PSYCH 1000

accommodation

(1) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (2) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

teratogens

(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as toxins, chemicals, and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than 4 years since 1960, to _____ for men and _____ for women.

28; 26

In one recent survey, 75 percent of the participants reported being sexually active into their _____s.

80s

According to Kohlberg, _________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, ___________ morality focuses on self-interest, and _________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.

According to Kohlberg, conventional morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, preconventional morality focuses on self-interest, and postconventional morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.

Identity vs. role confusion

Adolescence

What is the selection effect, and how might it affect a teen's decision to join sports teams at school?

Adolescents tend to select similar others and to sort themselves into like-minded groups. For an athletic teen, this could lead to finding other athletic teens and joining school teams together.

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Andrei will walk within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on or nearly on the same day.

Signs of aging are grouped in three categories

Changes in appearance Changes in sensory capabilities Changes in physical function

Secondary Aging

Changes that are caused by disease or environmental damage

Ability to reverse math operations.

Concrete operational

Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form.

Concrete operational

Maddie and Darren are twins. They were about the same height until they were eleven. What would one expect to occur when they are sixteen? Darren will be taller than Maddie. They will remain the same height and stop growing. Maddie will be taller than Darren. They will both grow taller but they will still be about the same height.

Darren will be taller than Maddie.

Competence vs. inferiority

Elementary School

Postconventional Morality

Focus: Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. Example: People have a right to live.

Conventional Morality (early adolescence)

Focus: Hold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order Example: If you steal the drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal.

Preconventional Morality (before age 9)

Focus: Self-Interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Example: If you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero

Thinking about abstract concepts, such as "freedom."

Formal operational

_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

Frontal

Jean-Pierre is 17. He is a heavy drinker and likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. What behavior would one most likely expect when Jean-Pierre is 21?

His driving will remain reckless as he gets older.

Trust vs. mistrust

Infancy

Integrity vs. despair

Late Adulthood

Generativity vs. stagnation

Middle Adulthood

Object permanence, pretend play, conservation, and abstract logic are developmental milestones for which of Piaget's stages, respectively?

Object permanence for the sensorimotor stage, pretend play for the preoperational stage, conservation for the concrete operational stage, and abstract logic for the formal operational stage.

Difficulty taking another's point of view (as when blocking someone's view of the TV).

Preoperational

Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up).

Preoperational

Initiative vs. guilt

Preschool

Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom "disappears" behind the shower curtain

Sensorimotor

What findings in psychology support the stage theory of development? What findings challenge these ideas?

Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development), but it is challenged by findings that change is more gradual and less culturally universal than these theorists supposed.

You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.

Primary Aging

The universal, normal, irreversible changes that occur with time

Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results?

They forgot all their classmates

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Toddlerhood

Intimacy vs. isolation

Young Adulthood

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

A child's mental framework for interpreting reality becomes increasingly complex through the process of: conservation. assimilation. reversible thinking. accommodation. egocentrism.

accommodation

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of grief such as denial before _____.

anger

Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to self-report that they:

are satisfied with their lives

Senescence occurs: when a person enters late adulthood and experiences mental decline. as soon as overall growth stops. at puberty. at middle age when the first signs of physical decline begin to appear.

as soon as overall growth stops.

A young child who sees a cow for the first time calls it a "doggie." This illustrates the process of: accommodation. object permanence. conservation. reversible thinking. assimilation.

assimilation

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Kevin is an exceptionally talented violinist and has an extraordinary knowledge of music history, but he has a hard time playing in an orchestra. He is easily distracted when he should be paying attention to the conductor and never socializes or makes eye contact with other players. Kevin may have _____ syndrome.

autism spectrum disorder

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt

believes that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions-"quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions."

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.

clock

Childhood is to adolescence as _____ images are to abstract ideas.

concrete

Lisa's incorrect responses to the checkers problem indicate that she is still in the ________ stage of cognitive development. formal operational preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor

concrete operational

A young child is shown two identical balls of clay. When one is rolled into a long rope, the child perceives it to contain more clay. This child is unable to understand: object permanence. conservation. assimilation. accommodation

conservation

Five-year-old Aldo complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Aldo's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Aldo happy, as he believed the pizza had become larger. Aldo lacks the concept of _____.

conservation

Theorist Erik Erikson

contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution. Young children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy (independence), then initiative.

