraction of a second); and Echoic Memory: brief auditory memory of what you are hearing (lasts 3-4 seconds)
Level 2 of the The Three Stage Model of Memory is what kind of memory?
• Short Term Memory (STM) • Very limited capacity (7 +/- 2 chunks of information) • Very limited time (about 30 seconds) • Can keep info here longer with rehearsal • - Can store more info here with chunking STM Test: Examples of 5 +/- 2 items and chunking
Variations in sleep (Infants and young children)
• Sleep the most (16 hours a day) • Have the highest amount of REM and slow wave sleep
Non-REM Sleep Cycles • Stage 2
• Somewhat more deeply asleep (mid-sleep) • Sleep spindles occur • K Complex occurs