Cognitive development is best reflected in which of the following?

continuity

The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and _________/_________.

continuity/stages

Peter is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Peter knows that this will look good on his college applications. Peter is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

conventional

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Which of the following traits are associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive? delayed gratification conventional thinking concrete operations formal operations

delayed gratification

A school psychologist works with a teenage student who has lower intelligence, is hyperactive, and has behavior problems. What other problems might the psychologist suspect? smoking drug use drinking sexual orientation

drinking

Your cousin miscarried during her eighth week of pregnancy. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?

embryo

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:

emerging adulthood

Tonya has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small and slightly disproportioned. Tonya did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has _____.

fetal alcohol syndrome

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking are known as: fetal abuse syndrome. fetal substance syndrome. fetal drinking syndrome. fetal alcohol syndrome.

fetal alcohol syndrome.

emerging adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

According to researchers, teens who start smoking typically have _____ who model smoking and offer cigarettes.

friends

Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the impact of smoking on _____ choices.

friendship

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe? occipital parietal frontal temporal

frontal

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed

Bill learned to stand before walking because growth is _____ and fragmented.

gradual

intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____ a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.

in their 30's

According to Vygotsky, teaching children phrases like, "no, no" and "please wait" gives them self-control tools that allow them to internalize cultural language and rely on _____ when they need to resist temptation later.

inner speech

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:

intimacy vs. isolation

Quentin is a 3-month-old baby who has become habituated to his puppet head. He will probably look at it _____ frequently now.

less

The orderly sequence of developmental growth is referred to as _____.

maturation

Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

mature at an earlier age

Luella is getting much older and has had a series of small strokes. These strokes can progressively damage her brain and are most likely to produce _____.

neurocognitive disorder

Fletcher is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Fletcher was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Fletcher will become a(n) _____ adult.

normal

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

etal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

Those who emphasize change over stability would suggest that the first two years of life provide a _____ basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

poor

Erikson's intimacy, generativity, and integrity compare to which of Kohlberg's morality stages?

postconventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.

preconventional

At 19, Bianca is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Bianca's neurons have probably started to _____.

prune

Kaylee's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Kaylee is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Which of these explains why Kaylee can now sit and listen to the books her grandmother likes to read?

rapid growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes

Mike is 75 years old. He is participating in a longitudinal study. Each year he is given a list of words to recognize and recall two hours later. Mike is beginning to notice that the number of words he can recognize is unchanged but the number of words he _____ is decreasing.

recalls

Dawson is 17. He does not drink or use drugs, but he likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. When Dawson is 23 he will most likely _____ this type of behavior.

reduce

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.

Both Mike and Leah respond correctly to the waterjar problem. This illustrates that they have developed what Piaget calls: formal operations. object permanence. reversible thinking. accommodation.

reversible thinking.

The importance of _____ was most clearly highlighted by Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.

schemas

According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ stage of cognitive development, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur.

sensorimotor

Marla is eight months pregnant. About a month ago, she started reading nursery rhymes aloud every night before bed. Marla most probably reads the nursery rhymes because:

she wants to make sure her baby learns the sound of her voice.

Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is most likely that she will: speak English with a French accent. remember all the French she learned as a baby. speak with a genuine French accent. have an easy time learning French.

speak with a genuine French accent.

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of _____ or change.

stability

Biological maturation is best reflected in which of the following?

stages

Beginning at around 8 months, children may greet _____ by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.

strangers

Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n) _____.

teratogen

You recently signed up for a Web site that reunites you with former classmates from grade school. You are curious to see if many of your former friends still look and act the same. Research on stability and change would predict:

that some things about your friends will be the same while other aspects will be quite different.

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I? " that comes from our group memberships.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

In grade school, Jessica thought boys had "cooties" and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude towards boys represents: - the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. - the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. - the continuity side of the "continuity and stages" developmental issue. - the nature side of the "nature and nurture" developmental issue.

the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.

Although research on Erik Erikson's theory indicates that development does not seem to progress exactly through the series of fixed steps as he indicated, nature means more than nurture. the concept of stages is still a useful idea in developmental psychology. researchers have shown that we have consistent development. psychological science cannot be trusted.

the concept of stages is still a useful idea in developmental psychology.

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

As a 5-year-old, Ivis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help he was able to relearn how to speak. As an adult, Ivis experienced a stroke and he lost his ability to speak again. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to:

the pruning process

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Charlotte lives alone and is becoming forgetful. She is more likely to forget a habitual and _____-based task like taking her medicine at 6am, 2pm, and 10 pm than she is to forget that she is out of milk after seeing a milk commercial.

time

All of the following represent biological maturation EXCEPT: puberty. object permanence. vocabulary development. trust versus mistrust.

vocabulary development.

Prenatal development

zygote: conception to 2 weeks embryo: 2 weeks through 8 weeks fetus: 9 weeks to birth